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Tao T, Feng G, Fang Y. Association between aspirin use and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Geriatr Med 2024; 15:3-18. [PMID: 37870707 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-023-00877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pose significant challenges to public health globally with no effective treatment strategies available. Therefore, the research focuses on developing effective prophylaxis to prevent the onset of these diseases. Recent studies have suggested that low-dose aspirin may help reduce the risk of dementia. Nonetheless, evidence regarding the correlation between aspirin consumption and the onset of dementia and AD is limited. This review aims to provide an up-to-date summary of the existing evidence and evaluate the association between aspirin and the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases was conducted to find eligible studies published until April 2023. A random-effects meta-analysis of the eligible studies was then performed to assess the link between aspirin use and the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, we conducted subgroup analyses to evaluate the overall effect of low-dose (75-100 mg) aspirin consumption on the onset of dementia and AD. RESULTS A total of 875 studies were identified, with only 22 meeting the inclusion criteria. There was no statistically significant impact of aspirin consumption on the onset of dementia (HR 1.13, 11 studies) or Alzheimer's disease (HR 0.91, 3 studies). Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that taking low doses of aspirin (75-100 mg) did not significantly affect the onset of either dementia (HR 0.96, 13 studies) or Alzheimer's disease (HR 0.85, 2 studies). CONCLUSIONS Aspirin use does not decrease the risk of dementia or AD, even when taken in low doses. However, the quality of the studies analyzed was inadequate, with only three randomized controlled trials included in the review. Future high-quality studies are needed to assess the effect of aspirin consumption on these diseases. These findings may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate prophylactic strategies for patients at risk of developing dementia and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shaoxing No. 7 People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Guohua Feng
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shaoxing No. 7 People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, No. 999, Zhongxing South Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
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Santos BPD, Amorim JSCD, Poltronieri BC, Hamdan AC. Associação entre limitação funcional e deficit cognitivo em pacientes idosos hospitalizados. CADERNOS BRASILEIROS DE TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2526-8910.ctoao2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução A hospitalização é reconhecida como um fator de risco para o declínio funcional do idoso, bem como para o declínio cognitivo. Entretanto, a associação entre essas variáveis ainda não é bem estabelecida, sobretudo no contexto hospitalar. Objetivo Verificar a associação entre deficit cognitivo e limitação funcional em atividades básicas da vida diária entre idosos hospitalizados. Método Estudo seccional, com idosos internados em dois hospitais públicos. Foi verificada a presença de deficit cognitivo por meio do teste de rastreio Mini Exame do Estado Mental e a presença de limitação funcional pelo Índice Katz para Atividades Básicas de Vida Diária. Foi realizada análise descritiva da amostra e regressão logística, estimando-se os valores de odds ratio e respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%). Resultados A prevalência de deficit cognitivo foi de 51,5% (IC95%, 41,6-61,4) e 37,6% dos idosos apresentaram dependência em uma ou mais atividades básicas de vida diária. Os resultados mostraram que tanto o número de atividades comprometidas (p=0,002) quanto a classificação final do índice Katz (p=0,001) foram diferentes estatisticamente entre os grupos de idosos com e sem deficit cognitivo. Entre os idosos que eram dependentes parciais para as atividades, 14,9% apresentaram deficit cognitivo; já entre aqueles que eram dependentes totais, o valor foi de 13,9%. Os idosos dependentes nas atividades apresentaram 5,08 vezes (IC95%, 1,84-14,01) maior chance de deficit cognitivo. Conclusão: O deficit cognitivo foi associado à limitação funcional e os resultados colaboraram no direcionamento da sistematização da assistência precoce direcionada, a fim de minimizar perdas cognitivas e funcionais na hospitalização.
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Guo S, Xiao B, Wu C. Identifying subtypes of mild cognitive impairment from healthy aging based on multiple cortical features combined with volumetric measurements of the hippocampal subfields. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:1477-1489. [PMID: 32676366 DOI: 10.21037/qims-19-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is subtle cognitive decline with an estimated 10-15% yearly conversion rate toward Alzheimer's disease (AD). It remains unexplored in brain cortical association areas in different lobes and its changes with progression and conversion of MCI. Methods Brain structural magnetic resonance (MR) images were collected from 102 stable MCI (sMCI) patients. One hundred eleven were converted MCI (cMCI) patients, and 109 were normal control (NC). The cortical surface features and volumes of subcortical hippocampal subfields were calculated using the FreeSurfer software, followed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) model, to reveal the differences between the NC-sMCI, NC-cMCI, and sMCI-cMCI groups. Afterward, the support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) method was applied to determine the differences between the groups. Results The experimental results showed that there were progressive degradations in either range or degree of the brain structure from NC to sMCI, and then to cMCI. The SVM classifier obtained accuracies with 64.62%, 78.96%, and 70.33% in the sMCI-NC, cMCI-NC, and cMCI-sMCI groups, respectively, using the volumes of hippocampal subfields independently. The combination of the volumes from the hippocampal subfields and cortical measurements could significantly increase the performance to 71.86%, 84.64%, and 76.86% for the sMCI-NC, cMCI-NC, and cMCI-sMCI classifications, respectively. Also, the brain regions corresponding to the dominant features with strong discriminative power were widely located in the temporal, frontal, parietal, olfactory cortexes, and most of the hippocampal subfields, which were associated with cognitive decline, memory impairment, spatial navigation, and attention control. Conclusions The combination of cortical features with the volumes of hippocampal subfields could supply critical information for MCI detection and its conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benheng Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congling Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Kobayashi-Cuya KE, Sakurai R, Suzuki H, Ogawa S, Takebayashi T, Fujiwara Y. Observational Evidence of the Association Between Handgrip Strength, Hand