Avaliação da prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV em Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

[Evaluation of missed opportunities in the control of vertical HIV transmission in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil]

Vertical HIV transmission is still an important global public health problem. This study aimed to verify vertical HIV transmission in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, and to assess the possibility of its elimination. A cross-sectional study was conducted of HIV in pregnant women and a longitudinal study on the incidence of vertical HIV transmission in pregnant women living in the municipality (county) of Rio Branco in 2007-2015. The cohorts of pregnant women consisted of women who had liveborn children, stillbirths, or abortions. The data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN), Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC), Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM), and Brazilian Hospital Information Systems (SIH). Databases. Probabilistic database linkage was performed with the OpenRecLink software. The authors calculated the HIV prevalence rate in pregnant women, the vertical transmission rate, and the principal associated factors. HIV prevalence in pregnant women showed an upward trend, and the mean prevalence was 0.18%. Variables statistically associated with the occurrence of HIV in pregnant women were maternal age ≥ 20 years (p = 0.007), lower schooling (p = 0.054), and unmarried conjugal status/without partner (p = 0.001). Vertical HIV transmission was 6.9%. Use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during prenatal care, even among pregnant women that already knew they were HIV-positive, was less than 90%. The elective cesarean rate was less than 60%, and the use of ART during delivery and by the newborn in the first 24 hours showed variations, depending on the period in which the maternal diagnosis was made. Although the strategies for the elimination of vertical HIV transmission are well established, this study's results point to important flaws in the cascade of care for HIV-infected pregnant women in Rio Branco.

Review of the missed opportunities for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

The present literature review aims to highlight gaps in the treatment of preventative mother-to-child HIV transmission and the risk factors in Brazil.

METHODS

Among the 425 articles identified in SciELO and PubMed searches, 59 articles published between 1994 and 2016 were selected for reading and data extraction, and 33 articles were included in the present review.

RESULTS

The rates of vertical HIV transmission described in the studies varied widely, from 1.8% to 27.8%, with a significant reduction over the years. However, recent rates were also found to be variable in different regions of Brazil, and despite the significant reduction in mother-to-child transmission, many gaps remain in prevention services. A failure to attend prenatal care is the main factor associated with the increased risk of vertical transmission of HIV, hindering early maternal diagnosis and the completion of preventative measures during the prenatal period and, often, the peripartum and postnatal periods. A small number of studies discussed the sociodemographic factors, including a low level of education for pregnant women and the inadequacies of health services, such as difficulties scheduling appointments and undertrained staff, associated with vertical transmission. As such, the current challenge is to better define the sociodemographic and infrastructural factors that increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV to provide the necessary investments to promote an earlier inclusion of these populations in prevention services.

CONCLUSIONS

This review may serve as a guide for future programs to focus efforts on the prevention of vertical HIV transmission.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the Southern Region of Santa Catarina, from 2005 to 2015: analysis of risk factors to seroconversion in newborns

Abstract Objectives: to analyze both frequency and risk factors for seroconversion among newborns of HIV-positive mothers to HIV. Methods: a cohort study was conducted with children residing in Southern Region of Santa Catarina. Secondary data from the notification files and medical records of newborn's mothers of infected infants were used. The participants were all the newborns from 2005 to 2015 that were exposed to HIV through vertical transmission and attended a municipal health care center. Results: there were 104 cases of infant exposure to HIV. Seroconversion was confirmed in three cases, two of them died of AIDS during the study period. Breastfeeding (PR= 32.7; CI95%= 10.7-99.5; p= 0.002) and non-use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy (PR=18.2; CI95%= 2.0-163.0; p= 0.008) were risk factors for HIV seroconversion. Conclusions: seroconversion rates among neonates in Southern Region of Santa Catarina were similar to the national average. Seroconversion was associated with non-use of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Construção e Validação de cartilha para prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV

Resumo Objetivo Descrever processo de construção e validação de cartilha educativa para prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV. Método: Estudo metodológico em três etapas: levantamento bibliográfico, elaboração da cartilha e validação do material por especialistas no assunto e representantes do público-alvo. Realizou-se a validação por 9 juízes e 30 representantes do público-alvo. Considerou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) mínimo de 0,78, para validação de conteúdo e concordância mínima de 75% para validação de aparência. Resultados A cartilha apresentou IVC global de 0,87 pelos juízes e nível de concordância excelente entre os juízes (91,1%-100%) e representantes do público-alvo (98,1%-100%). Entretanto, os juízes propuseram sugestões de melhorias da cartilha, que foram acatadas e modificadas para versão final do material. Conclusão A cartilha foi validada quanto ao conteúdo e aparência, devendo-se ser considerada no contexto das atividades educativas como instrumento capaz de favorecer para prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV.

HIV-1 epidemiology and circulating subtypes in the countryside of South Brazil

INTRODUCTION

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has spread worldwide, with several subtypes and circulating recombinant forms. Brazil has an incidence of 20.5 HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients per 100,000 inhabitants; however, the Southernmost State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has more than twice the number of HIV-1-infected people (41.3/100,000 inhabitants) and a different pattern of subtype frequencies, as previously reported in studies conducted in the capital (Porto Alegre) and its metropolitan region. This study examined HIV-1/AIDS epidemiological and molecular aspects in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul.

