Housework, paid work and psychiatric symptoms

[Are there differences between paid women workers and housewives in health-related quality of life?]

Considering the lack of Brazilian studies on the relationship between participation in the labor market and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in women, the objectives were to verify whether there is an association between paid work versus no paid work and HRQL in women, and whether socioeconomic status modifies this association. This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 668 women 18 to 64 years of age from the Campinas Health Survey (ISACamp 2008/2009), using SF-36 to assess HRQL. Being a housewife was associated with worse HRQL, especially in mental domains, but this association was modified by socioeconomic status. In the middle and low schooling and family income strata, housewives showed worse HRQL than paid women workers, but there was no difference between the two groups in the high schooling and high income strata. Housewives' worse HRQL emphasizes the importance of public policies to expand opportunities for women's participation in the labor market and access to education.

Housework and recovery from work among nursing teams: a gender perspective

The impact on health of work carried out within the household is recognized by several authors in the occupational health field. The purpose of this article is to verify whether and to what extent the need for recovery is related to professional work hours and to housework duties in female nursing workers. Workers (N = 1122) completed a questionnaire with data on household chores and professional work, as well as the Need for Recovery from Work scale. Regression analysis showed that the odds for reporting poor recovery were significantly higher for workers showing long domestic work hours, high total work load (professional plus domestic work hours), and housework overload. No association was found for professional work hours per se. Findings highlight the potential detrimental effects of housework, either by itself or in combination with professional work for the group studied, and can generate discussion on gender equality in both the public and private domains.

Trabalhadoras brasileiras: características socioeconômicas e ocupacionais e perfil de saúde, Brasil, 2003

Foi realizado um estudo transversal para traçar um perfil das mulheres brasileiras inseridas no mercado de trabalho, comparativamente aos homens, considerando características sociodemográficas, aspectos relativos à saúde e situação socioeconômica de trabalho, utilizando dados da PNAD-IBGE de 2003. A amostra analisada foi de 173.094 pessoas, com 10 anos ou mais de idade e ocupação definida. A abordagem estatística incluiu descrição da amostra, comparação das características gerais e ocupacionais de mulheres e homens e comparação da situação de saúde de mulheres e homens, calculando-se razões de prevalências e seus intervalos de confiança. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes na maior parte das variáveis investigadas. Comparativamente aos homens, as mulheres tinham um perfil educacional mais elevado, rendas mensais menores, jornadas de trabalho remunerado menores e maior tempo dedicado aos afazeres domésticos. Houve diferença na distribuição de mulheres e homens nos grupamentos ocupacionais. Encontraram-se prevalências maiores de doenças crônicas e de relatos de piores estados de saúde entre as trabalhadoras. Os resultados obtidos ressaltam a importância da realização de mais pesquisas sobre gênero, trabalho e saúde para identificar e esclarecer o papel do trabalho nas diferenças encontradas.

Factors Associated with Repeated Suicide Attempts

Background: This study compares sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 102 first-time hospital-treated suicide attempters (first-evers) with a group of 101 repeat suicide attempters (repeaters) consecutively admitted to a general hospital in Brazil, during the intake phase of the WHO Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal Behaviors (SUPRE-MISS). Aims: To compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of first-time hospital-treated suicide attempters (first-evers) with a group of repeat suicide attempters (repeaters). Methods: A standardized interview and psychometric scales were administered to all patients. Results: Repetition was associated with being of female sex (OR = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–6.2), a housewife (OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.2–11.8), and having a score above median on the Beck Depression Inventory (OR = 5.2; 95% CI = 1.7–15.6). Conclusions: The findings suggest that repeaters, namely, depressed housewives who have attempted suicide previously, need specific treatment strategies in order to avoid future suicide attempts.

Gênero e saúde: perfil e tendências da produção científica no Brasil

As diferenças em saúde entre homens e mulheres têm sido objeto de grande interesse, mas as interpretações tendem a ser naturalizadas e essencialistas. Os estudos de gênero têm criticado essa literatura, oferecendo alternativas de análise promissoras. Assim realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de descrever o perfil e as tendências da atividade científica sobre gênero e saúde no Brasil. Foram utilizados dados do Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, do Banco de Teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, e quatro periódicos da área da saúde. Foram identificados 51 grupos com pelo menos uma linha de pesquisa na temática, com concentração regional e institucional. Os resultados confirmam o crescimento acentuado da produção científica, sendo localizadas 98 dissertações, 42 teses e 665 artigos sobre gênero e saúde. As mulheres são autoras de 86,0% das teses e 89,0% das dissertações e 70,5% dos artigos. A maioria dos trabalhos acadêmicos foi divulgada na década de 2000, quando ocorreu também ampliação das questões abordadas. Os temas podem ser reunidos em cinco subgrupos: reprodução e contracepção; violência de gênero; sexualidade e saúde, com ênfase nas DST/Aids; trabalho e saúde, incluindo trabalho doméstico e trabalho noturno; outros temas emergentes ou pouco explorados. São grandes os desafios políticos, epistemológicos e metodológicos para consolidação dos avanços. A perspectiva de gênero oferece amplas possibilidades de enriquecimento da reflexão teórica na saúde coletiva, podendo-se somar a outros esforços intelectuais e políticos para a compreensão da saúde e seus determinantes na luta contra as desigualdades e pela justiça social.

