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Dos Santos VHB, de Azevedo Ximenes ECP, de Souza RAF, da Silva RPC, da Conceição Silva M, de Andrade LVM, de Souza Oliveira VM, de Melo-Júnior MR, Costa VMA, de Barros Lorena VM, de Araújo HDA, de Lima Aires A, de Azevedo Albuquerque MCP. Effects of the probiotic Bacillus cereus GM on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:72. [PMID: 38148420 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics contribute to the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and preventing dysbiosis caused by opportunistic pathogens, such as intestinal helminths. Bacillus cereus GM obtained from Biovicerin® was cultured to obtain spores for in vivo evaluation on experimental schistosomiasis. The assay was performed for 90 days, where all animals were infected with 50 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni on the 15th day. Three experimental groups were formed, as follows: G1-saline solution from the 1st until the 90th day; G2-B. cereus GM (105 spores in 300 μL of sterile saline) from the 1st until the 90th day; and G3-B. cereus GM 35th day (onset of oviposition) until the 90th day. G2 showed a significant reduction of 43.4% of total worms, 48.8% of female worms and 42.5% of eggs in the liver tissue. In G3, the reduction was 25.2%, 29.1%, and 44% of the total number of worms, female worms, and eggs in the liver tissue, respectively. G2 and G3 showed a 25% (p < 0.001) and 22% (p < 0.001) reduction in AST levels, respectively, but ALT levels did not change. ALP levels were reduced by 23% (p < 0.001) in the G2 group, but not in the G3. The average volume of granulomas reduced (p < 0.0001) 65.2% and 46.3% in the liver tissue and 83.0% and 53.2% in the intestine, respectively, in groups G2 and G3. Th1 profile cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) and IL-17 were significantly increased (p < 0.001) stimulated with B. cereus GM in groups G2 and G3. IL-4 showed significant values when the stimulus was mediated by ConA. By modulating the immune response, B. cereus GM reduced the burden of worms, improved some markers of liver function, and reduced the granulomatous inflammatory reaction in mice infected with S. mansoni, especially when administered before infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Barbosa Dos Santos
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eulália Camelo Pessoa de Azevedo Ximenes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Renan Andrade Fernandes de Souza
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valdenia Maria de Souza Oliveira
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos e Laboratório de Tecnologia de Biomateriais - Centro Acadêmico de Vitória de Santo Antão, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Aires
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Área Acadêmica de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica Camelo Pessoa de Azevedo Albuquerque
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Área Acadêmica de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Nofouzi K, Hamidian G. Immuno-modulatory Effects of Inactivated Dietzia Maris on the Selected Aspects of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Mice. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:183. [PMID: 37694256 PMCID: PMC10492598 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_121_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current study is an attempt to register the alterations in the immunological and histological parameters in mice arising from the administration of Dietza maris (D. maris) in order to confirm its protective properties. Materials and Methods Mice underwent 7 days of treatment with three doses of D. maris. Then, animals were scrutinized in terms of body weight, relative weight of organs, delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response, and hemagglutination titer (HT). The determination of villus height, villus width, crypt depth, villus/crypt ratio (V/C), Goblet cells, and intestinal epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) density in villi was carried out. Results A boosted DTH response was observed as a result of bacteria at medium dose. A variation was noted between the hemagglutinin titer of the control group and that of the high-dose group. Crypt depth, villus width, and villus height manifested alterations. High-dose-treated mice demonstrated proliferation of Goblet cells in the villi, whereas both in medium- and high-dose-treated mice, a distribution of IELs in the villus epithelium was noted. Overall, D. maris showed a stimulatory effect on immune functions in mice. Thus, thanks to improved cellular and humoral immunity and the increased quality of intestine function, we believe that D. maris promises novel therapeutic applications in the future. Conclusion The attained findings lend credence to immuno-stimulatory effects arising from the capacity of D. maris to function as immunological adjuvants and to enhance humoral and cellular immunity as well as the intestinal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Nofouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Almallah TM, Khedr SI, El Nouby KA, Younis SS, Elazeem MA, Elmehy DA. The synergetic potential of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus fermentum probiotics in alleviating the outcome of acute toxoplasmosis in mice. