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de Figueiredo MLG, Williams EP, Jonsson CB, Khan MJ, Nunes MRT, de Lima CPS, Figueiredo LTM, Costa MRF, Mourão MPG, Lacerda MVG, Aquino VH. Screening of febrile patients with suspected malaria from the Brazilian Amazon for virus infection. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2151-2162. [PMID: 35841448 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a significant public health threat, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. More than 150 arboviruses can cause febrile illness following infection in humans. The Brazilian Amazon region has the highest number of arboviruses detected worldwide. In addition to arboviruses, malaria, caused by Plasmodium vivax, is endemic in the Amazon. Patients with malaria and arboviral disease frequently show similar clinical presentation and laboratory findings, making the diagnosis of the cause of the infection challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for viral infections in patients with suspected malaria but without Plasmodium infection in the Brazilian Amazon. We recruited 200 subjects with suspected malaria in Manaus, Brazil. First, we tested for arboviruses in serum samples from 124 of the 200 participants using an arbovirus DNA microarray platform, which did not detect any virus. Then, we mixed the serum samples of the other 76 participants in 10 pools and subjected them to next-generation sequencing. Analysis of the sequencing data revealed the presence of only one arbovirus (Zika virus) in one sample pool. This analysis also detected the presence of primate erythroparvovirus 1 and pegivirus C. These results suggest that arboviruses are not the most frequent viral infections in patients with suspected malaria but without Plasmodium infection in the metropolitan region of Manaus. Implementation of specific viral surveillance tests will help in the early detection of viruses with epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Luis Garcia de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evan P Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohd Jaseem Khan
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Virology Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Paula Gomes Mourão
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane (FIOCRUZ-Amazonas), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Savassi-Ribas F, Pereira JG, Horta MAP, Wagner TCS, Matuck TA, Monteiro de Carvalho DB, Mello FCA, Varella RB, Soares CC. Human pegivirus-1 infection in kidney transplant recipients: A single-center experience. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2961-2968. [PMID: 32167183 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. In the posttransplant period, the induced immunosuppression leads to an increased risk of developing infectious diseases, a leading cause of death after kidney transplantation. Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) is considered a nonpathogenic human virus and is highly frequent in individuals parenterally exposed, however, its impact on kidney transplantation outcome is poorly understood. Given the scarcity of epidemiological data for this infection on organ recipients in Brazil, we conducted a study in a single center for kidney transplantation in Rio de Janeiro, aiming to determine HPgV-1 prevalence and genotypic distribution. Serum samples from 61 renal recipients, followed up for the first year after transplantation, were evaluated for viral RNA and genotypes were determined by sequencing of the 5'-untranslated region. HPgV-1 RNA was detected in 36.1% (22/61) of patients. Genotype 2 was the most commonly found (80.9%), followed by genotypes 3 (9.5%), 1, and 5, in 4.8% each. Statistical comparisons did not reveal any significant impact of HPgV-1 in patient outcome. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to understand if immunosuppression may interfere in HPgV-1 persistence rates and if viremia might impact graft dysfunction rates in kidney recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Savassi-Ribas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jessica G Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A P Horta
- BSL-3 Platform, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tereza C S Wagner
- Service of Renal Transplantation, Rio de Janeiro State Center of Transplantation, São Francisco na Providência de Deus Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tereza A Matuck
- Service of Renal Transplantation, Rio de Janeiro State Center of Transplantation, São Francisco na Providência de Deus Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deise B Monteiro de Carvalho
- Service of Renal Transplantation, Rio de Janeiro State Center of Transplantation, São Francisco na Providência de Deus Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco C A Mello
