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Soares Filho AM, Duarte EC, Merchan-Hamann E. [Trend and distribution of the homicide mortality rate in accordance with the size of the population of Brazilian municipalities - 2000 and 2015]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:1147-1156. [PMID: 32159682 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020253.19872018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this study is to analyze the trends and distribution of homicide mortality rates (HMR) according to the population size of Brazilian municipalities between 2000 and 2015. It is an ecological study of deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System, with HMR standardized by the direct method and 95% confidence interval. HMR in Brazil grew 6% (to 29.1/100,000) in the period, with an increase in small municipalities (83%; 12.7 to 23.2/100,000) and mediumsized cities (52%; 19.7% to 30.1/100,000); which is true for both sexes, different ages, regions and firearm-related events. HMR decreased in major cities (19%; 40.6% to 32.9/100,000) and the Southeast region (55%; 45.6% to 20.6/100,000). The relative risk (RR) of small and medium-sized cities in relation to large cities is already greater than or close to 1 among women (RR 0.99; 1.03), people aged 60 years or older (RR 1.43; 1.36) and homicides by other means (RR 1.16; 1.18). The cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro contributed the most to the reduction of HMR, especially in large cities (-37.6 and -22.3 homicides/100,000 inhabitants). Small and medium-sized municipalities have consistent trends of an increase in HMR even considering population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adauto Martins Soares Filho
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Esplanada dos Ministérios Bloco G/Térreo, Asa Sul. 70058-900, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
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Dias MADS, Friche AADL, Costa DADS, Freire FM, Oliveira VBD, Caiaffa WT. Homicídios em Belo Horizonte, MG: um retrato das iniquidades nas cidades. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902019181034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Os homicídios no Brasil são um dos indicadores mais sensíveis da desigualdade social nas cidades. Assim, políticas de proteção social integradas nos territórios podem impactar esse evento em saúde. Este artigo objetiva descrever os homicídios em Belo Horizonte à luz de um modelo conceitual, parte de um processo avaliativo de um projeto de reurbanização na cidade. A partir da revisão da literatura, construiu-se um modelo conceitual para a compreensão dos homicídios e sua vinculação com o viver nas cidades. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo dos homicídios a partir de dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) relativos ao período de 2002 a 2012. O modelo conceitual reforça que os homicídios encontram nas cidades seus mais expressivos determinantes vinculados à desigualdade e à exclusão, junto a valores de uma cultura de força e preconceitos. Os homicídios em Belo Horizonte apresentam taxas elevadas na cidade formal, sendo de três a seis vezes maiores nas favelas. Morrem mais negros, jovens homens, de baixa escolaridade, nas vias públicas e nos territórios vulneráveis. Os homicídios são a síntese das desvantagens urbanas, especialmente em tais áreas. Retrata-se em Belo Horizonte o que se vê no Brasil, denunciando a desigualdade e sua perversidade no viver e morrer nas cidades.
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de Sousa GDS, Magalhães FB, Gama IDS, de Lima MVN, de Almeida RLF, Vieira LJEDS, Bezerra Filho JG. Social determinants and their interference in homicide rates in a city in northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2016; 17 Suppl 2:194-203. [PMID: 25409648 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4503201400060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to analyze the possible relationship between social determinants and homicide mortality in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. METHOD To investigate whether the rate of mortality by homicides is related to social determinants, an ecological study with emphasis on spatial analysis was conducted in the city of Fortaleza. Social, economic, demographic and sanitation data, as well as information regarding years of potential life lost, and Human Development Index were collected. The dependent variable was the rate of homicides in the period 2004 to 2006. In order to verify the relationship between the outcome variable and the predictor variables, we performed a multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS We found associations between social determinants and the rate of mortality by homicides. Variables related to income and education were proven determinants for mortality. The multiple regression model showed that 51% of homicides in Fortaleza neighborhoods are explained by years of potential life lost, proportion of households with poor housing, average years of schooling, per capita income and percentage of household heads with 15 or more years of study. The coefficients for years of potential life lost and households with poor housing were positive. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the mortality by homicide is associated with high levels of poverty and uncontrolled urbanization, which migrates to the peripheries of urban centers.