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:927-937. [PMID: 36786888 PMCID: PMC10006249 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an immunologically complex disease, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Although there are several therapeutic regimens for such disease, the majority of them have many drawbacks. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to improve the current regimen in an effort to achieve a well-tolerated therapy while also enhancing the host immune response. Famous for their immunomodulatory effect, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus fermentum probiotics were chosen to be evaluated in this study as an adjuvant therapy against the virulent RH Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) strain. Experimental mice were divided into control and treated groups. The control group was further subdivided into two groups: group I: 10 uninfected mice and group II: 20 infected untreated mice. The treated experimental group was subdivided into three groups (20 mice each); group III: sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) treated, group IV: probiotics treated, and group V: SMZ-TMP combined with probiotics. The results obtained revealed that combined therapy increased survival rate and time up to 95% and 16 days, respectively, with an 82% reduction of tachyzoites and marked distortion, as detected by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, combined therapy alleviated the severity and the extent of the inflammatory cells' infiltration, thereby reducing hepatocyte degeneration. Intriguingly, serum IF-γ level showed a significant increase to 155.92 ± 10.12 ng/L with combined therapy, reflecting the immunological role of the combined therapy. The current results revealed that probiotics have a high adjuvant potential in alleviating the impact of toxoplasmosis. Using probiotics as a synergistic treatment to modulate conventional therapy in systemic toxoplasmosis may gain popularity due to their low cost and current availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem M Almallah
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Safaa I Khedr
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kholoud A El Nouby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Salwa S Younis
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona A Elazeem
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Elmehy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Bacillus clausii against Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106669. [PMID: 36037981 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies and clinical trials have been showing that probiotics are promising in the prevention and control of parasite infections. B. clausii, obtained from Enterogermina®, was cultured to obtain cell-free culture supernatant (CFS) and spores to evaluate its schistosomicidal effect in vitro and in vivo against Schistosoma mansoni, respectively. For in vitro and in vivo analysis mice were infected with 120 and 50 cercariae, respectively. Couples of adult worms, recovered on day 45 of infection, were exposed to CFS. The in vivo assay was performed for 100 days, where all animals were infected on the 30th day. Four experimental groups were formed, as follows: G1 - Saline solution from the 1st until the 100th day; G2 - B. clausii from the 1st until the 100th day; G3 - B. clausii from the 68th day (onset of oviposition) until the 100th day and G4 - PZQ (50 mg/Kg) from the 75th until the 79th day. In vitro, CFS of B. clausii does not caused mortality nor changed the motility on S. mansoni adult worms. G2 and G3 showed reduction of the 68.58 and 44.25% in the number of eggs eliminated in the feces and 34.29 and 53.6% and 22.8 and 48.49% the number of eggs trapped in the liver and intestine, respectively. Furthermore, in both therapeutic regimens G2 and G3, B. clausii increased the percentage of dead eggs in the intestinal tissue. B. clausii CFS, in vitro, does not showed action against S. mansoni and that treatment with B. clausii spores modulates favorably the parasitological parameters in the experimental infection of S. mansoni.