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Silva ADSN, Silva CP, Barata RR, da Silva PVR, Monteiro PDJ, Lamarão L, Burbano RMR, Nunes MRT, de Lima PDL. Human pegivirus (HPgV, GBV-C) RNA in volunteer blood donors from a public hemotherapy service in Northern Brazil. Virol J 2020; 17:153. [PMID: 33054824 PMCID: PMC7556973 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly known as GBV-C-is a member of the Flaviviridae family and belongs to the species Pegivirus C. It is a non-pathogenic virus and is transmitted among humans mainly through the exposure to contaminated blood and is often associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, among other viruses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPgV viremia, its association with HIV and clinical epidemiological factors, as well as the full-length sequencing and genome characterization of HPgV recovered from blood donors of the HEMOPA Foundation in Belém-PA-Brazil. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 459 donors, tested for the presence of HPgV RNA by the RT-qPCR. From these, a total of 26 RT-qPCR positive samples were submitted to the NGS sequencing approach in order to obtain the full genome. Genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. RESULTS The prevalence of HPgV was 12.42%. We observed the highest prevalences among donors aged between 18 and 30 years old (16.5%), with brown skin color (13.2%) and men (15.8%). The newly diagnosed HIV-1 prevalence was 26.67%. The HPgV genotype 2 (2a and 2b) was identified. No data on viral load value was found to corroborate the protective effect of HPgV on HIV evolution. CONCLUSIONS This study provided information regarding the HPgV infection among blood donors from HEMOPA Foundation. Furthermore, we genetically characterized the HPgV circulating strains and described by the first time nearly complete genomes of genotype 2 in Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva
- Center for Life Science and Health, Pará State University, Travessa. Perebebuí, 2623, Marco, Belém, Pará, 66087-662, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Pereira Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316, km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua , Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Barata
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316, km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua , Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Victor Reis da Silva
- Center for Life Science and Health, Pará State University, Travessa. Perebebuí, 2623, Marco, Belém, Pará, 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Danin Jordão Monteiro
- Foundation Center for Hemotherapy and Hematology of Pará (HEMOPA Foundation), Travessa Padre Eutíquio, 2109, Batista Campos, Belém, Pará, 66033-000, Brazil
| | - Letícia Lamarão
- Foundation Center for Hemotherapy and Hematology of Pará (HEMOPA Foundation), Travessa Padre Eutíquio, 2109, Batista Campos, Belém, Pará, 66033-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Danielle Lima de Lima
- Center for Life Science and Health, Pará State University, Travessa. Perebebuí, 2623, Marco, Belém, Pará, 66087-662, Brazil
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Yang N, Dai R, Zhang X. Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 2019; 115:107-119. [PMID: 31845353 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The local prevalence of HPgV-1 has been reported from different countries worldwide, but the global prevalence of HPgV-1 remains unknown. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather data from the literature to estimate the prevalence of HPgV-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors in the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for records up to January 2019 and included studies reporting HPgV-1 virus prevalence amongst healthy volunteer blood donors based on the detection of HPgV-1 RNA. RESULTS In all, we included 79 studies for the systematic review and 63 for the meta-analysis. Based on the random effect meta-analysis of 35 468 volunteer blood donors, we found the global prevalence of HPgV-1 to be 3·1% (95% CI, 2·4-4·1). The pooled prevalences of HPgV-1 were 1·7% (95% CI, 1·1-2·6) in North America, 9·1% (95% CI, 6·4-12·7) in South America, 2·3% (95% CI, 2%, 2·8) in Europe and 2·4% (95% CI, 1·4-4) in Asia. Subgroup analyses based on age, gender or risk factors were not possible. CONCLUSION Approximately 3 in 100 blood donations worldwide are positive for HPgV-1 increasing the risk of infection from transfusion of their components to subsequent recipients. Further research on virus pathogenicity is required before recommending routine screening of HPgV-1 for healthy volunteer blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Yantai Central Blood Station, Yantai, China
| | - Run Dai
- Yantai Central Blood Station, Yantai, China