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Trindade RFCD, Costa FADMM, Silva PDPACD, Caminiti GB, Santos CBD. [Map of homicides by firearms: profile of the victims and the assaults]. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2016; 49:748-55. [PMID: 26516743 DOI: 10.1590/s0080-623420150000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describing the profile of victims and assaults by gunshot, where the outcome was death. METHOD An ecological study conducted in the city of Maceió/AL, in 2012. Data were collected from the death statements. The variables studied were: the death circumstances, gender, age, marital status, place, date, time, month and proportion according to the occurring neighborhood. RESULTS The homicide mortality rate was 65.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, with 130.6 per 100,000 men and 7.8 per 100,000 women. Of the total number of homicides, 93.6% of the victims were men. The age group between 15 and 29 years of age was the most affected, with 68.8%. In 97.6% of cases the death occurred at the site of aggression, 74.1% in the streets. In relation to the date, 54.2% of cases occurred between Friday and Sunday. 59.7% of the homicides were concentrated in seven neighborhoods. CONCLUSION The map of violence presented shows heterogeneous areas for the occurrence of assaults with firearms, characterizing the existing urban inequality in violence distribution.
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Nascimento TG, Pimentel CE, Adaid-Castro BG. Escala de Atitudes frente à Arma de Fogo (EAFAF): Evidências de Sua Adequação Psicométrica. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-3772201602187239248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Este artigo objetivou verificar a validade de construto da Escala de Atitudes Frente à Arma de Fogo (EAFAF). No Estudo 1, participaram 200 policiais militares do Distrito Federal, com idade média de 27,75 anos (DP=2,98), dos quais 88,8 % eram homens. Eles responderam a EAFAF e perguntas demográficas. A análise dos componentes principais indicou uma estrutura tri-fatorial, cujos alfas de Cronbach foram 0,81 (direito), 0,76 (proteção) e 0,65 (crime). No Estudo 2, participaram 220 estudantes universitários, com idade média de 24,37 anos (DP=7,58), dos quais 53,0% eram mulheres. Testou-se a estrutura tri-fatorial por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória. Os indicadores de ajuste foram satisfatórios. Os alfas de Cronbach foram 0,81, 0,76, 0,75. O estudo indicou que mulheres tendem a associar armas de fogo a crime, enquanto homens as associam a proteção e direito.
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Matoso RI, Freire AR, Santos LSDM, Daruge Junior E, Rossi AC, Prado FB. Comparison of gunshot entrance morphologies caused by .40-caliber Smith & Wesson, .380-caliber, and 9-mm Luger bullets: a finite element analysis study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111192. [PMID: 25343337 PMCID: PMC4208880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Firearms can cause fatal wounds, which can be identified by traces on or around the body. However, there are cases where neither the bullet nor gun is found at the crime scene. Ballistic research involving finite element models can reproduce computational biomechanical conditions, without compromising bioethics, as they involve no direct tests on animals or humans. This study aims to compare the morphologies of gunshot entrance holes caused by.40-caliber Smith & Wesson (S&W), .380-caliber, and 9×19-mm Luger bullets. A fully metal-jacketed.40 S&W projectile, a fully metal-jacketed.380 projectile, and a fully metal-jacketed 9×19-mm Luger projectile were computationally fired at the glabellar region of the finite element model from a distance of 10 cm, at perpendicular incidence. The results show different morphologies in the entrance holes produced by the three bullets, using the same skull at the same shot distance. The results and traits of the entrance holes are discussed. Finite element models allow feasible computational ballistic research, which may be useful to forensic experts when comparing and analyzing data related to gunshot wounds in the forehead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ivo Matoso
- Department of Forensic Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Legal Medicine – IML-RR, Civil Police of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Freire
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Daruge Junior
- Department of Forensic Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Rossi
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felippe Bevilacqua Prado