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Oyesola OO, Souza COS, Loke P. The Influence of Genetic and Environmental Factors and Their Interactions on Immune Response to Helminth Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869163. [PMID: 35572520 PMCID: PMC9103684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection currently affect over 2 billion people worldwide, with those with the most pathologies and morbidities, living in regions with unequal and disproportionate access to effective healthcare solutions. Host genetics and environmental factors play critical roles in modulating and regulating immune responses following exposure to various pathogens and insults. However, the interplay of environment and genetic factors in influencing who gets infected and the establishment, persistence, and clearance of helminth parasites remains unclear. Inbred strains of mice have long been used to investigate the role of host genetic factors on pathogenesis and resistance to helminth infection in a laboratory setting. This review will discuss the use of ecological and environmental mouse models to study helminth infections and how this could be used in combination with host genetic variation to explore the relative contribution of these factors in influencing immune response to helminth infections. Improved understanding of interactions between genetics and the environment to helminth immune responses would be important for efforts to identify and develop new prophylactic and therapeutic options for the management of helminth infections and their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O. Oyesola
- Laboratory of Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Chavez IN, Brown TM, Assié A, Bryant AS, Samuel BS, Hallem EA. Skin-penetrating nematodes exhibit life-stage-specific interactions with host-associated and environmental bacteria. BMC Biol 2021; 19:221. [PMID: 34620172 PMCID: PMC8499433 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin-penetrating nematodes of the genus Strongyloides infect over 600 million people, posing a major global health burden. Their life cycle includes both a parasitic and free-living generation. During the parasitic generation, infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) actively engage in host seeking. During the free-living generation, the nematodes develop and reproduce on host feces. At different points during their life cycle, Strongyloides species encounter a wide variety of host-associated and environmental bacteria. However, the microbiome associated with Strongyloides species, and the behavioral and physiological interactions between Strongyloides species and bacteria, remain unclear. Results We first investigated the microbiome of the human parasite Strongyloides stercoralis using 16S-based amplicon sequencing. We found that S. stercoralis free-living adults have an associated microbiome consisting of specific fecal bacteria. We then investigated the behavioral responses of S. stercoralis and the closely related rat parasite Strongyloides ratti to an ecologically diverse panel of bacteria. We found that S. stercoralis and S. ratti showed similar responses to bacteria. The responses of both nematodes to bacteria varied dramatically across life stages: free-living adults were strongly attracted to most of the bacteria tested, while iL3s were attracted specifically to a narrow range of environmental bacteria. The behavioral responses to bacteria were dynamic, consisting of distinct short- and long-term behaviors. Finally, a comparison of the growth and reproduction of S. stercoralis free-living adults on different bacteria revealed that the bacterium Proteus mirabilis inhibits S. stercoralis egg hatching, and thereby greatly decreases parasite viability. Conclusions Skin-penetrating nematodes encounter bacteria from various ecological niches throughout their life cycle. Our results demonstrate that bacteria function as key chemosensory cues for directing parasite movement in a life-stage-specific manner. Some bacterial genera may form essential associations with the nematodes, while others are detrimental and serve as a potential source of novel nematicides. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01153-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Chavez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Taylor M Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adrien Assié
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Astra S Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Buck S Samuel
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Cruz CS, Ricci MF, Vieira AT. Gut Microbiota Modulation as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Lung Infections. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724033. [PMID: 34557097 PMCID: PMC8453009 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal and respiratory systems are colonized by a complex ecosystem of microorganisms called the microbiota. These microorganisms co-evolved over millions of years with the host, creating a symbiotic relationship that is fundamental for promoting host homeostasis by producing bioactive metabolites and antimicrobial molecules, and regulating the immune and inflammatory responses. Imbalance in the abundance, diversity, and function of the gut microbiota (known as dysbiosis) have been shown to increase host susceptibility to infections in the lungs, suggesting crosstalk between these organs. This crosstalk is now referred to as the gut-lung axis. Hence, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for modulation of gut microbiota has been studied based on their effectiveness in reducing the duration and severity of respiratory tract infections, mainly owing to their effects on preventing pathogen colonization and modulating the immune system. This review discusses the role and responses of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the gut-lung axis in the face of lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clênio Silva Cruz
