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Oluniyi PE, Ajogbasile FV, Zhou S, Fred-Akintunwa I, Polyak CS, Ake JA, Tovanabutra S, Iroezindu M, Rolland M, Happi CT. HIV-1 drug resistance and genetic diversity in a cohort of people with HIV-1 in Nigeria. AIDS 2022; 36:137-146. [PMID: 34628443 PMCID: PMC8654252 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to provide information on the genetic diversity of HIV-1 and drug resistance mutations in Nigeria, as there is limited understanding of variants circulating in the country. METHODS We used an advanced next-generation sequencing platform, Primer ID, to: investigate the presence of high and low abundance drug resistance mutations; characterize preexisting Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor (INSTI) mutations in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced but dolutegravir-naive individuals; detect recent HIV-1 infections and characterize subtype diversity from a cohort of people with HIV-1 (PWH). RESULTS HIV-1 subtype analysis revealed the predominance of CRF02_AG and subtype G in our study population. At detection sensitivity of 30% abundance, drug resistance mutations (DRMs) were identified in 3% of samples. At a sensitivity level of 10%, DRMs were identified in 27.3% of samples. We did not detect any major INSTI mutation associated with dolutegravir-resistance. Only one recent infection was detected in our study population. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral regimens will be effective in Nigeria. Our study also further emphasizes the high genetic diversity of HIV-1 in Nigeria and that CRF02_AG and subtype G are the dominant circulating forms of HIV-1 in Nigeria. These two circulating forms of the virus are largely driving the epidemic in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Oluniyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Fehintola V. Ajogbasile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Iyanuoluwa Fred-Akintunwa
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christina S. Polyak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie A. Ake
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Iroezindu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
- HJF Medical Research International, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian T. Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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Farinre O, Gounder K, Reddy T, Tongo M, Hare J, Chaplin B, Gilmour J, Kanki P, Mann JK, Ndung'u T. Subtype-specific differences in Gag-protease replication capacity of HIV-1 isolates from East and West Africa. Retrovirology 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33952315 PMCID: PMC8097975 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is heterogeneous with diverse unevenly distributed subtypes and regional differences in prevalence. Subtype-specific differences in disease progression rate and transmission efficiency have been reported, but the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the subtypes prevalent in the East Africa, where adult prevalence rate is higher, have lower viral replication capacity (VRC) than their West African counterparts where adult prevalence rates are lower. RESULTS Gag-protease sequencing was performed on 213 and 160 antiretroviral-naïve chronically infected participants from West and East Africa respectively and bioinformatic tools were used to infer subtypes and recombination patterns. VRC of patient-derived gag-protease chimeric viruses from West (n = 178) and East (n = 114) Africa were determined using a green fluorescent protein reporter-based cell assay. Subtype and regional differences in VRC and amino acid variants impacting VRC were identified by statistical methods. CRF02_AG (65%, n = 139), other recombinants (14%, n = 30) and pure subtypes (21%, n = 44) were identified in West Africa. Subtypes A1 (64%, n = 103), D (22%, n = 35), or recombinants (14%, n = 22) were identified in East Africa. Viruses from West Africa had significantly higher VRC compared to those from East Africa (p < 0.0001), with subtype-specific differences found among strains within West and East Africa (p < 0.0001). Recombination patterns showed a preference for subtypes D, G or J rather than subtype A in the p6 region of gag, with evidence that subtype-specific differences in this region impact VRC. Furthermore, the Gag A83V polymorphism was associated with reduced VRC in CRF02_AG. HLA-A*23:01 (p = 0.0014) and HLA-C*07:01 (p = 0.002) were associated with lower VRC in subtype A infected individuals from East Africa. CONCLUSIONS Although prevalent viruses from West Africa displayed higher VRC than those from East Africa consistent with the hypothesis that lower VRC is associated with higher population prevalence, the predominant CRF02_AG strain in West Africa displayed higher VRC than other prevalent strains suggesting that VRC alone does not explain population prevalence. The study identified viral and host genetic determinants of virus replication capacity for HIV-1 CRF02_AG and subtype A respectively, which may have relevance for vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotayo Farinre
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kamini Gounder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Marcel Tongo
- Centre of Research for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jonathan Hare
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Human Immunology Laboratory (HIL), Imperial College, London, UK
- IAVI Global Headquarters, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor,, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beth Chaplin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill Gilmour
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Human Immunology Laboratory (HIL), Imperial College, London, UK