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Dos Santos Bezerra R, Santos EV, Maraninchi Silveira R, Silva Pinto AC, Covas DT, Kashima S, Slavov SN. Molecular prevalence and genotypes of human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) and SENV-like viruses among multiply transfused patients with beta-thalassemia. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 59:102697. [PMID: 31859221 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high number of transfusions which patients with hereditary hemoglobinopathies (thalassemia, sickle cell disease) receive, they represent high risk of acquiring parenterally transmitted infectious diseases. In this respect, non pathogenic human commensal viruses, which also demonstrate parenteral transmission routes might also be acquired. One of the most widely spread parenterally-transmitted human commensal viruses include the Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1, GBV-C) and Torque teno viruses (TTV) including its SEN virus-like (SENV) forms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA and SENV-like viruses, among a group of patients with beta-thalassemia from a Blood Transfusion Center in the São Paulo State, Brazil. The prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA was 14.3 % (n = 6/42) and all of the positive samples were characterized as belonging to genotype 2 (83.3 % were referred to subgenotype 2A and 16.7 % to 2B). The prevalence of SENV-like viruses was 28.6 % (n = 12/42). SENV-like viruses of the genotypes SENV-H and SENV-A were classified during the performed phylogenetic analysis. Our study came as a continuation of a viral metagenomic survey among multiple transfused patients with beta-thalassemia. The obtained results shed a light on the prevalence and genotype distribution of commensal parenterally transmitted viruses like HPgV-1 and SENV in this specific population. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of these apparently non-pathogenic viruses in patients with thalassemia and their significance for the hemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dos Santos Bezerra
- Master Degree Program in Clinical Oncology, Stem Cells and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira Santos
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Maraninchi Silveira
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Pinto
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Slavov SN, Maraninchi Silveira R, Hespanhol MR, Sauvage V, Rodrigues ES, Fontanari Krause L, Bittencourt HT, Caro V, Laperche S, Covas DT, Kashima S. Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) RNA prevalence and genotypes in volunteer blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:234-239. [PMID: 31277987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) viremia and genotype diversity among healthy blood donors from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon (city of Macapá, State of Amapá). There is little information for prevalence and circulation of HPgV-1 in this remote Brazilian region. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a study evaluating the HPgV-1 RNA prevalence and circulating genotypes in 431 volunteer blood donors originating from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. The obtained HPgV-1 positive samples were submitted to sequencing and genotyping analysis in order to examine the genotype diversity of this virus in the Brazilian Amazon. RESULTS Our results demonstrated a prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA in 9.5% of the tested blood donors. The phylogenetic analyses of the detected positive samples showed the presence of HPgV-1 genotypes 1, 2 and 3. The most frequently detected genotype was 2 (78.0% of the cases) represented by sub-genotypes 2A (39.0%) and 2B (39.0%). At lower rates, genotypes 1 (14.6%) and 3 (7.4%) were also detected. CONCLUSION Our results revealed the presence of genotypes with European, Asiatic and African endemicity in Amazonian blood donors, probably due to the complex miscegenation processes that took place in this Brazilian region. More investigations, including information for the prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA in blood donors from other Latin American countries are needed to estimate the viremic rates and genotype distribution of this virus in a highly diverse continent like South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Slavov
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - R Maraninchi Silveira
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M R Hespanhol
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Sauvage
- Institut national de la transfusion Sanguine (INTS), département d'études des Agents transmissibles par le sang (DATS), Centre national de référence risques infectieux transfusionnels, 75015 Paris, France
| | - E S Rodrigues
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Fontanari Krause
- Laboratory of Biosciences, Franciscan University, 97010-030 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - H T Bittencourt
- Institute of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amapá, 68900-074 Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - V Caro
- Pole for Genotyping of Pathogens (PGP), Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - S Laperche
- Institut national de la transfusion Sanguine (INTS), département d'études des Agents transmissibles par le sang (DATS), Centre national de référence risques infectieux transfusionnels, 75015 Paris, France
| | - D T Covas
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Kashima
