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Kim MJ, Baek EJ, Kim JO, Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Il Kim K. Application of iron flocculation to concentrate white spot syndrome virus in seawater. J Virol Methods 2022; 306:114554. [PMID: 35623490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The iron flocculation method, which comprises the Fe-virus flocculate formation-filtration-resuspension steps, is extensively used to concentrate and precipitate viruses distributed in water. To apply this method to concentrate white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in seawater, viral genomic and infective recovery yields were compared between polyethylene sulfone (PES) and polycarbonate (PC) membrane filters and two types of resuspension buffers (oxalate and ascorbate). Viral genome quantitation was determined above a 95% limit of detection (11.48 viral DNA copies/μL) using quantitative real-time PCR. From WSSV-spiked seawater (100 to 106 viral DNA copies/mL), the viral genomic recovery yields of the PES-Oxalate, PC-Oxalate, PES-Ascorbate, and PC-Ascorbate conditions were 78.67% ± 12.90%, 84.53% ± 24.30%, 85.59% ± 16.98%, and 93.74% ± 7.44%, respectively. The detectable Fe-virus flocculates collected by the PC membrane were approximately 101 WSSV DNA copies/mL of seawater, a value more than 10-fold higher than that compared to the PES membrane filter (102 WSSV DNA copies/mL), regardless of the resuspension buffer types. WSSV resuspended with oxalate buffer caused mass mortality among whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), inducing the expression of the virus envelope protein, VP28, similar to that of a native virus, suggesting stable viral activity during the resuspension process. Based on the PES-Ascorbate, WSSV particles could be successfully concentrated in seawater from shrimp farms with white spot disease outbreaks (approximately 102 WSSV DNA copies/mL). Collectively, these findings indicate that the simple and efficient method of iron flocculation is sufficient to concentrate WSSV in seawater and could be used as a non-invasive approach and one of the reasonable diagnostic processes for white spot disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Baek
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ok Kim
- Tongyeong Regional Office, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS)
| | - Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS)
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS)
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Tavakoli Nick S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Mirjalali H, Alebouyeh M. Monitoring of rotavirus in treated wastewater in Tehran with a monthly interval, in 2017-2018. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:1065-1072. [PMID: 33328375 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are among the major causes of viral acute gastroenteritis in newborns and children younger than 5 years worldwide. The ability of rotaviruses to remain infectious in harsh environments as well as in the wastewater treatment process makes them one of the most prevalent enteric viruses. The current study aimed to determine the presence of rotavirus genomes and to analyze them phylogenetically in secondary treated wastewater (TW) samples. In total, 13 TW samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018. Viral concentration was carried out using the absorption-elution method, and after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed. A phylogenetic tree was drawn using Maximum Likelihood and Tamura 3-parameter using MEGA v.6 software. Rotavirus genomes were detected in 7/13 (53.8%) and 3/13 (23.07%) samples using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and conventional PCR, respectively. Accordingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed G4P[8], G9P[4], and G9P[8] genotypes among the samples. The presence of rotavirus in secondary TW samples discharged into surface water emphasizes the importance of monitoring and assessing viral contamination in the water sources used for agricultural and recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Castrignano SB, Nagasse-Sugahara TK, Garrafa P, Monezi TA, Barrella KM, Mehnert DU. Identification of circo-like virus-Brazil genomic sequences in raw sewage from the metropolitan area of São Paulo: evidence of circulation two and three years after the first detection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:175-181. [PMID: 28146157 PMCID: PMC5319365 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two novel viruses named circo-like virus-Brazil (CLV-BR) hs1 and hs2 were previously discovered in a Brazilian human fecal sample through metagenomics. CLV-BR hs1 and hs2 possess a small circular DNA genome encoding a replication initiator protein (Rep), and the two genomes exhibit 92% nucleotide identity with each other. Phylogenetic analysis based on the Rep protein showed that CLV-BRs do not cluster with circoviruses, nanoviruses, geminiviruses or cycloviruses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to search for CLV-BR genomes in sewage and reclaimed water samples from the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, to verify whether the first detection of these viruses was an isolated finding. METHODS Sewage and reclaimed water samples collected concomitantly during the years 2005-2006 were purified and concentrated using methodologies designed for the study of viruses. A total of 177 treated reclaimed water samples were grouped into five pools, as were 177 treated raw sewage samples. Nucleic acid extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and Sanger sequencing were then