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alazraqui M, Spinelli H, Zunino MG, de Souza ER. [The quality of information systems on violence-related deaths in Argentina and Brazil between 1990 and 2010]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2013; 17:3279-88. [PMID: 23175404 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232012001200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Violence-related deaths are a public health issue by virtue of the magnitude of their impact on society and on the health services. A study of the descriptive temporal trend was conducted using the official national information systems of violence-related mortality in Argentina and Brazil for the period from 1990 to 2010. Indicators were created to evaluate information quality by sex, age, and cause of death. The results demonstrate a temporal trend of improvement in the quality of the information systems. This trend is repeated especially when violence-related deaths are analyzed, with a decrease in the number of records for violence-related death of undetermined intent; as well as a high percentage of firearm-related deaths of undetermined intent in Argentina. The analysis of the quality of information systems regarding violence-related deaths makes it possible to detect problems and orient actions in order to obtain better quality information and therefore permit improvement in the creation of preventive public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Alazraqui
- Instituto de Salud Colectiva, Universidad Nacional de Lanús, Argentina.
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Amaral NDA, Amaral CDA, Amaral TLM. Mortalidade feminina e anos de vida perdidos por homicídio/agressão em capital brasileira após promulgação da Lei Maria da Penha. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-07072013000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A violência contra a mulher é um fenômeno que atinge todas as pessoas, em todas as partes do mundo. No Brasil, no ano de 2006, entra em vigor a Lei n. 11.340/2006, batizada como Lei Maria da Penha, com a função basilar de coibir a violência doméstica, familiar e afetiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a mortalidade feminina por agressão/homicídio, antes e após a implantação da lei, em Rio Branco, Acre. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo ecológico com vítimas de agressão e homicídios registrados no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, de 2002 a 2010. As mulheres vítimas de homicídio tinham entre 21 e 25 anos de idade (28,6%), baixo nível de escolaridade (39,3%) e estavam sem ocupação (64,3%). A incidência de óbitos apresentou declínio seguido de aumento nos últimos dois anos, com reflexo nos Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos na faixa etária de 16 a 39 anos. A Lei Maria da Penha é uma realidade no país e tem papel relevante na sociedade, por isso, deve ser analisada em pesquisas quanto a sua efetividade e influência.
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Martins CBDG, Jorge MHPDM. Deaths from external causes in Cuiabá, 0 a 24 years: Profile of victims and families according to intentionality. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2013; 16:454-68. [PMID: 24142016 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2013000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the importance of knowing the circumstances associated with external causes (accidents and violence), this study analyzes the profile of the victims and their families as to the intentionality of the event (intentional or accidental). Cross-sectional study, which population comprise children, adolescents, and young people (age 0 to 24) who lived in Cuiabá, MT, and died from external causes in 2009. The data, processed by the Epi-Info software, were taken from the Declarations of Death and interviews with the families of the victims. The nonparametric chi-square test showed statistically significant differences between accidental and intentional deaths by sex and the type of accident or violence, the occurrence of the previous event external cause, parental education, family type, income, responsible for supporting the house, mother's age and caregiver. Among the victims, male participation (88.7 %) stands out compared to female (11.3 %). 50.0% of the deaths of females were accidental and 50.0% intentional; 68.2% of the deaths of males were intentional, 29.1% accidental and 2.7% from undetermined intent. Among the intentional deaths, 72.5% of the victims had already suffered violence. As the degree of instruction of the parents increases, intentional deaths decrease. The proportion of reconstituted/fragmented families is higher for fatal accidents. Intentional causes increase as family income decreases and the age of the parents increases. The agglomeration of people in the homes is higher for intentional deaths. Analizing the profiles of families and victims as to the intentionality of the event allows directing local prevention and control policies.
