1
|
Zhao Y, Gan M, Li L, Su H, Zhang Q, de Hoog S, Zhu M. Majocchi's granuloma: Autoinoculation and adaption of Trichophyton rubrum with molecular evidence. Mycoses 2021; 64:1272-1278. [PMID: 34133793 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton rubrum, an important aetiological agent of superficial dermatophytosis, occasionally penetrates into deeper tissues, causing inflammation and a granulomatous response. Only few case reports of T. rubrum granuloma with molecular evidence for autoinoculation have been published. OBJECTIVES To find the genetic basis of adaptation to a different microhabitat following autoinoculation of Trichophyton rubrum. METHODS A case of Majocchi's granuloma is reported, with isolation of T. rubrum strains from foot and chin, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing of the two strains has been performed. Phylogenetic reconstruction and SIFT analysis were conducted. RESULTS A phenotypic difference has been observed between the two isolates. 20 and 19 indels, 8 and 15 SNVs were found in foot and chin strains, respectively. Foot and chin strains formed a monophyletic group. Two non-synonymous mutations of chin strains were observed in the TERG_06754 gene encoding cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP). The G293C amino acid change in TERG_03373 was predicted to affect protein function significantly. The mutated amino acid (cysteine) was only found in the chin strain in all dermatophyte non-redundant sequences. CONCLUSIONS Non-synonymous mutations located in TERG_06754 and TERG_03373 were predicted to affect protein functions, which may facilitate the adaption for invasion of the superficial cutaneous strain. As the different living environments of these two strains (oxygenous, lower-temperature for the pedal strain; hypoxia, higher-temperature for the chin strain), a stratum corneum-to-dermal adaption hypothesis of T. rubrum was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Gan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Su
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
da Cunha MM, Capote-Bonato F, Capoci IRG, Bonato DV, Ghizzi LG, Paiva-Lima P, Baeza LC, Svidzinski TIE. Epidemiological investigation and molecular typing of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in dogs and cats. Prev Vet Med 2019; 167:39-45. [PMID: 31027719 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was investigate the prevalence of dermatophytes in dogs, cats and environment floor through molecular epidemiology tools to identify the genetic profile of these infectious agents. This was an observational study with cross-sectional surveys design. Sample were collected from the hair and skin of 52 dogs and cats with the clinical suspicion of dermatophytosis, over a period of one year in Maringá, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Household samples (carpets and floor), were collected from animals that were positive for dermatophytosis by morphological colonies characteristics, and samples of dogs or cats living in the same household as with the positive animals were also collected. After mycological confirmation, molecular typing was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Microsporum canis was the unic dermatophyto isolated whose prevalence was 26.9% (14/52) in animals with the clinical suspicion of dermatophytosis and four other animals that lived with positive animals. As some animals had more than one lesion site, there were 22 total positive cultures from samples from animals and another ten from abiotic sources. The majority of the animals that provided positive cultures for M. canis were aged up to five months (77.8%) and were female (66.7%). Molecular typing using the P1 primer revealed genetically distinct profiles in the symptomatic, asymptomatic and environmental animal samples, or the same animal, furthermore, showed that M. canis could have microevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Milano da Cunha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Francieli Capote-Bonato
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Isis Regina Grenier Capoci
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Denis Vinicius Bonato
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Ghedin Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Paiva-Lima
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Union of Southwest Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, 85605-040, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, 85819-110, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koc AN, Atalay MA, Inci M, Sariguzel FM, Sav H. Identification and molecular epidemiology of dermatophyte isolates by repetitive-sequence-PCR-based DNA fingerprinting using the DiversiLab system in Turkey. Mycoses 2017; 60:348-354. [PMID: 28220547 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophyte species, isolation and identification in clinical samples are still difficult and take a long time. The identification and molecular epidemiology of dermatophytes commonly isolated in a clinical laboratory in Turkey by repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) were assessed by comparing the results with those of reference identification. A total of 44 dermatophytes isolated from various clinical specimens of 20 patients with superficial mycoses in Kayseri and 24 patients in Hatay were studied. The identification of dermatophyte isolates was based on the reference identification and rep-PCR using the DiversiLab System (BioMerieux). The genotyping of dermatophyte isolates from different patients was determined by rep-PCR. In the identification of dermatophyte isolates, agreement between rep-PCR and conventional methods was 87.8 % ( 36 of 41). The dermatophyte strains belonged to four clones (A -D) which were determined by the use of rep-PCR. The dermatophyte strains in Clone B, D showed identical patterns with respect to the region. In conclusion, rep-PCR appears to be useful for evaluation of the identification and clonal relationships between Trichophyton rubrum species complex and Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex isolates. The similarity and diversity of these isolates may be assessed according to different regions by rep-PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nedret Koc
