[Utilization of prescribed drugs by HIV infected individuals: qualitative approach]

[Use of medicines in a Guaraní Indian village on the coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil]

This article analyzes the use of medicines and related perceptions among Guaraní Indians on the coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The ethnographic research included participant observation, open and semi-structured interviews, and household surveys. Analyzing six months of prescriptions from 2008, 458 medicines were prescribed in 236 medical consultations, featuring cough and cold preparations, analgesics, and anti-helminthics, among drugs. In the three household surveys, analgesics and cough and cold preparations were the most frequently found in 2006 and 2007, while drugs for anemia were the most common in 2008. The Guaraní mainly used the primary healthcare services for colds, coughs, and diarrhea, and their practices also included turning to the shaman and self-care with medicines and herbal remedies, recognizing the efficacy of medicines and evaluating the treatment according to their experiences and their conceptions of the health-disease-care process. The study indicates the need for dialogue between professionals and users, linking the various forms of health knowledge.

[Enfuvirtide in the treatment of AIDS patient: the turning point]

The study was carried out in a Hospital of Reference in Infectious Diseases of Ceará, from February 2006 to February 2007, and and aimed at identifying the socio-demographic profile of Enfuvirtide users and their main difficulties/facilities in previous and current treatment scheme. The initial sample analyzed the medical record of 23 patients;18 agreed to participate, comprising the final sample. The descriptive analysis of quantitative data was carried out through the distribution of frequencies and quantitative data, submitted for content analysis. It was observed that 83% were male, 78% were single and the majority was between 30 and 52 years old and, in average, eight years and a half of antiretroviral treatment. From qualitative data, two categories emerged: (1) Previous treatment: difficulties and adversities and (2) Current treatment: from cognition to ability. The difficulties to conduct previous treatments were related to the size and high amount of tablets and side effects. As for facility, the easy drug administration was indicated. Regarding the current treatment, the difficulties were self administration and nodules on the sites where Enfuvirtide was applied and the facilities were absence of gastrointestinal effects and improvement of viral load. It's important to implement an interdisciplinary work that helps patients overcome the difficulties of the treatment, in addition to works in groups in order to better address the difficulties and help increase adhesion to treatment.

[Dental loss and prosthetic replacement expectation: qualitative study]

This qualitative research analyses the repercussions of total dental loss on people's quality of life. The Oral Health Impact Profile short-form (OHIP14) was applied to 50 volunteers, and after analyzing the results, 13 out of those 50, were selected to be individually interviewed in an opened questions script. The criteria to select these 13 people were: perception of the impact of mouth condition on quality of life measured by the score reached on OHIP. We tried to comprise the sample with a good variety, according to the profile of the initial sample. After analyzing people's statements, it was possible to verify that dental loss had strong negative consequences on people's life, like shame, difficulty to eat, impact on social relationship and feeling of not being complete. The possibility of having their teeth replaced generates some anxiety. Although being aware that wearing total prosthesis represents some sacrifices, people considered it worthwhile because the possibility of regaining the social pattern and the self-image is renewed.

Utilização dos registros de dispensação da farmácia como indicador da não-adesão à terapia anti-retroviral em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os registros de dispensação de anti-retrovirais (ARV) por um período de 12 meses após a primeira prescrição e determinar os fatores associados com a retirada irregular ou abandono em dois serviços públicos de referência para AIDS, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Participaram 323 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, virgens de tratamento, recrutados entre maio de 2001 e maio de 2002. No período, 98 (30,3%) pacientes abandonaram a terapia e 187 (57,9%) tiveram pelo menos uma retirada irregular. Indivíduos com retirada irregular ou que abandonaram a terapia foram comparados àqueles com retirada regular. Análise multivariada multinomial indicou que morar fora de Belo Horizonte, ter contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ maior que 200 células/mm³ e uso de esquema sem inibidor de protease estavam associados com retirada irregular. Além dessas variáveis, o abandono mostrou associação com não fazer uso de outra medicação e ter registro de não-adesão no prontuário médico. Os registros da farmácia destacaram-se como potencial indicador de não-adesão, devendo ser incorporados à prática clínica. Ações que busquem os pacientes ausentes ou com retirada irregular devem ser priorizadas.

[Relationship between physicians and HIV patients: influence on adherence and quality of life]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the influence of the relationship between people living with HIV/AIDS and health care providers on treatment adherence and quality of life.

METHODS

Qualitative study conducted in Mexico, in 2003, with informants recruited from HIV/AIDS support groups, non-governmental organizations, and infectious disease clinics in public hospitals. A total of 40 people living with HIV/AIDS and five support group leaders were interviewed. Data were collected using sociodemographic questionnaires and in-depth interviews exploring the experience of living with HIV/AIDS, including treatment, disease perception, quality of life, physical and emotional health, and relationship with physicians. Responses were recorded, transcribed and organized thematically based on codes using an inductive analysis.