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Souza ERD, Melo AND, Silva JGE, Franco SA, Alazraqui M, González-Pérez GJ. Estudo multicêntrico da mortalidade por homicídios em países da América Latina. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232012001200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico descritivo da mortalidade por homicídios em países da América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Colômbia e México) de 1990 a 2007. Analisam-se óbitos por causas externas e homicídios, codificados nas 9ª. e 10ª. revisões da Classificação Internacional de Doenças/CID, considerando-se sexo, faixa etária e meio usado na agressão. Apresentam-se números, proporções e taxas ajustadas de mortalidade por homicídios. Usou-se o modelo de regressão linear na tendência das taxas de homicídios por grupos etários. No período, os países contabilizaram 4.086.216 mortes por causas externas e 1.432.971 homicídios. Na Argentina as causas externas cresceram 54,5%, mas diminuíram nos demais (37% no México; 31,8% na Colômbia e 8,1% no Brasil). As razões de mortalidade por homicídios para ambos os sexos foram de 9,1 na Colômbia, 4,4 no Brasil e 1,6 no México, tomando-se as taxas da Argentina como referência. A evolução das taxas de homicídios por faixa etária e sexo mostrou-se distinta nos países: em todos os grupos etários foi crescente no Brasil e decrescente na Colômbia. Destaca-se a necessidade de se priorizar os jovens do sexo masculino nas políticas públicas de atenção e prevenção e da região adotar políticas inclusivas, ampliar e consolidar sua democracia e os direitos dos seus habitantes.
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Zunino MG, Diez Roux AV, de Souza ER. [Homicides involving firearms in Argentina between 1991 and 2006: a multilevel analysis]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2012; 17:3219-32. [PMID: 23175398 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232012001200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of variables at different levels of organization and the effect of time on the occurrence of firearm-related homicides (FRH) in Argentina between 1991 and 2006 was analyzed using multilevel analysis. A three-level Poisson regression model was used. The first level corresponded to the distribution of the number of FRH by sex and age group for each administrative region and (four-year) period; the second corresponded to the variation over time in the interior of each administrative region; the third modeled the variation between administrative regions in accordance with the Level of Urbanization, Percentage of Homes with Unsatisfied Basic Needs and the Percentage of Working Adults. There were 15,067 FRH in persons aged 14 and over between 1991 and 2006 in the 493 administrative regions. The risk of death was higher in males and persons of 15 to 29 years of age; ages above that were associated with a lower risk. The influence of age was greater in central-urban zones and between 1999 and 2002 than during other periods. The level of urbanization was the socioeconomic variable most strongly associated with FRH risk. The risk of death from FRH was 1.6 times higher in central-urban zones compared with non-central zones. In both zones, the risk was highest between 1999 and 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gabriela Zunino
- Universidad Nacional de Lanús, Remedios de Escalada, 1826 Lanús Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Peres MFT, Vicentin D, Nery MB, de Lima RS, de Souza ER, Cerda M, Cardia N, Adorno S. [Decline in homicide rates in São Paulo, Brasil: a descriptive analysis]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2011; 29:17-26. [PMID: 21390415 DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892011000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe homicide mortality in the municipality of São Paulo according to type of weapon, sex, race or skin color, age, and areas of socioeconomic inequalities, between 1996 and 2008. METHOD For this ecological time-series study, data about deaths in the municipality of São Paulo were collected from the municipal program for improvement of mortality information, using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. Homicide mortality rates (HMR) were calculated for the overall population and specifically for each sex, race or skin color, age range, type of weapon, and occurrence in social deprivation/affluence areas. HMR were adjusted for age using the direct method. The percentage age of variation in HMR was calculated for the study period. For areas of socioeconomic inequalities, the relative risk of death from homicide was calculated. RESULTS HMR fell 73.7% between 2001 and 2008. A reduction in HMR was observed in all groups, especially males (-74.5%), young men between 15 and 24 years of age (-78.0%), and residents in areas of extreme socioeconomic deprivation (-79.3%). The reduction occurred mostly in firearm homicide rates (-74.1%). The relative risk of death from homicide in areas of extreme socioeconomic deprivation, as compared to areas with some degree of socioeconomic deprivation, was 2.77 in 1996, 3.9 in 2001, and 2.13 in 2008. In areas of high socioeconomic deprivation, the relative risk was 2.07 in 1996 and 1.96 in 2008. CONCLUSIONS To understand the reduction in homicide rates in the municipality of São Paulo, it is important to take into consideration macrodeterminants that affect the entire municipality and all population subgroups, as well as micro/local determinants that have special impact on homicides committed with firearms and on subgroups such as the young, males, and residents of areas of high socioeconomic deprivation.