performed.e. FINDINGS CLV-BR genomes were detected in two pools of sewage samples, p6 and p9. Approximately 28% and 51% of the CLV-BR genome was amplified from p6 and p9, respectively, including 76% of the Rep gene. The detected genomes are most likely related to CLV-BR hs1. Comparative analysis showed several synonymous substitutions within Rep-encoding sequences, suggesting purifying selection for this gene, as has been observed for other eukaryotic circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses. MAIN CONCLUSION The results therefore indicated that CLV-BR has continued to circulate in Brazil two and three years after first being detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrícia Garrafa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Aouni Z, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Neji-Guédiche M, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 109:1093-104. [PMID: 20553345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A prospective study was performed to characterize the main human enteric viruses able to persist in sewage samples and in shellfish tissues, and to establish the correlation between environmental strains and viral infantile diarrhoea observed in the same area during the same period. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 250 sewage (raw and treated) and 60 shellfish samples were collected between January 2003 and April 2007 in Monastir region, Tunisia. Group A rotavirus (RVA) was detected in 80 (32%) sewage samples, norovirus (NoV) in 11 (4·4%) and enteric adenovirus (AdV) in 1 (0·4%). Among 60 shellfish samples collected near sewage effluents, one was contaminated by NoV (1·6%). CONCLUSION Our data represent the first documentation in Tunisia, combining gastroenteritis viruses circulating in the environment and in clinical isolates. We observed a correlation between environmental strains and those found in children suffering from gastroenteritis during the same period study. This suggests the existence of a relationship between water contamination and paediatric diarrhoea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results address the potential health risks associated with transmission of human enteric viruses through water-related environmental routes. The research findings will aid in elucidating the molecular epidemiology and circulation of enteric viruses in Tunisia and in Africa, where data are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Fumian TM, Leite JPG, Castello AA, Gaggero A, Caillou MSLD, Miagostovich MP. Detection of rotavirus A in sewage samples using multiplex qPCR and an evaluation of the ultracentrifugation and adsorption-elution methods for virus concentration. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:42-6. [PMID: 20804786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV-A) are the most common agents of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The goal of this study was to compare two different methods to concentrate RV-A from sewage samples and to improve the detection and quantification of RV-A using a multiplex quantitative PCR assay with an internal control. Both RV-A and the internal control virus, bacteriophage PP7, were seeded into wastewater and then concentrated using either an ultrafiltration-based adsorption-elution protocol or an ultracentrifugation-based protocol. Real time multiplex quantitative PCR was used to quantify the purified RV-A and PP7, and the results of the multiplex assay were compared with the results of the monoplex assays. The ultracentrifugation-based method had a mean recovery rate of 47% (range: 34-60%), while the ultrafiltration-based adsorption-elution method had a mean recovery rate of 3.5% (range: 1.5-5.5%). These results demonstrate that ultracentrifugation is a more appropriate method for recovering RV-A from wastewater. This method together with the multiplex qPCR assay may be suitable for routine laboratory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio M Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Concentration of viruses from environmental waters using nanoalumina fiber filters. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 81:33-8. [PMID: 20109500 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human viral contamination in drinking and recreational water may persist for extensive periods of time and cause a significant health risk concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate a viral recovery method using a new electropositive charged nanoalumina filter and to compare results with the widely used negatively charged HAWP filter by Millipore Inc. The recovery of infectious recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) was tested using the Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) assay, in parallel with viral genomes recovery assay by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The mean infectivity recoveries were 82-91% by nanoalumina filters eluted with 3% beef extract (BE, pH 6.0), and 78-90% by HAWP filters eluted with 3% BE (pH 9.0), respectively, from 1L of environmental samples seeded with 1 pfu/mL rAd5. The mean genome recoveries were 16-35% by nanoalumina filters eluted with BE (pH 6.0), and 29-66% by HAWP filters eluted with NaOH (pH 10.8) from different types of water, respectively. Water quality, concentration of viruses, filters, and elution buffers are factors that determine the viral recovery efficiencies. The nanoalumina filters also had higher filtration rates than HAWP filters for large volumes of environmental water samples (up to 10 L), thus, have an advantage in concentrating infectious viruses from environments without pre-filtration, adjusting pH or adding multivalent cations.