- Department of Microbiology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa A Atalay
- Department of Microbiology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Melek Inci
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Fatma M Sariguzel
- Department of Microbiology, Kayseri Research and Training Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hafize Sav
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammadi R, Abastabar M, Mirhendi H, Badali H, Shadzi S, Chadeganipour M, Pourfathi P, Jalalizand N, Haghani I. Use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism to Rapidly Identify Dermatophyte Species Related to Dermatophytosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17296. [PMID: 26301058 PMCID: PMC4541063 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.17296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi worldwide, which can infect the skin, hair and nails of humans and animals. This genus includes several species that present different features of dermatophytosis. Although, laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytes is based on direct microscopy, biochemical tests and culture, these manners are expensive, time consuming and need skilled staff. Therefore, molecular methods like PCR-RFLP are the beneficial tools for identification, which are rapid and sensitive. Thus, dermatophyte species are able to generate characteristic band patterns on agarose gel electrophoresis using PCR-RFLP technique, which leads to successful identification at the species level within a 5-hour period. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to study inter- and intraspecific genomic variations for identification of clinically important dermatophyte species obtained from clinical specimens in Isfahan, Iran using PCR-RFLP. MATERIALS AND METHODS From March 2011 to August 2012, 135 clinical isolates were collected from infected patients at Isfahan, Iran. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA was amplified using universal fungal primers. Subsequently, amplified products were digested by the MvaI restriction enzyme. Using discriminating band profiles on agarose gel, dermatophyte species were identified. However, DNA sequencing was used for unidentifiable strains. RESULTS The specimens were obtained from skin scrapings (70.3%), nail (24.4%) and hair (5.1%) clippings. Most patients were between 21 - 30 years and the ratio of male to female was 93/42. Trichophyton interdigitale was the commonest isolate (52.5%) in our findings, followed by Epidermophyton floccosum (24.4%), T. rubrum (16.2%), Microsporum canis (2.2%), T. erinacei (1.4%), T. violaceum (1.4%), T. tonsurans (0.7%) and M. gypseum (0.7%) based on PCR-RFLP. CONCLUSIONS Combination of traditional methods and molecular techniques considerably improves identification of dermatophytes in the species level in clinical laboratories, which can lead to properly antifungal therapy and successful management of infections. However, restriction and specificity and sensitivity should be lowered and increased, respectively, to be useful for a wide variety of clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Shahla Shadzi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Mustafa Chadeganipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Parinaz Pourfathi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Niloufar Jalalizand
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gupta A, Nakrieko KA. Trichophyton rubrumDNA strain switching increases in patients with onychomycosis failing antifungal treatments. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:74-80. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Gupta
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Mycology Section; Mediprobe Research Inc.; 645 Windermere Road London ON N5X 2P1 Canada
| | - K.-A. Nakrieko
- Mycology Section; Mediprobe Research Inc.; 645 Windermere Road London ON N5X 2P1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shafiee S, Khosravi AR, Ashrafi Tamai I. Comparative study of Microsporum canis isolates by DNA fingerprinting. Mycoses 2014; 57:507-12. [PMID: 24635009 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microsporum canis is a zoophilic fungus and it is an important agent of dermatophytosis. Cats act as important reservoirs. Clinically, it is too difficult to differentiate dermatophytosis caused by various species, also this fungus loses its morphological characteristics easily because of subculture; so using of rapid and accurate laboratory techniques for identifying the dermatophytes is important, therefore, RAPD-PCR was applied for the differentiation of the isolates. In this study, 10 M. canis isolates were detected in cats, dog, human, fox and rabbit at the Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. For running the RAPD-PCR, PCR set system and three random primers OPU 15, OPU 13 and OPA 04 were used. Then phylogenetic tree and similarity coefficient table were drawn. The results showed that there were some common bands between M. canis isolates. There were some specific bands for each isolates, as well. Our study showed, despite the typical morphology of the whole isolates, they were placed in different branches in molecular typing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Shafiee
