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Chacin-Bonilla L, Santin M. Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection in Developed Countries: Potential Endemic Foci? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030540. [PMID: 36985114 PMCID: PMC10058255 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has emerged as a significant public health concern worldwide. Developed countries are generally considered non-endemic for infection. However, sporadic cases and non-travel-related outbreaks of C. cayetanensis infections associated with domestically grown produce are becoming more common in developed countries. Cyclospora cayetanensis has been detected in fresh produce, surface water, wastewater, irrigation water, and soil in these countries, suggesting that the parasite may be more common in areas with advanced sanitation than previously thought and illustrating the potential risk for exposure and indigenous/autochthonous infections. The evidence suggests the possibility of foci of endemicity in developed countries, particularly in communities where sanitary conditions are compromised, and raises transmission issues that require further research to better define the risks for infection, how widespread C. cayetanensis may be in these areas, and to guide interventions against this infection. The main purpose of the present opinion was to evaluate the presence of cyclosporiasis in developed countries, which is a very important and ongoing issue in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Chacin-Bonilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
- Correspondence: (L.C.-B.); (M.S.)
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Correspondence: (L.C.-B.); (M.S.)
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Yanagawa Y, Nagata N, Watanabe K, Tsukada K, Teruya K, Kikuchi Y, Gatanaga H, Akiyama J, Uemura N, Oka S. Increases in Entamoeba histolytica Antibody-Positive Rates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Noninfected Patients in Japan: A 10-Year Hospital-Based Study of 3,514 Patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:604-609. [PMID: 27296390 PMCID: PMC5014266 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological evidence of the epidemiological trends in Entamoeba histolytica infection is scarce, especially in nonendemic countries. We aimed to determine the antibody-positive rates over a 10-year period, and compare the trends between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected and –noninfected patients. We reviewed 3,514 patients who underwent antibody testing during the study periods, which were divided into five annual categories: 2004–2005, 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2010–2011, and 2012–2013. Anti-E. histolytica antibody was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The antibody-positive rate increased yearly from 2004–2005 to 2012–2013 (P < 0.001), although there was no increase in the annual number of antibody tests. This trend was seen among males (18.6–28.3%; P < 0.01), females (5.4–28.2%; P < 0.01), HIV-infected patients (18.4–26.9%; P < 0.001), and non-HIV-infected patients (14.6–36.8%; P < 0.001), and HIV-infected men who have sex with men (19.4–29.1%; P < 0.001). Among antibody-positive patients, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with high (≥ 1,600) titers (0.7–12.9%; P < 0.001), whereas this trend was not seen in patients with low (100) or intermediate (200–800) titers (P = 0.282 and 0.409, respectively). This large hospital-based study demonstrated that positive anti-E. histolytica antibody rates increased over 10 years, even though the annual number of antibody tests remained constant. Moreover, this trend was identified in non-high-risk patients (females and non-HIV-infected patients) as well as in high-risk patients. The proportion of patients with high antibody titers significantly increased among the antibody-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yanagawa
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Tsukada
- Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuji Teruya
- Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Watanabe K, Aoki T, Nagata N, Tanuma J, Kikuchi Y, Oka S, Gatanaga H. Clinical Significance of High Anti-Entamoeba histolytica Antibody Titer in Asymptomatic HIV-1-infected Individuals. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1801-7. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Chacin-Bonilla L, Bonilla E, Parra AM, Estevez J, Morales LM, Suárez H. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal parasites in a community from Maracaibo, Venezuela. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1992; 86:373-80. [PMID: 1463357 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1992.11812680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalences of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal parasites were assessed in a suburban community of Maracaibo, Venezuela, by examination of a stool specimen from each of 342 individuals, using iron-haematoxylin stained faecal smears and formalin-ether concentration. The overall parasitic infection rate was 80.4%, and 65.8% of the population had multiple infections. The overall amoebic infection rate, which was highest in female adults, averaged 39.7%. The E. histolytica infection rate was 8.7% and most of those infected were passing cysts. Entamoeba polecki was observed in two samples. Amongst the protozoa, Entamoeba coli was observed most frequently (24.8%) and Giardia lamblia was the predominant pathogen (13.0%). Trichuris trichiura (71.9%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (54%) were the most common parasites, particularly in school-children. The high rates of parasitic and multiple infections reflect the low socio-economic status of the community studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chacin-Bonilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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