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Barrella KM, Garrafa P, Monezi TA, Hársi CM, Salvi C, Violante PABC, Mehnert DU. Longitudinal study on occurrence of adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in raw domestic sewage in the city of Limeira, SÃo Paulo. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:102-7. [PMID: 24031326 PMCID: PMC3768521 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090001000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the presence and annual distribution of adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in domestic sewage in the city of Limeira, São Paulo. Fifty samples with a volume of 8 liters each were collected weekly from December 2004 to December 2005. The viruses were concentrated by filtration through positively charged ZP60S filter membranes, followed by ultracentrifugation. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) were detected by PCR followed by nested-PCR and screening for species F was done by restriction of the PCR product with TaqI endonuclease. Virus infectivity assays were performed by inoculation of concentrates onto HEp-2 cell monolayers. RT-PCR was used for the detection of hepatitis A virus. HAdV were detected in all samples, and 64% of samples were positive for infectious virus. Species F was present in 82% of the samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 48% of the samples. These results demonstrate that HAdV and HAV were present in the domestic sewage of Limeira throughout the period of study, demonstrating the importance of an adequate treatment before the disposal in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Medici Barrella
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brasil
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Guimarães FR, Ferreira FFM, Vieira CB, Fumian TM, Shubo T, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Molecular detection of human astrovirus in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:819-23. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Concentration of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses from drinking water by use of glass wool filters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2990-6. [PMID: 18359827 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02246-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Available filtration methods to concentrate waterborne viruses are either too costly for studies requiring large numbers of samples, limited to small sample volumes, or not very portable for routine field applications. Sodocalcic glass wool filtration is a cost-effective and easy-to-use method to retain viruses, but its efficiency and reliability are not adequately understood. This study evaluated glass wool filter performance to concentrate the four viruses on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contaminant candidate list, i.e., coxsackievirus, echovirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, as well as poliovirus. Total virus numbers recovered were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR); infectious polioviruses were quantified by integrated cell culture (ICC)-qRT-PCR. Recovery efficiencies averaged 70% for poliovirus, 14% for coxsackievirus B5, 19% for echovirus 18, 21% for adenovirus 41, and 29% for norovirus. Virus strain and water matrix affected recovery, with significant interaction between the two variables. Optimal recovery was obtained at pH 6.5. No evidence was found that water volume, filtration rate, and number of viruses seeded influenced recovery. The method was successful in detecting indigenous viruses in municipal wells in Wisconsin. Long-term continuous filtration retained viruses sufficiently for their detection for up to 16 days after seeding for qRT-PCR and up to 30 days for ICC-qRT-PCR. Glass wool filtration is suitable for large-volume samples (1,000 liters) collected at high filtration rates (4 liters min(-1)), and its low cost makes it advantageous for studies requiring large numbers of samples.
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Jiménez-Clavero MA, Escribano-Romero E, Mansilla C, Gómez N, Córdoba L, Roblas N, Ponz F, Ley V, Sáiz JC. Survey of bovine enterovirus in biological and environmental samples by a highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3536-43. [PMID: 16000759 PMCID: PMC1168977 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3536-3543.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal enteroviruses shed in the feces of infected animals are likely environmental contaminants and thus can be used as indicators of animal fecal pollution. Previous work has demonstrated that bovine enterovirus (BEV) present in bovine feces contaminates waters adjacent to cattle herds and that BEV-like sequences are also present in shellfish and in deer feces from the same geographical area. However, little information is available about the prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and genomic sequence variation of BEV field isolates. Here we describe an optimized highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR method to detect BEV RNA in biological and environmental samples. A combination of the amplification procedure with a previously described filtration step with electropositive filters allowed us to detect up to 12 BEV RNA molecules per ml of water. The feasibility of using the method to detect BEV in surface waters at a high risk of fecal pollution was confirmed after analysis of water samples obtained from different sources. The method was also used to study the prevalence of BEV in different cattle herds around Spain, and the results revealed that 78% (78 of 100) of the fecal samples were BEV positive. BEV-like sequences were also detected in feces from sheep, goats, and horses. Nucleotide sequence analyses showed that BEV isolates are quite heterogeneous and suggested the presence of species-specific BEV-like variants. Detection of BEV-like sequences may help in the differentiation and characterization of animal sources of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Jiménez-Clavero
- Environmental Virology, Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Chinivasagam HN, Thomas RJ, Casey K, McGahan E, Gardner EA, Rafiee M, Blackall PJ. Microbiological status of piggery effluent from 13 piggeries in the south east Queensland region of Australia. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:883-91. [PMID: 15479402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assist in the development of safe piggery effluent re-use guidelines by determining the level of selected pathogens and indicator organisms in the effluent ponds of 13 south-east Queensland piggeries. METHODS AND RESULTS The numbers of thermotolerant coliforms, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and rotavirus were determined in 29 samples derived from the 13 piggeries. The study demonstrated that the 13 final effluent ponds contained an average of 1.2 x 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) 100 ml(-1) of thermotolerant coliforms and 1.03 x 10(5) CFU 100 ml(-1) of E. coli. The Campylobacter level varied from none detectable (two of 13 piggeries) to a maximum of 930 most probable number (MPN) 100 ml(-1) (two of 13 piggeries). Salmonella was detected in the final ponds of only four of the 13 piggeries and then only at a low level (highest level being 51 MPN 100 ml(-1)). No rotavirus and no Erysip. rhusiopathiae were detected. The average log10 reductions across the ponding systems to the final irrigation pond were 1.77 for thermotolerant coliforms, 1.71 for E. coli and 1.04 for Campylobacter. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided a baseline knowledge on the levels of indicator organisms and selected pathogens in piggery effluent. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The knowledge gained in this study will assist in the development of guidelines to ensure the safe and sustainable re-use of piggery effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Chinivasagam
- Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Intensive Livestock Systems Unit, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia
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Jiménez-Clavero MA, Fernández C, Ortiz JA, Pro J, Carbonell G, Tarazona JV, Roblas N, Ley V. Teschoviruses as indicators of porcine fecal contamination of surface water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6311-5. [PMID: 14532098 PMCID: PMC201186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.6311-6315.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Teschoviruses specifically infect pigs and are shed in pig feces. Hence, their presence in water should indicate contamination with pig fecal residues. To assess this hypothesis, we have developed a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) method that allows the quantitative detection of pig teschovirus (PTV) RNA. The method is able to detect 92 fg of PTV RNA per ml of sample. Using this method, we have detected the presence of PTV RNA in water and fecal samples from all pig farms examined (n = 5). Feces from other animal species (cattle, sheep, and goats) were negative in this test. To compare the PTV RNA detection method with conventional chemical determinations currently in use for evaluation of water contamination, we analyzed water samples collected downstream from a pig slurry spillage site. We have found a positive correlation within both types of determinations. The sensitivity of the PTV detection assay was similar to that achieved by unspecific organic matter determination and superior to all other conventional chemical analyses performed. Furthermore, the new method is highly specific, revealing the porcine origin of the contamination, a feature that is lacking in currently available methods for the assessment of water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Jiménez-Clavero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Queiroz AP, Santos FM, Sassaroli A, Hársi CM, Monezi TA, Mehnert DU. Electropositive filter membrane as an alternative for the elimination of PCR inhibitors from sewage and water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:4614-8. [PMID: 11571164 PMCID: PMC93211 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.10.4614-4618.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR is the best method for the detection of enteric viruses present at low concentrations in environmental samples. However, some organic and inorganic compounds present in these samples can interfere in the reaction. Many of these substances are cytotoxic, too. The ZP60S filter membranes used in addition to fluorpentane treatment are quite efficient for virus concentration and simultaneous elimination of cytotoxicity from environmental samples. In this study, both procedures were used to promote the elimination of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) inhibitors from sewage and sewage-polluted creek water. Samples were subjected separately to each of the following procedures: filtration through electropositive filter membranes (ZP60S), organic extraction with Vertrel XF, and filtration through ZP60S followed by organic extraction. Afterwards, aliquots were experimentally inoculated with rotavirus SA-11 RNA and subjected to RT-seminested PCR for amplification of the VP7 gene. Results showed that the ZP60S membranes efficiently eliminated the RT-PCR inhibitors from water samples. The sample processing method was also applied to 31 in natural sewage and creek water samples for detection of naturally occurring rotavirus. A duplex seminested PCR was used for the quick detection of couples of the four rotavirus genotypes (G1 to G4). Eight samples (25.8%) were positive, and rotavirus sequences were not detected in 23 (74.2%). Results were confirmed by direct immunoperoxidase method. In summary, the use of electropositive filter membrane is appropriate for the elimination of substances that can interfere with RT-PCR, obviating additional sample purification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Queiroz AP, Santos FM, Hársi CM, Candeias JM, Monezi TA, Mehnert DU. Factors that can interfere with virus concentration from wastewater when using Zeta Plus 60S filter membranes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:713-6. [PMID: 10998222 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeta plus filter membranes (ZP60S) have been shown to be efficient for rotavirus concentration from wastewater and for the reduction of cytotoxicity for cell cultures. Recently a variability in both properties was observed. In view of the low costs and the high virus recovery rates obtained in the past, we re-evaluated the application of ZP60S filter membranes for virus concentration from environmental samples. Some factors that could interfere with the concentration strategy using ZP60S were also considered and assessed including the type of water to be filtered and the possible release of toxic substances from the membrane matrix during filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brasil
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Lodder WJ, Vinjé J, van De Heide R, de Roda Husman AM, Leenen EJ, Koopmans MP. Molecular detection of Norwalk-like caliciviruses in sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:5624-7. [PMID: 10584031 PMCID: PMC91771 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5624-5627.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Norwalk-like virus (NLV) RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in sewage water concentrates. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products revealed identical sequences in stools of patients and related sewage samples. In 6 of 11 outbreak-unrelated follow-up samples, multiple NLV genotypes were present. Levels as high as 10(7) RNA-containing particles per liter were found. These data show that high loads of NLVs may be present in sewage and warrant further studies addressing the efficacy of NLV removal by sewage water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Lodder
- Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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