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1, GBV-C) RNA prevalence and genotype diversity among volunteer blood donors from an intra-hospital hemotherapy service in Southern Brazil. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 58:174-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Da Mota LD, Finger-Jardim F, Silva CM, Germano FN, Nader MM, Gonçalves CV, Da Hora VP, Silveira J, Basso RP, Soares MA, Martínez AMB. High prevalence and autochtonous transmission of human pegivirus (HPgV-1) in blood donors in the extreme southern of Brazil. J Med Virol 2018; 91:31-37. [PMID: 30133818 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) may have some pathogenic potential. In the southernmost region of Brazil, studies on HPgV-1 are scarce, and circulating genotypes have not yet been identified. The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPgV-1 among blood donors from the southernmost region of Brazil and identify the genotypes involved with associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 281 blood donors, who had their plasma subjected to RNA extraction, complementary DNA synthesis, HPgV-1 detection by nested polymerase chain reaction, and subsequent genotyping. The observed prevalence of HPgV-1-RNA was 21.7%. The only variable that was significantly associated with virus infection was the relationship status of the donor. Single or no fixed partner blood donors were twice as likely to have HPgV-1 (95% CI, 1.12 to 4.56; P = 0.02). Genotype 2-subtypes 2b (69%) and 2a (29%)-was the most prevalent. In the absence of risk factors for parenteral transmission, it is likely that sexual transmission was the route of infection in the individuals studied. Further work will be needed to determine whether this virus is inert in the population, or if there are potential deleterious effects in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa D Da Mota
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Finger-Jardim
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Cláudio M Silva
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Fabiana N Germano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health of Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maiba M Nader
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Carla Vitola Gonçalves
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Vanusa P Da Hora
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jussara Silveira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Rossana P Basso
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M B Martínez
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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de Miranda BKB, de Sá KSG, da Silva ANR, Feitosa RNM, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. GBV-C/HIV-1 coinfection is associated with low HIV-1 viral load and high CD4 + T lymphocyte count. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3431-3438. [PMID: 28780631 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a lymphotropic virus with a low level or non-existent replication in the liver. The interaction between HIV-1 and GBV-C apparently reduces the progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS and improves the quality of life of HIV-1 infected individuals. A cross-sectional study was established to determine the possible effect of HIV-1/GBV-C coinfection on HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. Samples from 313 HIV-1 infected persons from the Virus Laboratory of the Federal University of Pará as well as demographic and clinical information were obtained from medical records. This study used a nested PCR method to determine GBV-C viremia. The prevalence of HIV-1/GBV-C coinfection was 17%. There were no significant differences in the distribution according to age, sex or ethnicity between the groups. The differences in HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte count between the HIV-1 and HIV-1/GBV-C groups were highly significant, indicating that coinfection results in lower viral loads and higher CD4+ T lymphocyte counts compared to HIV-1 mono-infection. The results indicate a protective effect among coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Andrea Nazaré Rangel da Silva
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil.
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10
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Mazzola JC, Saito PK, Yamakawa RH, Watanabe MAE, da Silva Junior WV, Matta ACG, Borelli SD. Prevalence of Torque teno virus in healthy donors of Paraná State, southern Brazil. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2015; 37:336-40. [PMID: 26408369 PMCID: PMC4685100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of the Torque teno virus in healthy donors in the northern and northwestern regions of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Methods The Torque teno virus was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction using a set of oligoprimers for the N22 region. Results The prevalence of the virus was 69% in 551 healthy blood donors in southern Brazil. There was no statistically significant difference between the presence of the virus and the variables gender, ethnicity and marital status. There was significant difference in the prevalence of the virus regarding the age of the donors (p-value = 0.024) with a higher incidence (74.7%) in 18- to 24-year-old donors. Conclusion A high prevalence of Torque teno virus was observed in the population studied. Further studies are needed to elucidate the routes of contamination and the clinical implications of the virus in the healthy population.