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Reichenheim ME, de Souza ER, Moraes CL, de Mello Jorge MHP, da Silva CMFP, de Souza Minayo MC. Violence and injuries in Brazil: the effect, progress made, and challenges ahead. Lancet 2011; 377:1962-75. [PMID: 21561649 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there are signs of decline, homicides and traffic-related injuries and deaths in Brazil account for almost two-thirds of all deaths from external causes. In 2007, the homicide rate was 26·8 per 100,000 people and traffic-related mortality was 23·5 per 100,000. Domestic violence might not lead to as many deaths, but its share of violence-related morbidity is large. These are important public health problems that lead to enormous individual and collective costs. Young, black, and poor men are the main victims and perpetrators of community violence, whereas poor black women and children are the main victims of domestic violence. Regional differentials are also substantial. Besides the sociocultural determinants, much of the violence in Brazil has been associated with the misuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, and the wide availability of firearms. The high traffic-related morbidity and mortality in Brazil have been linked to the chosen model for the transport system that has given priority to roads and private-car use without offering adequate infrastructure. The system is often poorly equipped to deal with violations of traffic rules. In response to the major problems of violence and injuries, Brazil has greatly advanced in terms of legislation and action plans. The main challenge is to assess these advances to identify, extend, integrate, and continue the successful ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eduardo Reichenheim
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Tokumaru RS, Zortea TC, Howat-Rodrigues ABC, Andrade ALD. Diferenças no investimento materno em função de variáveis socioambientais. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (NATAL) 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x2011000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A partir da Teoria do Investimento Parental prevê-se diminuição no investimento com a diminuição da relação benefício/custos. Investigou-se a variação no investimento materno em função de variáveis socioambientais que podem apresentar impacto na relação benefício/custo do investimento materno. Os fatores investigados apresentaram, de forma geral, efeito sobre o investimento materno no sentido esperado de acordo com a teoria: quanto maiores os custos representados pela ausência de coabitação com pai, pouca disponibilidade de renda e início precoce da vida reprodutiva, menor o investimento materno. Conclui-se que os fatores socioambientais podem promover ou inibir o investimento materno indicando a importância de políticas públicas no sentido da promoção da estabilidade destes fatores.
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Andrade SMD, Soares DA, Souza RKTD, Matsuo T, Souza HDD. Homicídios de homens de quinze a 29 anos e fatores relacionados no estado do Paraná, de 2002 a 2004. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2011; 16 Suppl 1:1281-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os homicídios constituem-se a primeira causa de morte não natural no Brasil e seu estudo pode subsidiar medidas para seu controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a mortalidade por homicídios e intervenções legais de homens jovens no estado do Paraná, e identificar características municipais correlacionadas. Foi realizado estudo ecológico, com os municípios do Paraná como unidades de análise. Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade por homicídios e intervenções legais de homens de quinze a 29 anos, de 2002 a 2004 e obtidos dados socioeconômicos e demográficos municipais. O coeficiente de mortalidade do estado foi de 94,8 por cem mil. O tamanho da população, a proporção de jovens de quinze a 24 anos, a proporção de matrículas no ensino superior e o índice de Gini foram os indicadores mais correlacionados à mortalidade por homicídios (p<0,0001). Observaram-se maiores taxas nos municípios das regiões metropolitanas, nos situados na fronteira com o Paraguai e naqueles localizados no trajeto destes com a Região Sudeste do país. As taxas de mortalidade e a proporção de mortes por armas de fogo aumentaram com o aumento do porte dos municípios. A maior presença de jovens e a maior disponibilidade de armas de fogo e drogas ilícitas nesses municípios podem estar influenciando nessas mais altas taxas.