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elavarashi E, Kindo AJ, Kalyani J. Optimization of PCR-RFLP Directly from the Skin and Nails in Cases of Dermatophytosis, Targeting the ITS and the 18S Ribosomal DNA Regions. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:646-51. [PMID: 23730638 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5363.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A pan fungal primer targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region and optimization of PCR-RFLP using a dermatophyte specific primer targeted the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region were performed for the identification of dermatophyte species and strains directly from clinical specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and thirty eight specimens (129 skin scrapings and 9 nail clippings) from clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis were collected and subjected to direct microscopy and culture. Among them, 66 skin scrapings and 3 nail clippings were processed for genotyping by PCR-RFLP analysis using the Mva I, Hae III and the Dde I restriction enzymes. RESULTS Of the 138 specimens, 81 specimens were positive for dermatophytosis, the most common one being Trichophyton rubrum (47), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (25) and Epidermophyton floccosum (9). Of the 47 T. rubrum isolates, 10 were T. rubrum var. raubitschekii which were identified phenotypically as urease positive and by DNA sequencing. Since they exhibited minor morphological and physiological features, they have currently been synonymized with T. rubrum. Of the 25 T. mentagrophytes isolates, three were Trichophyton interdigitale, which were identified by DNA sequencing. Among the 66 skin specimens smear, culture and PCR showed the presence of dermatophytes in 36 (54.54%), 42 (63.63%) and 47 (71.21%) cases respectively. Among the three nail specimens, only one was found to be positive for dermatophytosis by smear, culture and PCR. CONCLUSION Amplification of the dermatophyte specific primer is appropriate in the identification of dermatophytes directly from the clinical material. PCR targeting the ITS region by using the Mva I and the Dde I enzymes was equally good for the RFLP analysis. However, by using the above three restriction enzymes, no strain variations were detected among the T. rubrum and the T. mentagrophytes strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elangovan Elavarashi
- PhD Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hryncewicz-Gwóźdź A, Jagielski T, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Dyląg M, Pawlik K, Baran E, Szepietowski JC. Molecular typing of Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates from Poland. Mycoses 2011; 54:e726-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Identification and differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates using PCR-RFLP and RAPD methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:727-31. [PMID: 21416216 PMCID: PMC3088811 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum represents the most frequently isolated causative agent of superficial dermatophyte infections. Several genotyping methods have recently been introduced to improve the delineation between pathogenic fungi at both the species and the strain levels. The purpose of this study was to apply selected DNA fingerprinting methods to the identification and strain discrimination of T. rubrum clinical isolates. Fifty-seven isolates from as many tinea patients were subjected to species identification by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and strain differentiation using a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method, with two primers designated 1 and 6. Using PCR-RFLP, 55 of the isolates studied were confirmed to be T. rubrum. Among those, a total of 40 and five distinct profiles were obtained by RAPD with primers 1 and 6, respectively. The combination of profiles from both RAPD assays resulted in 47 genotypes and an overall genotypic diversity rate of 85.4%. A dendrogram analysis performed on the profiles generated by RAPD with primer 1 showed most of the isolates (87.3%) to be genetically related. PCR-RFLP serves as a rapid and reliable method for the identification of T. rubrum species, while the RAPD analysis is rather a disadvantageous tool for T. rubrum strain typing.
Collapse
|
10
|
Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale: genetic diversity among species and strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA method. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:247-55. [PMID: 19937470 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common condition that represents up to 50% of all nail problems and 30% of all cases of dermatophytoses. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale are the most common agents involved in this condition. In cases of recurrent post-treatment onychomycosis, strain fingerprinting could reveal whether the original isolate is responsible, a new strain has been acquired or if multiple strains are involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the RAPD method for species and strain differentiation of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale obtained from patients with subungeal distal-lateral onychomycosis. A set of 86 strains of onychomycosis causative dermatophytes were submitted to species differentiation and strain typing by RAPD method with two previously described primers. Both primers proved capable of strain differentiation when tested for each species. Nineteen molecular profiles were configured for T. rubrum isolates with primers 1 and 6. For T. mentagrophytes, ten molecular profiles were configured with primer 1 and twenty-one with primer 6. We found that T. interdigitale and T. rubrum species were grouped in different clusters when both primers were analyzed together. This study shows that these primers are valuable tools for strain differentiation with T. rubrum and T. intedigitale.
