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Ko J, Lim HK. Motor Development Comparison between Preterm and Full-Term Infants Using Alberta Infant Motor Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3819. [PMID: 36900838 PMCID: PMC10001437 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was developed to evaluate the motor development of infants up to 18 months of age. We studied 252 infants in three groups (105 healthy preterm infants (HPI), 50 preterm infants with brain injury (PIBI), and 97 healthy full-term infants (HFI) under 18 months, corrected age (CoA)) using AIMS. No significant differences were found among HPI, PIBI, and HFI in infants less than 3 months old, yet significant differences were noted in positional scores (p < 0.05) and total scores for those four to six months of age and seven to nine months of age. A significant difference was also found in standing items for infants over 10 months (p < 0.05). After four months, there was a difference in motor development between preterm (with and without brain injury) and full-term infants. In particular, there was a significant difference in motor development between HPI and HFI and between PIBI and HFI at four to nine months, when motor skills developed explosively (p < 0.05). After four months, motor developmental delays (10th ≥) were observed in HPI and PIBI at rates of 26% and 45.8%, respectively. Midline supine development, a representative indicator of early motor development, was slower even in healthy preterm infants than in full-term infants. AIMS has a good resolution to discriminate preterm infants who are showing insufficient motor development from 4 months to 9 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Ko
- Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu Health College, Daegu 41453, Republic of Korea
- Korean Balance Ability Data Center, Daegu 41453, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyoon Lim
- Medical Measurement Team, Korea Research Institutes of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Smith DK, Libertus K. The Early Motor Questionnaire revisited: Starting points, standardized scores, and stability. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 223:105492. [PMID: 35779285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Motor skills are an important aspect of development during infancy and have been found to predict development in other domains. Therefore, fast and reliable assessments of infant motor skills are needed. The current study revisited a time and cost-effective parent-report measure of infants' motor skills-the Early Motor Questionnaire (EMQ)-and aimed to improve the utility of the EMQ as a tool to examine variability, stability, and individual differences in early motor development. A sample of 446 parents of infants provided a total of 775 EMQ responses for analyses. Using this large sample, regression was used to create age-independent scores for global, gross motor, fine motor, and perception-action scores on the EMQ. Age-adjusted scores were then converted to t-scores to facilitate score interpretation for past and future studies using the EMQ. Finally, starting flags for different age groups were created to decrease the time it takes parents to complete the EMQ. Together, these changes to the EMQ will improve the utility and interpretability of the measure. The EMQ is free to use and available in the supplemental materials or via www.onlinebabylab.com/emq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy K Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Klaus Libertus
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Uchio Y, Shima N, Nakamura K, Nitta O, Ikai T. Walking Attainment in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in Japan. Phys Ther Res 2022; 24:204-210. [PMID: 35036253 DOI: 10.1298/ptr.e10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the corrected age of walking attainment in very low birth weight infants by birth weight and gestational age, and determine perinatal factors affecting the delay in walking attainment. METHOD This was a longitudinal study. We investigated walking attainment and perinatal factors in 145 very low birth weight infants without neurological abnormalities (mean birth weight 1019.3 ± 299.7 g, gestational age 29.0 ± 2.9 weeks). The study infants were stratified by birth weight (group A: <1,000 g, group B: 1,000 g≤, <1,500 g) and gestational age (group I: <28 weeks, group II: 28 weeks≤, <37 weeks) and were compared using unpaired t-tests. Furthermore, we examined the perinatal factors that affect the delay in walking attainment using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Of the walking attainment, infants in Group A were older than those in Group B (50th percentile, 15.8 vs. 14.7 months). Infants in Group I were older than those in Group II (50th percentile, 16.0 vs. 14.8 months). Using multiple regression analysis with walking attainment age as the dependent variable, the duration of mechanical ventilation was found to be significantly related. CONCLUSION Very low birth weight infants with light weight and short gestational age have delayed walking attainment, and longer duration of mechanical ventilation increases the risk of delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Uchio
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Naoko Shima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Kaho Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Osamu Nitta