RESULTS

Most respondents aged between 26 and 45 years. The main obstacles to care were related to lack of risk awareness and information among people living with HIV/AIDS and physicians. Physicians proved not to be well trained on HIV/AIDS care. During the follow-up care, most problems were related to inadequate treatment adherence mainly caused by poor communication with physicians and discrimination in public services.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall the problems identified were related to information deficiencies, physicians' lack of training and paternalism, and social stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS associated with the epidemic.

Estudos de utilização de medicamentos: uma síntese de artigos publicados no Brasil e América Latina

O medicamento tem se convertido em elemento importante na recuperação e garantia da qualidade de vida; no entanto, há riscos evitáveis associados a seu uso. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as publicações de estudos de utilização de medicamentos quanto aos tipos de resultados obtidos e suas contribuições para as intervenções terapêuticas. Foram analisados 27 artigos sobre estudos de utilização de medicamentos selecionados nas bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs em relação a objetivos, tipo de estudo, população e amostra selecionada, métodos de estudo e resultados mais relevantes. Os resultados dos artigos analisados foram discutidos a partir das categorias analíticas, criadas através da seleção dos temas emergentes da análise, prevalência do consumo de medicamentos, fatores relacionados ao uso de medicamentos, automedicação, organização dos serviços de saúde, percepção do medicamento e adesão à terapia. De forma geral, as sugestões dos autores restringiram-se à necessidade de prestar informação ao paciente. Conclui-se que as informações construídas pelos estudos de utilização de medicamentos podem ser o caminho inicial para a mudança tão almejada nas práticas profissionais.

[Social representations associated with tube feeding among adult hospitalized patients]

This study aimed to identify and understand adult patients' representations on tube feeding. Data were collected through interviews with sixteen patients who were using feeding tubes, which were analyzed through discourse analysis and Social Representation Theory. We identified a sequence in which representations are reorganized and redefined through experience, in order to turn this treatment tolerable. This sequence begins when patients face the need of a feeding tube, followed by the experience of its use and finally, when deciding about continuing its use or not, when going home. Some representations contribute to treatment adherence and others to its rejection. Getting to know positive and negative ideas about this treatment makes it possible to approach these patients in a more direct way, with a view to better adherence and satisfaction.

Compreensão de informações relativas ao tratamento anti-retroviral entre indivíduos infectados pelo HIV

Para avaliar a compreensão das informações sobre a terapia anti-retroviral entre portadores do HIV/AIDS atendidos em serviços públicos de referência, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, foi realizada análise transversal por meio de entrevistas com pacientes, após a primeira dispensação de anti-retrovirais. A orientação recebida dos profissionais de saúde e o nível de compreensão pelo paciente foram investigados, sendo este classificado como insuficiente se houvesse discordância igual ou superior a 30,0% entre a resposta do paciente e a informação contida na prescrição para itens selecionados. Divergências entre as informações da prescrição e as relatadas pelos 358 pacientes foram observadas. O nível de compreensão das informações sobre anti-retrovirais prescritos foi classificado como insuficiente para 26,3%. Os resultados obtidos revelam proporção importante de pacientes com lacunas na compreensão de informações sobre a terapêutica anti-retroviral combinada. É necessário implementar estratégias para aumentar a qualidade das orientações fornecidas a esses pacientes. O enfoque multidisciplinar no atendimento aos pacientes poderá contribuir para reverter a situação observada.

Nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients in Costa Rica

A cross-sectional study was performed among seropositive individuals who sought HIV treatment at an outpatient clinic in San Jose, Costa Rica, to determine the prevalence, predictors, and reasons for nonadherence to antiretroviral. A structured, face-to-face interview was administered to 88 patients. The primary outcome of adherence was measured as taking 100% of medications within 3 days prior to interview. A number of risk factors, including demographic information, HIV knowledge, logistics of the regimen, and management skills were assessed. Statistical analyses included logistic regression. Eighty-five percent of patients took 100% of their medications in the last 3 days. Factors that were correlated with nonadherence included difficulty in finding transportation to the clinic (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3, p = 0.01), not laying pills out as a management skill (OR = 9.9, p = 0.01), and prescription instructions to take medication on an empty stomach (OR = 6.7, p = 0.03). HIV-positive patients in this Costa Rican sample were fairly adherent to their drug regimens. To increase adherence among non-adherent individuals, interventions that increase access in remote areas and help people manage their regimens may be beneficial.