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation (LMI), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mayra Fernanda Ricci
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation (LMI), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Angélica Thomaz Vieira
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation (LMI), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Saracino MP, Vila CC, Baldi PC, González Maglio DH. Searching for the one(s): Using Probiotics as Anthelmintic Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:714198. [PMID: 34434110 PMCID: PMC8381770 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are a major health concern as over one billion people are infected worldwide and, despite the multiple efforts made, there is still no effective human vaccine against them. The most important drugs used nowadays to control helminth infections belong to the benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles (levamisole) and macrocyclic lactones (avermectins and milbemycins) families. However, in the last 20 years, many publications have revealed increasing anthelmintic resistance in livestock which is both an economical and a potential health problem, even though very few have reported similar findings in human populations. To deal with this worrying limitation of anthelmintic drugs, alternative treatments based on plant extracts or probiotics have been developed. Probiotics are defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as live microorganisms, which, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. It has been proven that probiotic microbes have the ability to exert an immunomodulatory effect both at the mucosa and the systemic level. The immune response against gastrointestinal helminths is characterized as a type 2 response, with high IgE levels, increased numbers and/or activity of Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and alternatively activated macrophages. The oral administration of probiotics may contribute to controlling gastrointestinal helminth infections since it has been demonstrated that these microorganisms stimulate dendritic cells to elicit a type 2 or regulatory immune response, among other effects on the host immune system. Here we review the current knowledge about the use of probiotic bacteria as anthelmintic therapy or as a complement to traditional anthelmintic treatments. Considering all research papers reviewed, we may conclude that the effect generated by probiotics on helminth infection depends not only on the parasite species, their stage and localization but also on the administration scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Priscila Saracino
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Celeste Vila
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo César Baldi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Horacio González Maglio
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chen HL, Xing X, Zhang B, Huang HB, Shi CW, Yang GL, Wang CF. Higher mucosal type II immunity is associated with increased gut microbiota diversity in BALB/c mice after Trichinella spiralis infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:87-98. [PMID: 34364076 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between the gut microbiota and Trichinella spiralis is of interest for the early diagnosis and development of therapeutics for trichinellosis and to reveal the potential role of microbiota in the mechanism of immunomodulation of this tissue-dwelling helminth. In this study, we utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to monitor the dynamics of the microbes in BALB/c mice challenged with T. spiralis. Flow cytometry and ELISA were used to analyze cytokines at the same time. Histopathological analysis of the duodenum was also conducted. We found that microbial perturbations occurred during infection. The abundance of the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Ruminococcus 1 and Lactococcus decreased. However, the abundance of proinflammatory Parabacteroides increased over time after infection. T. spiralis infection also tended to inhibit IFN-γ production, and promote IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In total, T. spiralis disrupts gut homeostasis and impairs the development of the intestinal ecosystem. Defining the bacterial populations affected by T. spiralis infection might help identify microbial markers for diagnosis of the disease, and the populations could also be further exploited as a novel option to treat T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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Mahajan E, Sinha S, Bhatia A, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Evaluation of the effect of probiotic as add-on therapy with conventional therapy and alone in malaria induced mice. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:246. [PMID: 34193269 PMCID: PMC8244208 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chloroquine is used as a conventional drug therapy for the treatment of malaria. The existence of resistance to chloroquine shown among various species of Plasmodium leads to the search for more efficacious therapy to treat malaria. Probiotic (Lactobacillus casei) has been tried as an add-on therapy with chloroquine. Probiotics are ingested microorganisms associated with a beneficial effect on humans and other species. The study was done to check the efficacy of L. casei as an add-on therapy along with conventional drug therapy (chloroquine) to treat malaria. RESULTS Probiotic in combination with chloroquine showed complete suppression in parasitemia rate. Representation of parasitemia rate was done using mean ± SD. p < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. The results showed a reduction in parasitemia with probiotic treatment, which was further confirmed through histological