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Folgueira I, Lamas J, de Felipe AP, Sueiro RA, Leiro JM. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Superoxide Dismutases Isolated From A Scuticociliate Parasite: Physiological Role in Oxidative Stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13329. [PMID: 31527617 PMCID: PMC6746850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Philasterides dicentrarchi is a free-living microaerophilic scuticociliate that can become a facultative parasite and cause a serious parasitic disease in farmed fish. Both the free-living and parasitic forms of this scuticociliate are exposed to oxidative stress associated with environmental factors and the host immune system. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the host are neutralized by the ciliate by means of antioxidant defences. In this study we aimed to identify metalloenzymes with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity capable of inactivating the superoxide anion (•O2-) generated during induction of oxidative stress. P. dicentrarchi possesses the three characteristic types of SOD isoenzymes in eukaryotes: copper/zinc-SOD, manganese-SOD and iron-SOD. The Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes comprise three types of homodimeric proteins (CSD1-3) of molecular weight (MW) 34-44 kDa and with very different AA sequences. All Cu/Zn-SODs are sensitive to NaCN, located in the cytosol and in the alveolar sacs, and one of them (CSD2) is extracellular. Mn- and Fe-SOD transcripts encode homodimeric proteins (MSD and FSD, respectively) in their native state: a) MSD (MW 50 kDa) is insensitive to H2O2 and NaN3 and is located in the mitochondria; and b) FSD (MW 60 kDa) is sensitive to H2O2, NaN3 and the polyphenol trans-resveratrol and is located extracellularly. Expression of SOD isoenzymes increases when •O2- is induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and the increase is proportional to the dose of energy applied, indicating that these enzymes are actively involved in cellular protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Folgueira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Paula de Felipe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Sueiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leiro
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Castelo-Branco PV, Alves HJ, Pontes RL, Maciel-Silva VL, Ferreira Pereira SR. Ascorbic acid reduces the genetic damage caused by miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) in animals infected by Leishmania (Leishamnia) infantum without decreasing its antileishmanial activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 9:8-15. [PMID: 30578864 PMCID: PMC6304451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishamaniasis is a neglected disease caused by over 20 Leishmania species, occurring in more than a hundred countries. Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) is the single oral drug used in treatment for leshmaniases, including cases of infections resistant to pentavalent antimony. Our group has recently demonstrated the ability of miltefosine to cause genomic lesions by DNA oxidation. Acknowledging that antioxidant compounds can potentially modulate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), our study verified whether ascorbic acid reduces the genotoxic and mutagenic effects caused by miltefosine, and whether it interferes with drug efficacy. For this purpose, uninfected Swiss mice received simultaneous (single dose treatment) miltefosine and ascorbic acid (gavage and intraperitoneally), besides pre and post treatments (ascorbic acid 24 h before and after drug administration); furthermore, Balb/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum received miltefosine plus ascorbic acid (repeated doses treatment). We conducted comet assays, micronucleus tests, dosages of superoxide dismutase enzyme and parasitic burden by the limiting dilution assay. We observed that ascorbic acid administered intraperitoneally displayed a protective effect over damage caused by miltefosine. However, this effect was not not observed when the same doses were administered via gavage, possibly due to low serum levels of this antioxidant. Ascorbic acid's protective effect reinforces that miltefosine damages DNA by oxidizing its nitrogenous bases, which is reduced by ascorbic acid due to its ability of protecting genetic material from the action of ROS. Therefore, our results show that this drug is efficient in reducing parasitic burden of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Valéria Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Hugo José Alves
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Raissa Lacerda Pontes
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Maciel-Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of State of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Silma Regina Ferreira Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
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Longoni SS, Villagrán-Herrera ME, de Diego Cabrera JA, Marin C, Sanchez-Moreno M. Purification of a Fe-SOD excreted by Leishmania braziliensis for specific antibodies detection in Mexican human sera: Cutting-edge the knowledge. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:90-97. [PMID: 29988218 PMCID: PMC5991859 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of leishmaniasis is highly complex, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, sometimes non-specific, and thus the epidemiological study and diagnostic need specific molecular markers for each Leishmania species. Leishmania spp. posses different Fe-SOD isoforms, one of which is excreted into the external milieu and, presenting immunogenic characteristics, is a very reliable molecular marker. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are antioxidant metal-enzymes responsible for the dismutation of superoxide ion into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, and it is considered an important virulence factor. In this manuscript we have purified the iron(Fe)-SOD excreted by Leishmania braziliensis using ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography and we have studied it as an antigen in serodiagnostic analyses in ELISA and Western blot techniques, testing 213 human sera from Mexico. Indeed, L. braziliensis Fe-SODe has been purified 123.26 times with a specific activity of about 893.66 U/mg of protein. Applying the purified enzymes in serological tests we found 17.84% sera positive. We have demonstrated that the purified enzyme is more sensitive than the non-purified ones and we also demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of antibodies against L. braziliensis, not the main species in the country, in human population from Hidalgo and Nuevo Leon States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, UGR, Granada, Spain
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jose Antonio de Diego Cabrera
- Unidad de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marin
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, UGR, Granada, Spain
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Antibiotic selection of Escherichia coli sequence type 131 in a mouse intestinal colonization model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6139-44. [PMID: 25092712 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03021-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of different antibiotics to select for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli remains a topic of discussion. In a mouse intestinal colonization model, we evaluated the selective abilities of nine common antimicrobials (cefotaxime, cefuroxime, dicloxacillin, clindamycin, penicillin, ampicillin, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and amdinocillin) against a CTX-M-15-producing E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) isolate with a fluoroquinolone resistance phenotype. Mice (8 per group) were orogastrically administered 0.25 ml saline with 10(8) CFU/ml E. coli ST131. On that same day, antibiotic treatment was initiated and given subcutaneously once a day for three consecutive days. CFU of E. coli ST131, Bacteroides, and Gram-positive aerobic bacteria in fecal samples were studied, with intervals, until day 8. Bacteroides was used as an indicator organism for impact on the Gram-negative anaerobic population. For three antibiotics, prolonged colonization was investigated with additional fecal CFU counts determined on days 10 and 14 (cefotaxime, dicloxacillin, and clindamycin). Three antibiotics (cefotaxime, dicloxacillin, and clindamycin) promoted overgrowth of E. coli ST131 (P < 0.05). Of these, only clindamycin suppressed Bacteroides, while the remaining two antibiotics had no negative impact on Bacteroides or Gram-positive organisms. Only clindamycin treatment resulted in prolonged colonization. The remaining six antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, did not promote overgrowth of E. coli ST131 (P > 0.95), nor did they suppress Bacteroides or Gram-positive organisms. The results showed that antimicrobials both with and without an impact on Gram-negative anaerobes can select for ESBL-producing E. coli, indicating that not only Gram-negative anaerobes have a role in upholding colonization resistance. Other, so-far-unknown bacterial populations must be of importance for preventing colonization by incoming E. coli.
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Longoni SS, Marín C, Sánchez-Moreno M. Excreted Leishmania peruviana and Leishmania amazonensis iron-superoxide dismutase purification: specific antibody detection in Colombian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:26-34. [PMID: 24440468 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania sp. survival in the vertebrate host depends on the host macrophage immune response as well as on the parasite's defense against free radicals. Iron-superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) is a key antioxidant enzyme that contributes to radical superoxide dismutation, preventing the disease from surging and propagating itself. Leishmania sp. has various Fe-SOD isoforms, one of which (Fe-SODe) is excreted into the medium and, being highly immunogenic, can be considered a very good molecular marker. In this work, we purified the Fe-SOD enzymes excreted by L. peruviana and L. amazonensis and studied them as antigens in serodiagnosis. We used ELISA and Western blot techniques to test 51 human cutaneous leishmaniasis sera from Colombia. All 51 patients presented with dermal injuries caused by unknown Leishmania species. The results observed with the purified proteins were compared with those obtained when total soluble lysate and unpurified Fe-SODe were used as the antigen fraction. Thus, we conclude that the purified enzymes are more sensitive and specific than their unpurified counterparts and that there is no cross-reactivity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Leishmania infantum secreted iron superoxide dismutase purification and its application to the diagnosis of canine Leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:499-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mateo H, Sánchez-Moreno M, Marín C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with purified Trypanosoma cruzi excreted superoxide dismutase. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:1257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mateo H, Marín C, Pérez-Cordón G, Sánchez-Moreno M. Purification and biochemical characterization of four iron superoxide dismutases in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:271-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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