Collapse
|
11
|
Leibner-Ciszak J, Dobrowolska A, Krawczyk B, Kaszuba A, Stączek P. Evaluation of a PCR melting profile method for intraspecies differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. J Med Microbiol 2009; 59:185-192. [PMID: 19892858 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.013458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify the source of infections caused by dermatophytes, as well as the pathogen transmission pathway, there is a need to determine methods that allow detailed genetic differentiation of the strains within the dermatophyte genera. In this work, a PCR melting profile (PCR-MP) technique based on the ligation of adaptors and the difference in melting temperatures of DNA restriction fragments was used for the first time for intraspecies genotyping of dermatophytes. Clinical isolates and reference strains of dermatophytes isolated from skin, scalp, toenails and fingernails were used for this study. PCR-MP and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to type 11 isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, 40 isolates of Trichophyton interdigitale and 14 isolates of Microsporum canis. The results distinguished five types (containing one subtype) characteristic for T. rubrum and seven types characteristic for T. interdigitale using the PCR-MP technique. Analysis conducted using RAPD revealed five types for T. rubrum and four types for T. interdigitale isolates. No differentiation was observed for the M. canis isolates with either method. These results demonstrate that PCR-MP is a reliable method for the differentiation of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale strains and yields a discriminatory power that is at least equal to that of RAPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Leibner-Ciszak
- Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anita Dobrowolska
- University of Lodz, Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Krawczyk
- Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kaszuba
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, ul. Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Stączek
- University of Lodz, Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abdel-Rahman SM. Strain Differentiation of Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:319-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
de Assis Santos D, de Carvalho Araújo RA, Kohler LM, Machado-Pinto J, Hamdan JS, Cisalpino PS. Molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum isolates from patients with onychomycosis pre- and post-treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:563-9. [PMID: 17331707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forty sequential isolates of Trichophyton rubrum were obtained from patients suffering from onychomycosis at two time points, before and after antifungal oral therapy. Strain differentiation by specific amplification of the two tandemly repeated elements (TRS-1 and TRS-2) of the ribosomal DNA of T. rubrum was performed. In addition, susceptibility tests were executed by the microdilution method with nine antifungal drugs: ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, isoconazole, griseofulvin, cyclopiroxolamine and terbinafine. The combination of TRS-1 with TRS-2 PCR amplification patterns configured 11 T. rubrum genotypes and the three most prevalent (genotypes 1-I, 5-I and 2-I) accounted for 67.5% of the isolates. Seven isolates (35%) obtained before antifungal oral therapy exhibited genotype 1-I compared to the 11 (55%) obtained after the treatment. Twelve patients exhibited different strains before and after the antifungal therapy. With respect to in vitro susceptibility testing, terbinafine was the most potent agent, followed by itraconazole, clotrimazole, isoconazole, miconazole, cyclopiroxolamine, ketoconazole, griseofulvin and fluconazole. Furthermore, an increase in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed for most of the azole agents when testing isolates obtained post-treatment from four patients. This increase in MIC occurred concomitantly with the major occurrence of genotype 1-I for isolates obtained after oral therapy. These data attempt to consider the relevance of in vivo drug resistance for onychomycosis caused by T. rubrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, PO Box 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baeza LC, Matsumoto MT, Almeida AMF, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Strain differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and analysis of rDNA nontranscribed spacer. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:429-436. [PMID: 16533991 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen causing dermatophytosis. Molecular strain-typing methods have recently been developed to tackle epidemiological questions and the problem of relapse following treatment. A total of 67 strains of T. rubrum were screened for genetic variation by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, with two primers, 5′-d[GGTGCGGGAA]-3′ and 5′-d[CCCGTCAGCA]-3′, as well as by subrepeat element analysis of the nontranscribed spacer of rDNA, using the repetitive subelements TRS-1 and TRS-2. A total of 12 individual patterns were recognized with the first primer and 11 with the second. Phylogenetic analysis of the RAPD products showed a high degree of similarity (>90 %) among the epidemiologically related clinical isolates, while the other strains possessed 60 % similarity. Specific amplification of TRS-1 produced three strain-characteristic banding patterns (PCR types); simple patterns representing one copy of TRS-1 and two copies of TRS-2 accounted for around 85 % of all isolates. It is concluded that molecular analysis has important implications for epidemiological studies, and RAPD analysis is especially suitable for molecular typing in T. rubrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciêlncias Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Teruyuki Matsumoto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciêlncias Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciêlncias Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciêlncias Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|