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ikai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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van Dokkum NH, Reijneveld SA, Bos AF, de Kroon MLA. Attainment of smiling and walking in infancy associates with developmental delays at school entry in moderately-late preterm children: a community-based cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:84. [PMID: 33596865 PMCID: PMC7888138 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moderately-late preterm (MLP) children (gestational age [GA] 32–36 weeks) are followed-up within community services, which often use developmental milestones as indicators of delay. We aimed to examine associations of parental report of smiling-age and walking-age with developmental delay upon school entry for MLP and full-term children. Methods This study regards a community-based cohort study, including 1241 children. Parent-reported smiling-age (n = 514) and walking-age (n = 1210) were recorded in preventive child healthcare. To determine developmental delay at school entry (at age 4) we used the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) total and domain scores. We assessed the association of smiling-age and walking-age with dichotomized ASQ-scores, using logistic regression analyses. Results For MLP children, each week later corrected smiling-age was associated with a relative increased likelihood of delays of 31, 43, 36 and 35% in the personal-social, problem-solving, gross motor and general developmental functioning, respectively. Each month later corrected walking-age was associated with a relative increased likelihood of delays of 10, 15 and 13% in the personal-social, gross motor and general developmental functioning, respectively. All corrected smiling-ages and walking-ages were within normal full-term ranges. For full-term children, we only found that later walking-age was associated with delays in the personal-social and gross motor domains. Conclusions Smiling-age and walking-age are associated with developmental delay in several domains for MLP and full-term children. Professionals could use these milestones to identify children that may benefit from closer monitoring of their development. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registry name and registration number: controlled-trials.com, ISRCTN80622320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke H van Dokkum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou L A de Kroon
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gross motor development of Thai healthy full-term infants aged from birth to 14 months using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: Inter individual variability. Early Hum Dev 2020; 151:105169. [PMID: 32920281 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gross motor percentiles of the Alberta Infants Motor Scale (AIMS) have been commonly referenced in research. Cross-cultural assessment of gross motor development during the first year of life is suggested as diverse child-rearing practices can cause inter-variability. The main aim of this study was to develop an AIMS percentile curve for typically developing home-raised infants in the northeastern part of Thailand. The AIMS scores of these infants were also compared with the standard Canadian norms. METHODS The gross motor development of 574 full-term infants aged 15 days to 14 months was assessed using the Thai version of the AIMS. Percentile curves of their gross motor ability were developed. The Thai infants' mean AIMS scores were compared with the Canadian norm using the one-sample t-test. RESULTS The percentile curve of gross motor development of healthy Thai infants showed that mean AIMS scores increased with age. Large inter-variability was present from the 7th to 10th months. The mean AIMS scores of Thai infants were significantly lower than the standard Canadian means during the first three months (P < 0.05), but significantly higher in three age groups: 7-<8 months, 11-<12 months, and 13-14 months. CONCLUSION The developed percentile curve of gross motor development is applicable for infants from the same demographic and environmental context. According to the study, infants from diverse cultures display a natural inter-variability in gross motor development between the 7th and 10th months.
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Albesher RA, Spittle AJ, McGinley JL, Dobson FL. Gait Characteristics of Children Born Preterm. Neoreviews 2019; 20:e397-e408. [PMID: 31261106 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-7-e397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Walking is a central skill of daily living. A delay in the onset of walking can be a sign of abnormal motor development. Further, abnormalities in gait can also affect physical functioning. Children born preterm are at significant risk for neurodevelopmental impairments; however, little is known about how preterm birth affects walking. This review describes current evidence of walking in children born preterm with a focus on the age at onset of walking and comparisons of gait characteristics of children born preterm with those born full-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A Albesher
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alicia J Spittle
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L McGinley
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona L Dobson
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Saccani R, Valentini NC, Pereira KRG, Formiga CKMR, Linhares MBM. Motor development’s curves of premature infants on the first year of life according to Alberta Infant Motor Scale. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.031.ao39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: The motor trajectory of pre-term children is an important indicator of health during infancy, since alterations may be a signal for the need of professional intervention. Objective: To describe percentiles and motor development curves for Brazilian preterm infants in the first year of life, determining the reference values for categorization of motor performance assessed by the AIMS. Methods: Participated in this cross-sectional study 976 children born pre-term, newly-born to 12 months of corrected age. The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was used to assess participants’ motor development. The scores of the Brazilian norms were used as comparison criteria. Results: Children born pre-term showed lower scores compared to children born full-term indicating the need for a specific percentile curve for that population. The scores differentiated at P1 to P99 percentiles allowing for the categorization of children with typical development, at risk and with atypical development. At 0, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 months an overlapping of extreme percentiles (P1, P5 and P10; P90, P95 and P99) was observed, but not in the other percentiles. Conclusion: The percentiles described indicate that preterm children presented lower motor performance than full-term children and AIMS has discriminant power for the clinical evaluation of these children. The developmental curves showed lower capacity for behavioral differentiation in the extreme percentiles.