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Levi JE, Cabral SPN, Nishiya A, Ferreira S, Romano CM, Polite MBC, Pereira RAA, Mota MA, Kutner JM. Absence of nonprimate hepacivirus-related genomes in blood donors seroreactive for hepatitis C virus displaying indeterminate blot patterns. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:e164-6. [PMID: 24689976 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive search, no primate homologue to the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) has ever been found. The search for a zoonotic origin for HCV has been renewed recently when a virus, now known as non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV), with a high homology to HCV was found in dogs. A variable proportion of anti-HCV reactive blood donors submitted to the immunoblot (IB) to confirm their HCV status, present indeterminate results. The degree of homology between HCV and NPHV suggests that humans may be infected by NPHV or NPHV-like viruses. Maximum similarity between NHPV and HCV is observed in the nonstructural regions 3 and 5. Peptides representing both domains are present in IB assays, so it is reasonable to suppose that blood donors harboring such viruses may display cross-reactivity to the HCV antigenic fractions. Fifty-nine plasma samples from blood donors found reactive for anti-HCV and presenting IB indeterminate results were submitted to five distinct PCR reactions under low-stringency conditions, employing primers targeting GBV-C 5'UTR and NS3, Flavivirus-genus NS5 and NPHV 5'UTR and NS3. No amplification was obtained with all primer pairs tested except for five samples that amplified both 5'UTR and NS3 fragments from GBV-C. Unbiased next-generation sequencing may prove or rule out the existence of HCV-related viruses in IB indeterminate samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Levi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Blood Bank, São Paulo, Brazil; Molecular Biology Department, Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Virology Lab, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Silva SA, Rodrigues CL, Campos AF, Levi JE. Evaluation of GBV-C / HVG viremia in HIV-infected women. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:31-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at standardizing a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to evaluate the presence of GBV-C/HGV RNA. A "TaqMan" assay using primers and probe derived from the 5¢ NCR region was developed and validated. Two hundred and fifty-three plasma samples from HIV-infected women were tested for GBV-C viremia and antibody against the envelope protein 2. GBV-C RNA was detected in 22.5% of the patients whereas the antibody was identified in 25.3% of the cohort. Detection of viral RNA and of antibodies was mutually exclusive. Viral loads showed a mean of 1,777 arbitrary units / mL, being 1.1 and 13,625 arbitrary units / mL respectively the lowest and highest values measured. We conclude that the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method developed is appropriate for the investigation of GBV-C RNA since it was shown to be highly specific and sensitive, as well as requiring few steps, preventing contamination and providing additional information as to the relative viremia of carriers, a parameter that must be included in studies evaluating the co-factors influencing the clinical outcome of HIV/AIDS.
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Botelho L, Nishiya A, Neto RA, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Virol J 2011; 8:345. [PMID: 21745373 PMCID: PMC3142244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population. METHODS Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogotá and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. RESULTS Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Botelho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raymundo A Neto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Pontificia Javeriana University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Flair J Carrilho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João RR Pinho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Giret MTM, Miraglia JL, Sucupira MCA, Nishiya A, Levi JE, Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Kallas EG. Prevalence, incidence density, and genotype distribution of GB virus C infection in a cohort of recently HIV-1-infected subjects in Sao Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18407. [PMID: 21483671 PMCID: PMC3071701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of previous studies elsewhere have indicated that GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is frequent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) due to similar transmission routes of both viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence density and genotypic characteristics of GBV-C in this population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study population included 233 patients from a cohort primarily comprised of homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1 in São Paulo, Brazil. The presence of GBV-C RNA was determined in plasma samples