METHODS

Socio-demographic, clinical and risk behavioral characteristics were obtained from HIV-1-positive adult patients using a structured questionnaire. HIV-1 subtypes were determined by nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the pol and env genes.

RESULTS

The study sample included 149 (55% women) patients with a mean age of 41.8 ± 11.9 years. Most (73.8%) patients had a low education level and reported heterosexual practices as the most (91.9%) probable transmission route. HIV-1 subtypes were detected in 26 patients: 18 (69.2%) infected with subtype C, six (23.1%) infected with subtype B and two (7.7%) infected with BC recombinant forms.

CONCLUSIONS

These data highlight the increasing number of HIV-1 subtype C infections in the countryside of South Brazil.

Produções científicas sobre as avaliações no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

Objetivo: neste momento em que se discute a reorganização dos serviços de saúde do Brasil, o tema da avaliação da atenção primária, em seus termos mais amplos, ganha relevância. Para contribuir para a área, este trabalho descreve uma revisão sistemática que objetivou caracterizar e analisar os processos avaliativos da atenção primária no Brasil. Métodos: a busca de artigos foi feita nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo, a partir dos descritores “Primary Health Care AND Health Evaluation AND Brazil” restringido o período aos últimos cinco anos (2009 a 2013). Resultados: com a configuração de pesquisa, foram incluídos 42 artigos cujo cenário era a atenção primária no Brasil e que, em suas análises, faziam referência à avaliação dos serviços e programas. Observou-se uma diversidade de metodologias e objetivos dessas avaliações, destacando-se a avaliação dos serviços fornecidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (38,1%), a avaliação de serviços (61,9%), o foco no usuário (9,5%) e as pesquisas quantitativas (76%). Os estudos foram realizados predominantemente nas regiões Nordeste (n=15) e Sudeste (n = 13). Conclusão: em função dos achados, pode-se afirmar que as avaliações na atenção primária no Brasil ainda são restritas e localizadas, merecendo ser ampliadas e efetivamente aplicadas, para, assim, aperfeiçoar-se continuamente este processo.

Avaliação epidemiológica da prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV

Objetivo: Avaliar as ações direcionadas à prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico e documental constituído por 1364 gestantes soropositivas notificadas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no período de dez anos. Os dados foram expressos em frequências e uma análise de regressão linear foi aplicada. Utilizou-se para a análise estatística software R versão 2.12.1. Resultados: Houve ascensão nos casos notificados de gestantes soropositivas no período; 41,72% usaram terapia antirretroviral no pré-natal; a cobertura pré-natal foi de 84,53%; houve 63,12% de prevalência de partos cesáreos; 67,01% das parturientes usaram antirretrovirais durante o parto e 71,48% das crianças iniciaram a terapia nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Conclusão: As ações direcionadas à prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV são parcialmente efetivas porque menos da metade das gestantes infectadas usaram terapia antirretroviral no período pré-natal.

Evaluation of preventive measures for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The main route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children is from mother to child. The preventive measures established for the Aids Clinical Trial Group protocol 076 (ACTG 076) significantly reduces HIV vertical transmission rates. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the ACTG 076 protocol in the maternity units of State of Sergipe, Brazilian northeast. METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative approach, with HIV positive women and children exposed, attending a Maternity reference for high-risk pregnancies. Data were obtained from patient records registered in the years 1994 to 2010. RESULTS: Amongst the 110 pregnant women and exposed newborns, the ACTG 076 protocol was fully utilized in only 31.8% of the participants. During the prenatal period, zidovudine (ZDV) was taken by 79.1% of the pregnant women. Only 49.1% of HIV seropositive patients used ZDV during delivery. Two (1.8%) children were considered infected and 50 (45.5%) do not have a conclusive diagnosis to date. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant deficiencies in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, including lack of compliance with the three phases of the ACTG 076 protocol; inadequacies in prenatal care; inappropriate mode of delivery and lack of adequate follow up of exposed children.

Caracterização da cobertura do pré-natal no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a cobertura do pré-natal no Estado do Maranhão. Um estudo de base populacional em 30 municípios do Maranhão, com 2.075 mulheres em idade fértil, com gravidez prévia, de julho de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. Os resultados mostraram que as unidades de saúde da família foram responsáveis por 45,9% dos atendimentos de gestantes sendo que 46,8% relataram a realização de seis consultas ou mais de pré-natal durante a última gravidez e 64,6% iniciaram o pré-natal ainda no 1º trimestre. A cobertura do pré-natal foi de 85,6%, no entanto, ao se considerar a cobertura de pré-natal adequado, este foi de 43,4%, de acordo com o preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde (Brasil). Apesar de uma cobertura de pré-natal acima de 80%, menos da metade é considerada adequada, demonstrando um descompasso na atenção primária com qualidade.