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van Dokkum NH, de Kroon MLA, Bos AF, Reijneveld SA, Kerstjens JM. Attainment of gross motor milestones by preterm children with normal development upon school entry. Early Hum Dev 2018; 119:62-67. [PMID: 29579559 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known on the motor development of moderately preterm born (MPT) children, in comparison with early preterm born (EPT) children and fullterm born (FT), for children with normal motor outcomes at school entry. AIMS To compare attainment rates of gross motor milestones reached between ages 1-24 months for MPT, EPT, and FT children, all with normal development upon school entry. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS We included 1247 preterm (PT) children (gestational age [GA] 24.0-35.6 weeks) and 488 FT children (GA 38.0-41.6 weeks), with normal gross motor development at 4 years according to the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed 11 gross motor milestones assessed in preventive child healthcare during six standardized visits at calendar age. RESULTS During the first six months, all PT categories had lower milestone attainment-rates than FTs children (differences 9-60% for PTs compared with FTs children). For all PT categories attainment rates gradually increased during toddlerhood. For PT children with higher GA, differences in attainment rates compared with FTs children were smaller and attainment rates became comparable to FT children at an earlier age. At age 24 months only attainment rates for PT children born <30 weeks GA remained lower than for FTs children (85% versus 95%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Milestone attainment rates are highly dependent on GA during the first two years. Differences between PT and FT children are larger and persist longer with lower GA. For PT children <30 weeks GA, differences still occur at 24 months. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER: controlled-trials.com, ISRCTN 80622320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke H van Dokkum
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marlou L A de Kroon
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien M Kerstjens
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Fuentefria RDN, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS. Motor development of preterm infants assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: systematic review article. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2017; 93:328-342. [PMID: 28506665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Premature newborns are considered at risk for motor development deficits, leading to the need for monitoring in early life. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature about gross motor development of preterm infants, assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) to identify the main outcomes in development. DATA SOURCE Systematic review of studies published from 2006 to 2015, indexed in Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs, and Medline databases in English and Portuguese. The search strategy included the keywords: Alberta Infant Motor Scale, prematurity, preterm, motor development, postural control, and follow-up. DATA SUMMARY A total of 101 articles were identified and 23 were selected, according to the inclusion criteria. The ages of the children assessed in the studies varied, including the first 6 months up to 15 or 18 months of corrected age. The percentage variation in motor delay was identified in the motor outcome descriptions of ten studies, ranging from 4% to 53%, depending on the age when the infant was assessed. The studies show significant differences in the motor development of preterm and full-term infants, with a description of lower gross scores in the AIMS results of preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS It is essential that the follow-up services of at-risk infants have assessment strategies and monitoring of gross motor development of preterm infants; AIMS is an assessment tool indicated to identify atypical motor development in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia do N Fuentefria
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rita C Silveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato S Procianoy
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Fuentefria RDN, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS. Motor development of preterm infants assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: systematic review article. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Chaibal S, Bennett S, Rattanathanthong K, Siritaratiwat W. Early developmental milestones and age of independent walking in orphans compared with typical home-raised infants. Early Hum Dev 2016; 101:23-6. [PMID: 27405052 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Early gross motor development is a major indicator of global milestones in the first year of life, affecting the walking ability of a child. There has been limited research reporting on early motor development and the age of independent walking of orphaned infants compared to typical home-raised infants. The purpose of this study was to compare the mean scores of early gross motor movement at 4, 6 and 8months of age and at the age of walking attainment of typically raised infants and orphaned infants. In addition, we looked to compare the walking age between these same infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 59 typical home-raised infants and 62 orphans. Their gross motor development was assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). The age of walking attainment was also prospectively monitored and ascertained. The Student's independent t-test was used to analyse the differences of the AIMS scores at 4, 6 and 8months of age and at the age of independent walking between the two groups. RESULTS The orphans showed significantly lower AIMS scores at 4, 6 and 8months of age and the age of independent walking (P-value<0.05). The orphan group had a 5-month older mean age of walking attainment (15.0±4.2months) compared with typical home-raised infants (9.9±1.4months). CONCLUSION Orphans have delays in early gross motor development and walk independently at an older age, compared with home-raised infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supattra Chaibal
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Surussawadi Bennett
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | | | - Wantana Siritaratiwat
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Lemos RA, Veríssimo MDLÓR. Functional development of preterm infants: an integrative literature review. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.029.003.ao20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Prematurity is a public health problem. Despite many studies that aim to characterize the effects of premature birth on the various dimensions of child development, there is still little systematic evidence on the functional dimension. Objective: To characterize the functional development of preterm infants in early infancy. Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane, Joana Briggs Institute, Embase, Lilacs and SciELO databases, with the following key words in English and Portuguese and their combinations: preterm, functional performance, functional outcomes, functional limitations, functional skills, activities of daily living and disability. Inclusion criteria were articles published in the last seven years on the investigated subject. Results: The five articles in the sample were organized, analyzed and categorized, reaching up to three empirical categories of analysis: Functional Performance of Preterm, Cumulative Effects on Functional Development, and Environmental Context and Attitudes of Care. Conclusion: It was concluded that before age 6, children born premature have developmental delays in functional areas of self-care, mobility and social function. Their functional development suffers cumulative effects of various different factors and may be related to care practices and context.
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Ankle Movements During Supine Kicking in Infants Born Preterm. Pediatr Phys Ther 2016; 28:294-302. [PMID: 27008582 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of musculoskeletal factors that influence supine kicking of infants born preterm has implications for early intervention. HYPOTHESES Differences exist between infants born preterm and full-term in ankle kinematics during supine kicking, which are attributable to passive measures of the gastrocnemius/soleus (g/s) muscle tendon unit (MTU). SUBJECTS Twenty infants born full-term and 22 born preterm were measured at term, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks of age. OUTCOME MEASURES Ankle kinematics during supine kicking and g/s MTU length. RESULTS Infants born preterm demonstrated less dorsiflexion, more plantar flexion, and more total ankle range during supine kicking. Gestational age explained 69% to 85% of the variability in MTU length from term to 12 weeks of age. MTU lengths explained 0% to 42% of the variance in ankle kinematics. CONCLUSIONS Passive measures of the g/s MTU may inform clinicians about ankle kinematics in newborns to 12-week infants during supine kicking.
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