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Cvetkovikj I, Mrenoshki S, Krstevski K, Djadjovski I, Angjelovski B, Popova Z, Janevski A, Dodovski A, Cvetkovikj A. Bovine Tuberculosis in the Republic of Macedonia: Postmortem, Microbiological and Molecular Study in Slaughtered Reactor Cattle. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/macvetrev-2016-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease in cattle caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis and to a lesser extent by Mycobacterium caprae. The other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) can also cause the disease in domestic and wild animals and all of them have a zoonotic potential. The main purpose of the study was to determine the presence and distribution of the tuberculous lesions in reactor cattle, and to isolate and identify the causative agents of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Macedonia. Lymph nodes and affected organs from 188 reactor cattle slaughtered due to a positive intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test were analyzed by detection of tuberculous lesions, followed by isolation and molecular identification of the isolated mycobacteria. The isolation was performed on selective media - Lowenstein Jensen with glycerol, Lowenstein Jensen without glycerol and Stonebrink medium supplemented with pyruvate. The molecular identification of the MTBC members was performed by analysis of the Regions of difference (RD1, RD9 and RD4) and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lepA gene for Mycobacterium caprae. Typical tuberculous lesions were detected in 62 animals (33.0%) and the lesions were most prevalent in the mediastinal lymph nodes (47.5%). The isolated mycobacteria in the MTBC were identified as Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae and were found in both animals with visible lesions (82.2%) and animals without visible lesions (27.7%). The slaughterhouse postmortem examinations and laboratory investigations should be included on regular bases in order to improve the National eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Cvetkovikj
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Slavcho Mrenoshki
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Branko Angjelovski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Zagorka Popova
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Aleksandar Janevski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Aleksandar Dodovski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
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Berg S, Schelling E, Hailu E, Firdessa R, Gumi B, Erenso G, Gadisa E, Mengistu A, Habtamu M, Hussein J, Kiros T, Bekele S, Mekonnen W, Derese Y, Zinsstag J, Ameni G, Gagneux S, Robertson BD, Tschopp R, Hewinson G, Yamuah L, Gordon SV, Aseffa A. Investigation of the high rates of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia reveals no single driving factor and minimal evidence for zoonotic transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:112. [PMID: 25886866 PMCID: PMC4359574 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia, a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country, reports one of the highest incidence rates of extra-pulmonary TB dominated by cervical lymphadenitis (TBLN). Infection with Mycobacterium bovis has previously been excluded as the main reason for the high rate of extrapulmonary TB in Ethiopia. Methods Here we examined demographic and clinical characteristics of 953 pulmonary (PTB) and 1198 TBLN patients visiting 11 health facilities in distinct geographic areas of Ethiopia. Clinical characteristics were also correlated with genotypes of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results No major patient or bacterial strain factor could be identified as being responsible for the high rate of TBLN, and there was no association with HIV infection. However, analysis of the demographic data of involved patients showed that having regular and direct contact with live animals was more associated with TBLN than with PTB, although no M. bovis was isolated from patients with TBLN. Among PTB patients, those infected with Lineage 4 reported “contact with other TB patient” more often than patients infected with Lineage 3 did (OR = 1.6, CI 95% 1.0-2.7; p = 0.064). High fever, in contrast to low and moderate fever, was significantly associated with Lineage 4 (OR = 2.3; p = 0.024). On the other hand, TBLN cases infected with Lineage 4 tended to get milder symptoms overall for the constitutional symptoms than those infected with Lineage 3. Conclusions The study suggests a complex role for multiple interacting factors in the epidemiology of extrapulmonary TB in Ethiopia, including factors that can only be derived from population-based studies, which may prove to be significant for TB control in Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0846-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, TB Research Group, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Esther Schelling
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Elena Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rebuma Firdessa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,University of Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Balako Gumi
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Girume Erenso
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Araya Mengistu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Meseret Habtamu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Jemal Hussein
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Teklu Kiros
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Shiferaw Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Wondale Mekonnen
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yohannes Derese
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Brian D Robertson
- Center for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Flowers building, South Kensington, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, TB Research Group, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Lawrence Yamuah
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD Schools of Veterinary Medicine, Medicine and Medical Science, Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Abstract
The two most important molecular diagnostic techniques for bovine tuberculosis are the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because of its rapid determination of infection, and DNA strain typing because of its ability to answer important epidemiological questions. PCR tests for Mycobacterium bovis have been improved through recent advances in PCR technology, but still lack the sensitivity of good culture methods, and in some situations are susceptible to giving both false negative and false positive results. Therefore, PCR does not usually replace the need for culture, but is used to provide fast preliminary results. DNA typing of M. bovis isolates by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) was developed 25 years ago in New Zealand, and remains an important tool in the New Zealand control scheme, where the typing results are combined with other information to determine large and expensive possum poisoning operations. A range of other DNA typing systems developed for M. bovis in the 1990 s have assisted epidemiological investigations in some countries but are now less commonly used. Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing and spoligotyping, either alone or together, have now become the preferred approaches as they are robust and amenable to electronic analysis and comparison. Spoligotyping gives only moderate discrimination but can be easily applied to large numbers of isolates, and VNTR typing provides better discrimination than all other methods except for REA. While the current typing techniques are sufficient for most epidemiological purposes, more discriminating methods are likely to become available in the near future.
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