by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction and quantified by real-time PCR. GBV-C genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. HIV viral load, CD4+ T lymphocyte and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were also tested in all patients. The overall prevalence of GBV-C infection was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.29) in the study group. There was no significant difference between patients with and without GBV-C infection and Glycoprotein E2 antibody presence regarding age, sex, HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ and CD8+T cell counts and treatment with antiretroviral drugs. An inverse correlation was observed between GBV-C and HIV-1 loads at enrollment and after one year. Also, a positive but not significant correlation was observed between GBV-C load and CD4+ T lymphocyte. Phylogenetic analysis of the GBV-C isolates revealed the presence of genotype 1 and genotype 2, these sub classified into subtype 2a and 2b. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE GBV-C infection is common in recently HIV -1 infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil and the predominant genotype is 2b. This study provides the first report of the GBV-C prevalence at the time of diagnosis of HIV-1 and the incidence density of GBV-C infection in one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa M. Giret
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Miraglia
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Levi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Diaz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Campos AF, Tengan FM, Silva SAA, Levi JE. Influence of hepatitis G virus (GB virus C) on the prognosis of HIV-infected women. Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:209-13. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of GB virus C (GBV-C) viraemia and anti-E2 antibody, and to assess the effect of co-infection with GBV-C and HIV during a 10-year follow-up of a cohort of 248 HIV-infected women. Laboratory variables (mean and median CD4 counts, and HIV and GBV-C viral loads) and clinical parameters were investigated. At baseline, 115 women had past exposure to GBV-C: 57 (23%) were GBV-C RNA positive and 58 (23%) were anti-E2 positive. There was no statistical difference between the groups (GBV-C RNA + /anti-E2 − , GBV-C RNA − /anti-E2 + and GBV-C RNA − /anti-E2 − ) regarding baseline CD4 counts or HIV viral loads ( P = 0.360 and 0.713, respectively). Relative risk of death for the GBV-C RNA + /anti-E2 − group was 63% lower than that for the GBV-C RNA − /anti-E2 − group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only HIV loads ≥ 100,000 copies/mL and AIDS-defining illness during follow-up were associated with shorter survival after AIDS development. It is likely that antiretroviral therapy (ART) use in our cohort blurred a putative protective effect related to the presence of GBV-C RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Campos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine
| | - F M Tengan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine
| | - S A A Silva
- Virology Lab, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E Levi
- Virology Lab, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alcalde R, Nishiya A, Casseb J, Inocêncio L, Fonseca LAM, Duarte AJS. Prevalence and distribution of the GBV-C/HGV among HIV-1-infected patients under anti-retroviral therapy. Virus Res 2010; 151:148-52. [PMID: 20420864 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Infection with GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV) is highly prevalent among HIV/AIDS patients. GBV-C/HGV viremia has not been associated with liver disease and seems to slow HIV disease progression. To study the GBV-C/HGV genotypes prevalence among HIV/AIDS patients and its association with HIV viral load (VL) and CD4+ lymphocyte counts. From February 2003 to February 2004, we analyzed 210 HIV-1-infected subjects who were on anti-retroviral therapy (ART). For 63 of them a PCR-nested to the non-coding 5' (5'NCR) region of the GBV-C/HGV was done, and for 49 a DNA direct sequencing was done. A phylogenetic analysis was performed by PHYLIP program. 63 (30%) of the HIV-1-infected patients were co-infected with GBV-C/HGV. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the following genotypes (and respective relative frequencies): 1 (10%), 2a (41%), 2b (43%), and 3 (6%). Co-infected patients presented lower HIV-1 VL and higher T CD4+ lymphocyte cells counts as compared with patients negative for GBV-C/HGV sequences (log=4.52 vs. 4.71, p=0.036), and T CD4+ lymphocyte counts (cells/mm(3)=322.6 vs. 273.5, p=0.081, respectively). T CD4+ cells counts equal to, or higher than, 200/mm(3) were significantly more common among co-infected patients than among HIV-infected-only patients (p=0.042). The lowest T CD4+ cells counts were associated with genotype 1 and the highest with genotype 2b (p=0.05). The GBV-C/HGV infection prevalence was 30% among HIV-1-infected subjects, and was associated with lower VL and higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts. GBV-C/HGV genotype 2b may be associated with better immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alcalde