- IAVI Global Headquarters, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor,, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phyllis Kanki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaclyn K Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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Udeze AO, Olaleye DO, Odaibo GN. Phylogeny of partial gag, pol and env genes show predominance of HIV-1G and CRF02_AG with emerging recombinants in south-eastern Nigeria. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04310. [PMID: 32775738 PMCID: PMC7403892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus is characterized by high degree of genetic diversity with marked differences in its geographic distribution even within a country. This study was designed to identify the strains of HIV-1 circulating among infected individuals in southeastern parts of Nigeria. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 30 HIV-1 infected individuals from Anambra, Delta and Imo states of southeastern Nigeria. Portions of the genome corresponding to entire p24 gag, entire protease and C2-V3 env genes were amplified by nested PCR, sequenced using Sanger's method and phylogenetically analysed. Out of the 30 samples sequenced, 17, 28 and 14 readable sequences were obtained for gag, pol and env regions respectively. The most prevalent subtypes were CRF02_AG (41.2% in gag, 57.1% in pol protease and 50.0% in env) and G (29.4% in gag, 35.7% in pol protease and 35.7% in env). Other subtypes identified include A (17.7% in gag, 7.1% in env) and J (7.1% in env). Also 2 sequences each in gag (11.8%) and pol protease (7.1%) regions were unclassified but preliminary analysis showed they are recombinants. Furthermore, 71.4% of the isolates with sequences in the 3 regions and 26.7% of those with sequences in 2 genomic regions were recombinant forms. CRF02_AG and subtype G are the predominant HIV-1 strains circulating among infected individuals in southeastern Nigeria. Preliminary analysis results of unclassified sequences suggest that they are new recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine O Udeze
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - David O Olaleye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Georgina N Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Atilola G, Randle T, Obadara T, Komolafe IO, Odutolu G, Olomu J, Adenuga L. Epidemiology of HIV and Tuberculosis in pregnant women, South West Nigeria. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:826-833. [PMID: 30392526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women remain the most vulnerable high-risk population to the devastating impact of the on-going human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) generalized epidemic and co-infection with Tuberculosis in Nigeria. By the end of 2017, the country ranked the second highest in adult HIV-infected individuals and the highest population of orphans due to AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the epidemiology of HIV among pregnant women across ten facilities in south-west Nigeria. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study design in which 353 pregnant women randomly selected across ten health care facilities in two states in south west Nigeria. This study was conducted between January and May 2015. HIV testing was conducted and active tuberculosis screening was implemented using the fluorescence microscopy. In addition, a structured questionnaire was administered to elicit risk factors of HIV infection and syndromic Tuberculosis in the study population. RESULTS We found a 5.1% (18/353:95% CI:3.0%-8.0%) rate of HIV and 0% active tuberculosis in the study population. HIV positive pregnant women were 6 times more likely to have blood transfusion with greater odds of infection found in pregnant women with history of blood transfusion in the previous three months (OR:3.27, 95% CI:0.44-24.36). Pregnant women who tested HIV negative had 70% reduction in odds of infection (OR:0.21:95% CI:0.06-0.77). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a possible strong epidemiological link between HIV infection and recent blood transfusion among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in south west Nigeria. We therefore recommend further study to develop a more robust estimate of blood transfusion and the risk of HIV in pregnant women in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glory Atilola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Taiwo Randle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tomisin Obadara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac O Komolafe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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Early HIV infection among persons referred for malaria parasite testing in Nigeria. Arch Virol 2017; 163:439-445. [PMID: 29119359 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Persons in the early stages of HIV infection are the major drivers of new infections. These individuals may also develop renal dysfunctions at this time. Nigeria, as other African countries, has one of the highest prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV infections. Despite this, limited information exists on early HIV detection in the continent. This may be related to difficulties in providing early HIV diagnosis and treatment. Patients referred for malaria testing may provide a unique opportunity for early HIV detection. In this study, a method for identifying early HIV-infected individuals was assessed. HIV-1 subtype and renal function biomarkers were also analyzed in these persons. To identify early HIV infection, over a period of 18 months blood samples were collected from persons referred by clinicians for malaria parasite tests in Nigeria. A total of 671 samples were collected and analyzed for HIV antigen/antibody and subtypes. 101 of these samples were categorized into one of four groups: early HIV, chronic HIV, malaria infection and control groups for renal function analysis. 29% of HIV infected individuals were at the early stages of infection. The predominant subtype detected was CRF02_AG (57.14%). The early HIV group had the highest mean serum creatinine (95 µmol/L) and urea (5.7 mmol/L) values across all groups with the difference significant at P < 0.05. There was no significant difference between the circulating subtype and the stage of HIV infection. Our results show the feasibility of screening persons referred for malaria tests for early HIV. This can be used to control new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Amoo OS, Taiwo IA, Salu OO, Okwuraiwe AP, Onwuamah CK, Awe MA, Oforomeh OO, Onwujekwe DI, Ezechi OC, Ajuma AR. Comparison of the COBAS/Ampliprep Taqman and Amplicor HIV-1 monitor tests in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2013; 2:68. [PMID: 29043166 PMCID: PMC5637769 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v2i1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology options is increasing in resource-limited settings because they are faster, improve assay sensitivity, have higher throughput, larger dynamic ranges and reduced rates of contamination. In 2010, UNAIDS ranked Nigeria as the second highest population of people living with HIV and AIDS (2.98 million people) in the world. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the analytical performances of the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (version 1.5) and the COBAS Ampliprep/Taqman (version 2.0) used in monitoring HIV disease progression in HIV-infected individuals. Method In a cross-sectional study, HIV-1 RNA values obtained with the Amplicor HIV-1 monitor version 1.5 were compared with those of the COBAS/Ampliprep TaqMan HIV-1 version 2.0 in a routine clinical setting. Between May and November 2011, 176 plasma samples collected were analysed in parallel using both techniques. Data analysis was done using statgraphics Centurion XVI and Medcalc version 12.0. Result The correlation coefficient for the two assays was 0.83 and the level of agreement using a Bland–Altman plot was 94.2%. Conclusion These findings suggest that the results from the two methods were comparable, hence the COBAS/Ampliprep Taqman version 2.0 is recommended for high-volume laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi S Amoo
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Idowu A Taiwo
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa O Salu
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Azuka P Okwuraiwe
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chika K Onwuamah
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Morenike A Awe
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Osaga O Oforomeh
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Daniel I Onwujekwe
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oliver C Ezechi
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Audu R Ajuma
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Cavarelli M, Scarlatti G. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mother-to-child transmission and prevention: successes and controversies. J Intern Med 2011; 270:561-79. [PMID: 21929711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that an additional 370 000 new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections occurred in children in 2009, mainly through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Intrapartum transmission contributes to approximately 20-25% of infections, in utero transmission to 5-10% and postnatal transmission to an additional 10-15% of cases. MTCT accounts for only a few hundred infected newborns in those countries in which services are established for voluntary counselling and testing of pregnant women, and a supply of antiretroviral drugs is available throughout pregnancy with recommendations for elective Caesarean section and avoidance of breastfeeding. The single-dose nevirapine regimen has provided the momentum to initiate MTCT programmes in many resource-limited countries; however, regimens using a combination of antiretroviral drugs are needed also to effectively reduce transmission via breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cavarelli
- Unit of Viral Evolution and Transmission, DITID, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Bulterys PL, Dalai SC, Katzenstein DA. Viral sequence analysis from HIV-infected mothers and infants: molecular evolution, diversity, and risk factors for mother-to-child transmission. Clin Perinatol 2010; 37:739-50, viii. [PMID: 21078447 PMCID: PMC3175486 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Great progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis, treatment, and transmission of HIV and the factors influencing the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Many questions regarding the molecular evolution and genetic diversity of HIV in the context of MTCT remain unanswered. Further research to identify the selective factors governing which variants are transmitted, how the compartmentalization of HIV in different cells and tissues contributes to transmission, and the influence of host immunity, viral diversity, and recombination on MTCT may provide insight into new prevention strategies and the development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Bulterys
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-4200, USA
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Tornatore M, Gonçalves CV, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Silveira JM, D'ávila NE, Maas CG, Bianchi MS, Pinheiro EM, Machado ES, Soares MA, Martinez AMB. HIV-1 vertical transmission in Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21:351-5. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the rate and risk factors of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), the timing of transmission and the transmitted subtype in a population where subtypes B and C co-circulate. One hundred and forty-four babies born to HIV-1-infected mothers were studied. Subtype and timing of transmission were determined by a nested polymerase chain reaction of the gp41 gene. Seven children were infected (4.9%): four were infected intrautero and one intrapartum. The higher frequency of intrautero transmission was statistically significant ( P = 0.001). Use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the three stages of gestation was a protective risk factor for MTCT (PR = 0.42; CI: 0.21–0.83; P = 0.013). A higher HIV viral load at delivery was the only independent risk factor for MTCT. Early and universal access to ARVs during pregnancy are the most important measures to decrease vertical HIV-1 transmission even in areas where HIV clade distribution differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tornatore
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - C V Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | | | - J M Silveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - N E D'ávila
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - C G Maas
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - M S Bianchi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - E M Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - E S Machado