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Villela LDCM, Moraes SAD, Suzuki CS, Freitas ICMD. Tendência da mortalidade por homicídios em Belo Horizonte e região metropolitana: 1980-2005. Rev Saude Publica 2010; 44:486-95. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102010005000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução das taxas de mortalidade por homicídio em Belo Horizonte e Região Metropolitana no período de 1980 a 2005. MÉTODOS: Estudo de série temporal, cujos dados sobre óbitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e as estimativas populacionais segundo sexo, idade e anos-calendário, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Os coeficientes específicos de mortalidade, segundo sexo e faixa etária, foram calculados anualmente para cada região geográfica. A análise de tendência foi realizada por meio da construção de modelos de regressão polinomial para séries históricas, adotando-se nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve elevada magnitude das taxas de mortalidade por homicídios em Belo Horizonte e Região Metropolitana, principalmente para o sexo masculino, permitindo identificar, em relação à tendência secular, crescimento acelerado dessas taxas em ambos os sexos e em quase todas as faixas etárias, mais expressivamente a partir do início da década de 1990, na Região Metropolitana da capital. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam a necessidade de implementação de políticas públicas conjuntas, direcionadas para o controle da violência. Recomendam-se investimentos em educação e garantia de acesso ao emprego, visando o controle da ascensão acelerada da mortalidade por homicídios, principalmente, entre os jovens do sexo masculino, residentes na Região Metropolitana.
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D'Agostini RA, Guimarães Blank VL, Marino Calvo MC. Injury deaths in the metropolitan region of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil, 1996-2002. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2009; 16:49-55. [PMID: 19296333 DOI: 10.1080/17457300802573739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to analyse injury mortality in the metropolitan region of Florianópolis, Brazil, from 1996 to 2002. The study design was an ecological model. The mortality distribution was calculated along with the mortality rate due to injury in general and also by specific causes for each year during the study period and for the region's most populous towns. Injury mortality rates decreased in the period, but the homicide mortality increased by 103% when comparing the years 1996 and 2002. Most of the victims were children, young people and old people. This study confirmed a greater vulnerability among young people and the elderly, predominantly in the male population. The significant increase in the mortality rate due to homicides in this region was particularly noticeable and followed the same trend as has been observed in other regions of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alves D'Agostini
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Public Health at Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitario s/n, Trinidade, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Sanches S, Duarte SJH, Pontes ERJC. Caracterização das vítimas de ferimentos por arma de fogo, atendidas pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência em Campo Grande-MS. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902009000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A violência, em todas as suas apresentações, tem crescido de forma avassaladora no país, elevando os indicadores de morbidade e mortalidade por causas externas. O uso das armas de fogo, muitas vezes, faz vítimas fatais ou que podem permanecer sequeladas. Tal fato tem aumentado o ônus do estado com internações hospitalares e acréscimo dos anos de vida perdidos da população jovem, que constitui a grande maioria dessas vítimas. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou fazer um levantamento das vítimas de ferimentos por arma de fogo, atendidas pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência no município de Campo Grande-MS, no período de abril de 2005 a abril de 2007, nos dois primeiros anos de funcionamento, desde a implantação desse serviço na capital do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Realizou-se estudo descritivo, baseado em análise documental do sistema de informação do SAMU do município de Campo Grande-MS. Foram descritos 233 atendimentos. Os resultados evidenciaram 213 vítimas do sexo masculino, a faixa etária mais acometida foi dos 20 aos 24 anos de idade, a cabeça e o pescoço foram as partes do corpo mais atingidas e a região Sul do município de Campo Grande foi a que concentrou maior número de atendimentos. Conclui-se que a violência por arma de fogo em Campo Grande-MS atinge a camada economicamente ativa da população e provém de regiões de bolsões de pobreza e desigualdade social, justificando a implantação de um serviço como o SAMU.