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunedeficiencies, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. rosana
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Wendel S, Levi JE, Takaoka DT, Silva IC, Castro JPD, Torezan-Filho MA, Ghaname J, Gioachini R, Brandão J, Durigon EL. Primary screening of blood donors by nat testing for HCV-RNA: development of an "in-house" method and results. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:177-85. [PMID: 17625696 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An "in-house" RT-PCR method was developed that allows the simultaneous detection of the RNA of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and an artificial RNA employed as an external control. Samples were analyzed in pools of 6-12 donations, each donation included in two pools, one horizontal and one vertical, permitting the immediate identification of a reactive donation, obviating the need for pool dismembering. The whole process took 6-8 hours per day and results were issued in parallel to serology. The method was shown to detect all six HCV genotypes and a sensitivity of 500 IU/mL was achieved (95% hit rate). Until July 2005, 139,678 donations were tested and 315 (0.23%) were found reactive for HCV-RNA. Except for five false-positives, all 310 presented the corresponding antibody as well, so the yield of NAT-only donations was zero, presenting a specificity of 99.83%. Detection of a window period donation, in the population studied, will probably demand testing of a larger number of donations. International experience is showing a rate of 1:200,000 - 1:500,000 of isolated HCV-RNA reactive donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Wendel
- Banco de Sangue, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Desai MM, Pal RB, Banker DD. GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection in Indian blood donors and high-risk groups. Transfus Apher Sci 2004; 30:111-7. [PMID: 15062748 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis G virus (HGV) or GB virus C (GBV-C) was discovered in 1995 as a putative agent of post-transfusion, non-A-E hepatitis. The present study was carried out with the aim to find the prevalence of this virus among various subject groups at risk for parenteral transmission as well as in healthy control subjects both individually and along with other parenterally transmitted hepatitis viruses. Of the 402 subjects tested, 6.22% were positive for the HBsAg surface antigen, 7.21% were positive for HCV RNA while only 2.24% were seen to be carriers of the HGV/GBV-C RNA. All the HGV/GBV-C positive cases were either multi-transfused thalassaemic subjects or hemodialysis patients. None of the healthy control subjects showed presence of the virus. Seven of the HGV/GBV-C positive subjects showed co-infection with one or more additional virological markers. Also, of the 9 HGV/GBV-C positive subjects, 5 showed elevated ALT levels while 4 showed elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. Overall our findings seem to indicate that HGV infections generally are asymptomatic, transient and self-limiting and the virus does not seem to show a very high prevalence among the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayura M Desai
- Department of Microbiology, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Medical Research Society, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital and Research Centre, Raja Rammohan Roy Road, Mumbai 400004, India.
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Nishiya AS, Ribeiro-dos-Santos G, Bassit L, Focaccia R, Chamone DF, Sabino EC. Genotype distribution of the GB virus C in citizens of São Paulo City, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003; 45:213-6. [PMID: 14502349 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652003000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been several studies worldwide on phylogenetics and genotype distribution of the GB-virus C / Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV). However, in their great majority, those investigations were based on some epidemiologically linked group, rather than on a representative sampling of the general population. The present is a continuation of the first study in Brazil with such a population; it addresses the GBV-C/HGV phylogenetics and genotype distribution based on samples identified among more than 1,000 individuals of the city of S o Paulo. For this purpose, a 728 bp fragment of the 5 non-coding region (5 NCR) of the viral genome, from 24 isolates, was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Genotypes 1, 2a and 2b were found at 8.3% (2/24), 50% (12/24) and 41.7% (10/24), respectively. In conclusion S o Paulo displays a genotype distribution similar to the published data for other States and Regions of Brazil, endorsing the notion that types 1 and 2 would have entered the country with African and European people, respectively, since its earliest formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Nishiya
- Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo (FPS/HSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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