Health, sleep and lack of time: relations to domestic and paid work in nurses

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether reported morbidity and complaints of lack of time and sleep are associated with the burden of professional work and housework among nurses.

METHODS

A cross-sectional exploratory study was carried out among female nurses and nurse assistants (N=206) of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated.

RESULTS

Mean duration of professional work and housework time was 40.4 and 31.6 hours/week, respectively. Long professional working time (over 44 hours/week) were associated with mild emotional disorders (PR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.80), complaints of lack of time for resting/leisure (PR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.31-1.97), housework (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.12-1.97), and childcare (PR=1.99; 95% CI: 1.51-2.63). Long housework time (over 28 hours/week) was associated with lower prevalence of lack of time for childcare (PR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.84). High housework load was associated with lack of personal time and complaints of varicose veins (PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.14-1.50 and PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.58, respectively). Complaints of varicose veins were also frequent among female nurses with a total work load above 84 hours (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.05-1.61), though this group has shown a lower prevalence of arterial hypertension and recurrent headaches (PR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.83 and PR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.32-0.89, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest that both professional and home environments are relevant in the evaluation of work overload on nurses' health and their family and social life. It is stressed the need for instruments for analyzing total workload among female populations.

An international comparison of women's occupational health issues in the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Canada, Hong Kong and Singapore: the CIDA-SEAGEP study

BACKGROUND

An international comparison study of women's occupational health issues was carried out in 2000 for the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Canada, Hong Kong and Singapore. The study was funded by the Canadian International Development Agency's Southeast Asia Gender Equity Program.

AIM

The objective was to compare the issues, risk factors, social determinants, and challenges in women's occupational health, according to the status of economic development as defined by the World Bank.

METHOD

Data were collected through 27 key informant interviews of high-ranking government officials and senior researchers, self-administered questionnaires on country or regional statistics and 16 courtesy calls.

RESULTS

Results indicated that women's occupational health problems common in these countries or regions included women's long hours of work (double workday), shift work and a caring role for family and friends. Problems reported in developing countries but not developed countries included poor access to training and protective equipment, and insufficient legislation to protect women's rights. Problems reported in developed countries but not in developing countries included obesity, smoking and not including women in health research.

CONCLUSION

This paper provides insights into the changing environment in the workplace, such as increasing participation of women in the paid workforce and changes in gender differences due to the changing country economy, for improving women's occupational health.

Work and behavioural problems in children and adolescents

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3139 children and adolescents from poor areas of the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. We employed the child behaviour checklist for estimating BP. We performed multivariable analysis using Poisson's regression for confounder control.

RESULTS

The proportion of workers was 13.8% (7.3% among children and 20.7% among adolescents). Prevalence of BP among workers and prevalence ratios (PRs) were 21.4% (PR = 1.3; CI 0.9-1.9) among children and 9.5% (PR = 0.6; CI 0.4-1.0) among adolescents. Considering workers only, the risk of BP was 2.7 times greater (CI 1.4-5.1) among children when compared with adolescents. Working in domestic services among children and beginning to work at an early age among adolescents were associated with BP.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results reinforce the need for respecting the minimum age for admission to employment established by the ILO Convention 138 and by the Brazilian legislation and contribute to the discussion about the occupations that should be considered as hazardous child labour.

Trabalho feminino e saúde na terceira idade

O objetivo deste estudo é estimar e caracterizar a participação de idosas no mercado de trabalho e investigar diferenciais de saúde, segundo sua inserção nesse mercado, após considerar a influência de fatores sociodemográficos. O estudo incluiu 4.607 com 65 anos e mais, residentes em dez regiões metropolitanas brasileiras e participantes da PNAD/98. Foram definidas as categorias: trabalhando, aposentada e outra. A análise incluiu o qui-quadrado e o odds ratio estimado através de regressão logística multinomial. Quase 10% das mulheres trabalhavam, 42% eram aposentadas e 48% não trabalhavam nem eram aposentadas. As idosas ocupadas eram mais jovens, tinham maior renda, e de 4 a 7 anos de escolaridade. O fato de estar trabalhando esteve associado à melhor percepção da própria saúde, menor relato de doenças crônicas, plano privado de saúde, menor relato de consulta e internação hospitalar, melhores indicadores de autonomia e mobilidade física e maior freqüência de consulta odontológica. A permanência das idosas na vida ativa é inferior à dos homens brasileiros no mesmo período. Os diferenciais de saúde relacionados ao trabalho são mais acentuados entre as mulheres. É fundamental determinar se os diferenciais de saúde observados entre idosas, também são encontrados nas mulheres em idade ativa.