observation of two major organs, the liver and spleen. Interestingly, further suppression of parasitemia and hemosiderosis was observed when probiotic was given along with chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshani Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Research Block B, 4th Floor, Room no 4043, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Research Block B, 4th Floor, Room no 4043, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Chen H, Mozzicafreddo M, Pierella E, Carletti V, Piersanti A, Ali SM, Ame SM, Wang C, Miceli C. Dissection of the gut microbiota in mothers and children with chronic Trichuris trichiura infection in Pemba Island, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:62. [PMID: 33468220 PMCID: PMC7814639 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soil-transmitted helminthiases are important neglected tropical diseases that result in a notably high number of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Characterizing the interactions between the human intestinal microbiome and helminths is of interest in the development of alternative treatments that do not rely on chemotherapeutics and do not lead to drug resistance. Methods We recruited and obtained fecal samples from 32 pairs of mothers and children on Pemba Island and monitored their intestinal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results We observed that microbial changes occur in the gut microbiota of infected mothers and children. Some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and carbohydrate-degrading bacteria exhibited lower abundance in the infected individuals. Potentially pathogenic Campylobacter and proinflammatory Methanobrevibacter in infected mothers and opportunistic Enterococcus in infected children exhibited greater abundance. Conclusions Our findings could reveal the microbiota profiling in T. trichiura-infected individuals, indicate the potential roles of key microbiota in the host and aid to the development of novel strategies to control T. trichiura infection. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Elisa Pierella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Vanessa Carletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Angela Piersanti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Said M Ali
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, Pemba Island, Chake Chake, Tanzania
| | - Shaali M Ame
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, Pemba Island, Chake Chake, Tanzania
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Cristina Miceli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
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12
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Ling F, Steinel N, Weber J, Ma L, Smith C, Correa D, Zhu B, Bolnick D, Wang G. The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1141-1153. [PMID: 32005978 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates' gut microbial communities can be altered by the hosts' parasites. Helminths inhabiting the gut lumen can interact directly with their host's microbiota via physical contact, chemical products, or competition for nutrients. Indirect interactions can also occur, for instance when helminths induce or suppress host immunity in ways that have collateral effects on the microbiota. If there is genetic variation in host immune responses to parasites, we would expect such indirect effects to be conditional on host genotype. To test for such genotype by infection interactions, we experimentally exposed Gasterosteus aculeatus to their naturally co-evolved parasite, Schistocephalus solidus. The host microbiota differed in response to parasite exposure, and between infected and uninfected fish. The magnitude and direction of microbial responses to infection differed between host sexes, and also differed between variants at autosomal quantitative trait loci. These results indicate that host genotype and sex regulate the effect of helminth infection on a vertebrate gut microbiota. If this result holds in other taxa, especially humans, then helminth-based therapeutics for dysbiosis might need to be tailored to host genotype and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Natalie Steinel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Jesse Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Decio Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Daniel Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
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13
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Gaulke CA, Martins ML, Watral VG, Humphreys IR, Spagnoli ST, Kent ML, Sharpton TJ. A longitudinal assessment of host-microbe-parasite interactions resolves the zebrafish gut microbiome's link to Pseudocapillaria tomentosa infection and pathology. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30678738 PMCID: PMC6346533 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth parasites represent a significant threat to the health of human and animal populations, and there is a growing need for tools to treat, diagnose, and prevent these infections. Recent work has turned to the gut microbiome as a utilitarian agent in this regard; components of the microbiome may interact with parasites to influence their success in the gut, meaning that the microbiome may encode new anthelmintic drugs. Moreover, parasite infections may restructure the microbiome's composition in consistent ways, implying that the microbiome may be useful for diagnosing infection. The innovation of these utilities requires foundational knowledge about how parasitic infection, as well as its ultimate success in the gut and impact on the host, relates to the gut microbiome. In particular, we currently possess limited insight into how the microbiome, host pathology, and parasite burden covary during infection. Identifying interactions between these parameters may uncover novel putative