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Hennington ÉA, Meneghel SN, Barros FDS, Silva LBD, Grano MDS, Siqueira TP, Stefenon C. Mortalidade por homicídios em Município da Região Sul do Brasil, 1996 a 2005. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2008000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos homicídios em São Leopoldo, comparando-o com o do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que utilizou dados disponibilizados pelo Datasus/Ministério da Saúde no período de 1996 a 2005. Os indicadores calculados foram: coeficientes de mortalidade padronizada; mortalidade proporcional segundo grupo etário; coeficiente de mortalidade segundo cor; e percentual de mortes causadas por arma de fogo. Além destes, foram construídas as taxas de mortalidade por homicídio nos municípios gaúchos com população superior a 50.000 habitantes para o período analisado. Os coeficientes de mortalidade em São Leopoldo representaram o dobro das taxas ocorridas no Estado. A população mais atingida foi a de adultos jovens e a razão entre os sexos foi de 8,4 óbitos em homens para cada óbito feminino no Rio Grande do Sul e 9,4 em São Leopoldo. 86% dos homicídios foram perpetrados por armas de fogo em São Leopoldo e 72% no Rio Grande do Sul. O risco de morrer foi 44% maior na população negra de São Leopoldo. O homicídio é uma importante causa de morte precoce no RS, embora São Leopoldo apresente um perfil de maior gravidade - taxas maiores, maior percentual de uso de armas de fogo e evidências de sobremortalidade de jovens negros quando comparado ao Estado.
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Marinho de Souza MDF, Macinko J, Alencar AP, Malta DC, de Morais Neto OL. Reductions in firearm-related mortality and hospitalizations in Brazil after gun control. Health Aff (Millwood) 2007; 26:575-84. [PMID: 17339689 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides evidence suggesting that gun control measures have been effective in reducing the toll of violence on population health in Brazil. In 2004, for the first time in more than a decade, firearm-related mortality declined 8 percent from the previous year. Firearm-related hospitalizations also reversed a historical trend that year by decreasing 4.6 percent from 2003 levels. These changes corresponded with anti-gun legislation passed in late 2003 and disarmament campaigns undertaken throughout the country since mid-2004. The estimated impact of these measures, if they prove causal, could be as much as 5,563 firearm-related deaths averted in 2004 alone.