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - M A Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pádua E, Parreira R, Tendeiro R, Nunes B, Castela J, Soares I, Mouzinho A, Reis E, Paixão MT. Potential impact of viral load and genetic makeup of HIV type 1 on mother-to-child transmission: characterization of env-C2V3C3 and nef sequences. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1171-7. [PMID: 19886833 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) was evaluated in terms of the molecular characterization of the env and nef genomic regions and quantification of maternal RNA viral loads. Assignment of viral subtype was achieved by direct sequencing of PCR 1172 products amplified from proviral DNA in 45 HIV-1-nontransmitting mothers (NTM), along with 13 pairs of HIV-1-transmitting mothers (TM) and their infected children (C). Analysis of the env C2V3C3 and nef sequences revealed that subtypes G and B, and their genetic combinations (AG, BG), accounted for over 84.5% of all viruses identified. The genetic structure form envA-nefG was the most commonly observed, with a lower frequency in the NTM (13.3%) compared to the TM (23.1%) group. A greater number of genetic forms was observed among NTM, namely the presence of sequences assigned to subtypes D and F, as well as the intergenetic A/J, and C/U, recombinant forms, along with a mosaic provirus with a complex putative envA-nefEGE genetic structure. No significant differences were found when RNA viral loads were evaluated as a function of the viral subtypes. Nevertheless, a relatively high quantification of HIV-1 RNA was obtained in the NTM group, emphasizing the importance of the compliance and effectiveness of therapeutic schemes to control viral replication and reduce the risk of HIV vertical transmission. V3 sequences displaying features associated with the R5 phenotype dominated in both groups. Both C2V3C3 and Nef's functional domains were conserved during HIV-1 vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pádua
- Laboratório de Referência da SIDA, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Parreira
- Unidade de Virologia/UPMM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Tendeiro
- Laboratório de Referência da SIDA, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Observatório Nacional de Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Castela
- Maternidade Alfredo da Costa, Rua Viriato, 1069-089 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Soares
- Pediatria, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Pragal, 2801-951 Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Mouzinho
- Infecto de Pediatria, Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Reis
- Neonatologia, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier, Estrada do Forte do Alto do Duque, 1495-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Paixão
- Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica das Doenças Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Odaibo GN, Taiwo A, Aken'Ova YA, Olaleye DO. Detection of HIV antigen and cDNA among antibody-negative blood samples in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:284-7. [PMID: 18243259 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries as many as 50% of patients for whom a transfusion is indicated are at risk of dying immediately if transfusion is withheld. It is therefore important that blood transfusion is made as safe as possible. This study was designed to assess the safety of blood transfusion in two large blood banks in Ibadan, Nigeria. Aliquots of 250 samples already screened and passed as negative for HIV-1 and -2 were collected from each of the blood banks. Samples were tested for the presence of HIV-1 antigen (ELAVIA Ag I) and the antigen-positive samples tested for the presence of specific HIV-1 antibodies by Western blot (BioRad, France). All antigen-positive samples were also subjected to PCR. HIV-1 antigen was detected in 6 (1.2%) of the 500 samples, of which 4 (0.8%) and 3 (0.6%) were Western blot-indeterminate and PCR-positive, respectively. Transfusion of HIV-contaminated blood may be contributing significantly to the spread of the virus in Nigeria. There is therefore an urgent need for an organized blood-banking system with facilities for more sensitive assays for the detection of HIV in blood to prevent transmission through transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Odaibo
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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12
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Lalonde MS, Troyer RM, Syed AR, Bulime S, Demers K, Bajunirwe F, Arts EJ. Sensitive oligonucleotide ligation assay for low-level detection of nevirapine resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2604-15. [PMID: 17567789 PMCID: PMC1951259 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00431-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study has adapted the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) to probe for low-level nevirapine (NVP) resistance mutations K103N and Y181C in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) population of infected mother-infant pairs from Uganda. When NVP is used to prevent perinatal transmission, NVP-resistant HIV-1 clones may be rapidly selected due to a low barrier for mutation and a relatively high level of fitness (compared to that of other drug-resistant HIV-1 clones). Monitoring for even a low frequency of NVP resistance mutations may help predict the success of subsequent treatment or warrant the use of another regimen to prevent transmission in a subsequent pregnancy. The standard OLA was optimized by using nonstandard bases in oligonucleotides to allow promiscuous base pairing and accommodate significant HIV-1 heterogeneity. Radiolabeled as opposed to fluorescently tagged oligonucleotides increased the sensitivity, whereas alteration of the template, oligonucleotides, salt, and thermostable DNA ligase concentrations increased the specificity for the detection of minority codons. This modified OLA is now capable of detecting mutants with the K103N or the Y181C mutation present in an HIV-1 population at a frequency of approximately 0.4% and is at least 10- to 30-fold more sensitive than the original protocol. A cohort of 19 Ugandan mothers who received NVP treatment perinatally were sampled 6 weeks postdelivery. Ten of 19 HIV-1 DNA samples extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells had a detectable K103N (0.5 to 44%) or Y181C (0.8 to 92.5%) mutation, but only one plasma HIV-1 RNA sample had a viral population with the Y181C mutation. These findings suggest that OLA is a robust, sensitive, and specific method for the detection of low-frequency drug resistance mutations in an intrapatient HIV-1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Lalonde
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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