methods of disrupting parasite success. RESULTS To identify interactions between parasite success and the microbiome, we quantified longitudinal associations between an intestinal helminth of zebrafish, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, and the gut microbiome in 210 4-month-old 5D line zebrafish. Parasite burden and parasite-associated pathology varied in severity throughout the experiment in parasite-exposed fish, with intestinal pathologic changes becoming severe at late time points. Parasite exposure, burden, and intestinal lesions were correlated with gut microbial diversity. Robust generalized linear regression identified several individual taxa whose abundance predicted parasite burden, suggesting that gut microbiota may influence P. tomentosa success. Numerous associations between taxon abundance, burden, and gut pathologic changes were also observed, indicating that the magnitude of microbiome disruption during infection varies with infection severity. Finally, a random forest classifier accurately predicted a fish's exposure to the parasite based on the abundance of gut phylotypes, which underscores the potential for using the gut microbiome to diagnose intestinal parasite infection. CONCLUSIONS These experiments demonstrate that P. tomentosa infection disrupts zebrafish gut microbiome composition and identifies potential interactions between the gut microbiota and parasite success. The microbiome may also provide a diagnostic that would enable non-destructive passive sampling for P. tomentosa and other intestinal pathogens in zebrafish facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio L Martins
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Virginia G Watral
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Sean T Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
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14
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Rapin A, Harris NL. Helminth-Bacterial Interactions: Cause and Consequence. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:724-733. [PMID: 29941203 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths, along with mutualistic microbes, have cohabited the intestine of mammals throughout evolution. Interactions between helminths, bacteria, and their mammalian hosts may shape not only host-helminth and host-microbiome interactions, but also the relationship between helminths and the microbiome. This 'ménage à trois' situation may not be completely balanced in that it may favor either the host or the parasite, possibly at the cost of the other partner. Similarly, helminths may favor the establishment of a particular microbiome with either positive or negative consequences for the overall health and well-being of the host. Recent studies indicate that infection with intestinal helminths can and does impact the intestinal microbiome, with important consequences for each partner in this tripartite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rapin
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Leung JM, Graham AL, Knowles SCL. Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:843. [PMID: 29867790 PMCID: PMC5960673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate gut teems with a large, diverse, and dynamic bacterial community that has pervasive effects on gut physiology, metabolism, and immunity. Under natural conditions, these microbes share their habitat with a similarly dynamic community of eukaryotes (helminths, protozoa, and fungi), many of which are well-known parasites. Both parasites and the prokaryotic microbiota can dramatically alter the physical and immune landscape of the gut, creating ample opportunities for them to interact. Such interactions may critically alter infection outcomes and affect overall host health and disease. For instance, parasite infection can change how a host interacts with its bacterial flora, either driving or protecting against dysbiosis and inflammatory disease. Conversely, the microbiota can alter a parasite's colonization success, replication, and virulence, shifting it along the parasitism-mutualism spectrum. The mechanisms and consequences of these interactions are just starting to be elucidated in an emergent transdisciplinary area at the boundary of microbiology and parasitology. However, heterogeneity in experimental designs, host and parasite species, and a largely phenomenological and taxonomic approach to synthesizing the literature have meant that common themes across studies remain elusive. Here, we use an ecological perspective to review the literature on interactions between the prokaryotic microbiota and eukaryotic parasites in the vertebrate gut. Using knowledge about parasite biology and ecology, we discuss mechanisms by which they may interact with gut microbes, the consequences of such interactions for host health, and how understanding parasite-microbiota interactions may lead to novel approaches in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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16
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Peachey LE, Molena RA, Jenkins TP, Di Cesare A, Traversa D, Hodgkinson JE, Cantacessi C. The relationships between faecal egg counts and gut microbial composition in UK Thoroughbreds infected by cyathostomins. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:403-412. [PMID: 29432771 PMCID: PMC5946844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We profiled the faecal microbial communities of horses with cyathostomin infections, pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment. Methanomicrobia and Dehalobacterium were expanded in the microbiota of horses with low cyathostomin faecal egg counts. A reduction in TM7 and an expansion in Adlercreutzia followed anthelmintic treatment in horses with high faecal egg counts. Novel intervention strategies against cyathostomins based on the manipulation of the gut flora may be developed.