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Schraiber LB, D'Oliveira AFPL, Couto MT. [Violence and health: recent scientific studies]. Rev Saude Publica 2007; 40 Spec no.:112-20. [PMID: 16924311 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102006000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An outline and critical analysis of scientific studies on Violence and Health is presented. On the basis of a non-exhaustive review, the construction of violence as a national and international field of knowledge and intervention is broached. Outbreaks of violence are shown to occupy a broad domain of social life that reaches practically everyone, in situations of both war and supposed peace. The unity of violence as an ethical-political question is highlighted and its extreme diversity as concrete situations for study and intervention is demonstrated. Through situating violence as related to collective, interpersonal and self-reported individual dimensions, and taking it to be intentional acts of physical force or power, resulting in physical, sexual or psychological abuse, and in negligence or deprivation, the studies examined mostly demonstrate a concern to respond to the widespread sense that violence is invisible, naturalized and inevitable. In order to do it, the studies show the high magnitude of violence, and the possibilities for controlling violence and attending to the multiplicity of harm to health. The initial approaches flow from a theoretical-methodological point of view related to social inequalities, family maladjustment, gender inequalities and, less frequently, race or ethnic inequalities. These imply reconstruction of the classical concepts of family, generation and social class. In conclusion, this problem is considered to be interdisciplinary and, returning to the notion of social-medical matters within Social Medicine, updating of this notion is recommended for topics that are as complex and sensitive as violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Blima Schraiber
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Ribeiro M, Dunn J, Sesso R, Dias AC, Laranjeira R. Causes of death among crack cocaine users. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2006; 28:196-202. [PMID: 17063219 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462006000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The study accompanied 131 crack-cocaine users over a 5-year period, and examined mortality patterns, as well as the causes of death among them. METHOD: All patients admitted to a detoxification unit in Sao Paulo between 1992 and 1994 were interviewed during two follow-up periods: 1995-1996 and 1998-1999. RESULTS: After 5 years, 124 patients were localized (95%). By the study endpoint (1999), 23 patients (17.6%) had died. Homicide was the most prevalent cause of death (n = 13). Almost one third of the deaths were due to the HIV infection, especially among those with a history of intravenous drug use. Less than 10% died from overdose. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the mortality risk among crack cocaine users is greater than that seen in the general population, being homicide and AIDS the most common causes of death among such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ribeiro
- Unidade de Pesquisa em Alcool e Drogas, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 394, Vila Clementino, 04038-001 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gawryszewski VP, Rodrigues EMS. The burden of injury in Brazil, 2003. SAO PAULO MED J 2006; 124:208-13. [PMID: 17086302 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802006000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Since 1980, injuries have been the second biggest cause of death among the Brazilian population. This study aimed to analyze national data on fatal injuries and nonfatal injury hospitalization in Brazil, for 2003. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a population-based descriptive study, Brazil, 2003. METHODS Data from 126,520 fatal injuries and 733,712 nonfatal injuries seen at public hospitals were analyzed. The data were stratified by sex, age, intent and injury mechanism. Raw and age- and sex-specific rates were calculated per 100,000 individuals. RESULTS The raw injury mortality rate was 71.5/100,000 (122.6/100,000 for male and 22.0/100,000 for female). For fatal injuries, the proportions of unintentional and intentional injuries were equal (44.3% and 46.9%, respectively). Homicides were the leading cause, 40.3% overall (28.8/100,000), followed by transport-related deaths, 26.2% overall (17.0/100,000). For nonfatal injuries, the rate was 414.8/100,000 and unintentional injuries were predominant (88.9%). Overall, the leading cause was unintentional falls, accounting for 42.6% of victims treated in public hospitals (176.8/100,000). Transport-related injuries were second: 15.0% overall; 62.0/100,000. Fractures comprised 46.7% of principal diagnoses at hospitals. The injury types in the fatal and nonfatal datasets varied according to sex and age. The highest rates were found among young males and elderly people. CONCLUSIONS Injury prevention activities need to be developed. To prevent deaths, homicide has to be addressed. Among hospitalized cases, falls are the most important problem. Traffic-related injuries play an important role in morbidity and mortality.
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Spinelli H, Alazraqui M, Zunino G, Olaeta H, Poggese H, Concaro C, Porterie S. Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232006000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal. Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, dos quais 23.7% corresponderam a mortes provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de um crime cometido com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constitui-se em um tema relevante da agenda pública.
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Hugo S, Marcio A, Gabriela Z, Olaeta H, Poggese H, Concaro C, Porterie S. Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232006000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerado o principal responsável por esse fato. O objetivo do presente trabalhoé descobrir, a partir de dados do setor de saúde, justiça e polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires, em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal, e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal Argentina.Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior, realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período, ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, das quais 23,7% foram provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de crimes cometidos com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constituemse em um tema relevante da agenda pública.
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