A growing body of evidence, particularly in humans and rodents, supports the existence of a complex network of interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) helminth parasites and the gut commensal bacteria, with substantial effects on both host immunity and metabolic potential. However, little is known of the fundamental biology of such interactions in other animal species; nonetheless, given the considerable economic losses associated with GI parasites, particularly in livestock and equines, as well as the global threat of emerging anthelmintic resistance, further explorations of the complexities of host-helminth-microbiota interactions in these species are needed. This study characterises the composition of the equine gut commensal flora associated with the presence, in faecal samples, of low (Clow) and high (Chigh) numbers of eggs of an important group of GI parasites (i.e. the cyathostomins), prior to and following anthelmintic treatment. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons and associated bioinformatics and statistical analyses of sequence data revealed strong clustering according to faecal egg counts (P = 0.003). A trend towards increased populations of Methanomicrobia (class) and Dehalobacterium (genus) was observed in Clow in comparison with Chigh. Anthelmintic treatment in Chigh was associated with a significant reduction of the bacterial Phylum TM7 14 days post-ivermectin administration, as well as a transient expansion of Adlercreutzia spp. at 2 days post-treatment. This study provides a first known insight into the discovery of the intimate mechanisms governing host-parasite-microbiota interactions in equines, and sets a basis for the development of novel, biology-based intervention strategies against equine GI helminths based on the manipulation of the commensal gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Peachey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
| | - R A Molena
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - T P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - A Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - D Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - J E Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - C Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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17
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Reda AA. Probiotics for the Control of Helminth Zoonosis. J Vet Med 2018; 2018:4178986. [PMID: 29666821 PMCID: PMC5831688 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4178986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a comprehensive, concise, and an up to date review about probiotics effect and mechanisms against helminth infections of zoonotic importance. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans in a reversible way. Despite zoonotic helminth diseases being still a challenge to the public health and the agriculture industries globally, they were still neglected in both human and veterinary medicine. Moreover, the increasing emergence of anthelmintic drug resistance constitutes failures of most disease control strategies, alarming for a quest to new alternative control approaches. Consequently, the use of beneficial microorganisms, probiotics, is becoming interesting for its prophylactic or therapeutic application against several diseases including helminths. Recent studies on probiotics against parasites and the interactions between bacteria, parasites, and the immune system in the gut draw much attention. However, the effects of these beneficial microorganisms in helminth infections remain largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to raise attention and to summarize recent findings on probiotics research against helminth parasites of zoonotic significance. State-of-the-art research on beneficial effects of bacteria on helminth infections and their proposed mechanisms of action is thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abadi Amare Reda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
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18
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Peachey LE, Jenkins TP, Cantacessi C. This Gut Ain’t Big Enough for Both of Us. Or Is It? Helminth–Microbiota Interactions in Veterinary Species. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:619-632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Zaiss MM, Harris NL. Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:5-11. [PMID: 26345715 PMCID: PMC5019230 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, both helminths and bacteria have inhabited our intestines. As intestinal helminths and bacteria inhabit the same environmental niche, it is likely that these organisms interact with, and impact on, each other. In addition, intestinal helminths are well known to alter intestinal physiology, permeability, mucous secretion and the production of antimicrobial peptides – all of which may impact on bacterial survival and spatial organization. Yet despite rapid advances in our understanding of host–intestinal bacteria interactions, the impact of helminths on this relationship has remained largely unexplored. Moreover, although intestinal helminths are generally accepted to possess potent immuno‐modulatory activity, it is unknown whether this capacity requires interactions with intestinal bacteria. We propose that this ‘ménage à trois’ situation is likely to have exerted a strong selective pressure on the development of our metabolic and immune systems. Whilst such pressures remain in developing countries, the eradication of helminths in industrialized countries has shifted this evolutionary balance, possibly underlying the increased development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, helminth–bacteria interactions may represent a key determinant of healthy homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zaiss
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N L Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Ribeiro CDM, Zorgi NE, Meireles LR, Garcia JL, Andrade Junior HFD. CD19 LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION INDUCED BY Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis IN C57BL/6 MICE EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Toxoplasma gondii. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:26. [PMID: 27074320 PMCID: PMC4826079 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is frequently acquired through the oral route by the ingestion of cysts
or oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Once ingested, the parasites
penetrate the intestinal epithelial cells and rapidly disseminate to all organs in
the host. During T. gondii infection, the intestinal microbiota
plays an important role in stimulating a protective immune response against the
parasite. In this sense the use of probiotics is worthy of note since they are live
microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the host through stimulation of the
immune response that can be important in the control of T. gondii
proliferation and dissemination in the host. In the present study, the action of the
probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis
was investigated in C57BL/6 mice infected with oocysts of ME49 strain of T.
gondii. The probiotic had an immunomodulatory action, inducing CD19
lymphocyte proliferation and consequently increasing anti-T. gondii
antibody level.Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.
lactisprovided protection in supplemented mice, compared to the
control group. In addition, supplemented animals had milder inflammatory process in
the small intestine, indicating that the probiotic protects the intestinal mucosa
during infection with T. gondii. It was concluded that the
probioticB. animalis subsp. lactis induces
humoral immune response capable of providing protection against T.
gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahiara Esteves Zorgi
- São Paulo Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, , , ,
| | - Luciana Regina Meireles
- São Paulo Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, , , ,
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil,
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