Dexterity, and Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Epidemiol 2018. [PMID: 29526916 PMCID: PMC6111109 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20170041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deterioration of hand motor function is a possible risk factor of cognitive impairment in older adults. Despite a growing body of research, a lack of clarity exists regarding the relationships. This review offers a synthesis of existing observational studies evaluating the associations of handgrip strength and hand dexterity with cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO, and ScienceDirect were systematically searched (search dates: 1990-2016), and relevant articles were cross-checked for related and relevant publications. RESULTS Twenty-two observational studies assessed the association of handgrip strength or hand dexterity with cognitive performance; none evaluated handgrip strength and hand dexterity together. Handgrip strength was associated with global cognition, mostly assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Also, one cross-sectional and three longitudinal studies found an association with cognitive domains, such as language, memory, visuospatial ability, working memory, and processing speed. Hand dexterity was only assessed cross-sectionally in four studies. These studies found an association with cognitive domains, such as executive function. CONCLUSIONS Although handgrip strength was associated with cognitive performance, it is unclear which variable at baseline affects the other in the long-term. Cross-sectional studies indicate an association between hand dexterity and cognitive performance, yet longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate this association. The interaction effects of both decreased grip strength and hand dexterity on cognitive performance is still unclear; therefore, future studies will need to consider the interaction of the three variables cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Estela Kobayashi-Cuya
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University
| | - Ryota Sakurai
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Susumu Ogawa
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
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Ferreira Santana R, Batista Rosa T, Gonçalves Aquino R, Araújo de Alexandrino S, Alves Santos GL, Araújo Lobato H. Maintenance of functional capacity in cognitive stimulation subgroups. INVESTIGACION Y EDUCACION EN ENFERMERIA 2016; 34:493-501. [PMID: 29737722 DOI: 10.17533/udea.iee.v34n3a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the improvement of the elderly's functional capacity before intervention in cognitive stimulation workshops, according to subgroups. METHODS uantitative study, by before and after evaluation, following during one year the cognitive stimulation intervention, conducted according to recommendations of NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) Domain 3 - Behavior, Class P, Cognitive Therapy "interventions to reinforce or promote desirable behaviors or to change undesirable behaviors". Participants were 67 people, with ages between 60 and 88. The criteria for subgroups were: healthy= memory complaint and Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score above or equal to 26 (n = 20); low education level = memory complaint and up to 5 years of study (n = 11); depression = memory and humor complaint, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score ≥ 4 (n = 25); and the control group (n = 11), which did not receive the intervention, just the conventional treatment. RESULTS Although statistically significant differences have been observed in specific scores at each subgroup: MMSE (greater improvement in healthy elderly); GDS (greater improvement in the depression group); and the Word recall test (lower at the "low education level" group); it was noticed that at all intervention subgroups the functional capacity was maintained when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive stimulation workshops were useful to the elderly, who received the nursing intervention, the cognitive therapy. It is recommended adoption of the intervention in specific subgroups, according to their own cognitive limitations.
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Li B, Zhu X, Hou J, Chen T, Wang P, Li J. Combined Cognitive Training vs. Memory Strategy Training in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:834. [PMID: 27375521 PMCID: PMC4896109 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As mnemonic utilization deficit in older adults associates with age-related decline in executive function, we hypothesized that memory strategy training combined with executive function training might induce larger training effect in memory and broader training effects in non-memory outcomes than pure memory training. The present study compared the effects of combined cognitive training (executive function training plus memory strategy training) to pure memory strategy training. Forty healthy older adults were randomly assigned to a combined cognitive training group or a memory strategy training group. A control group receiving no training was also included. Combined cognitive training group received 16 sessions of training (eight sessions of executive function training followed by eight sessions of memory strategy training). Memory training group received 16 sessions of memory strategy training. The results partly supported our hypothesis in that indeed improved performance on executive function was only found in combined training group, whereas memory performance increased less in combined training compared to memory strategy group. Results suggest that combined cognitive training may be less efficient than pure memory training in memory outcomes, though the influences from insufficient training time and less closeness between trained executive function and working memory could not be excluded; however it has broader training effects in non-memory outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR-OON-16007793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; English Department, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tingji Chen
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Science and Humanities, University of TampereTampere, Finland
| | - Pengyun Wang
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Santos MDD, Borges SDM. Percepção da funcionalidade nas fases leve e moderada da doença de Alzheimer: visão do paciente e seu cuidador. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e comparar a percepção da funcionalidade de idosos com doença de Alzheimer (DA) em relação à percepção de seus cuidadores, bem como avaliar e comparar essa relação de acordo com o grau de comprometimento cognitivo desses idosos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal em 20 idosos com DA e seus cuidadores, sendo aplicada a Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) para avaliar a percepção da funcionalidade de acordo com o relato do idoso com DA e seu cuidador; foi aplicada a escala de avaliação clínica da demência (CDR) para avaliar o estadiamento clínico da demência, sendo considerados idosos com DA leve (CDR 1) e DA moderada (CDR 2). RESULTADOS: Comparada a percepção da funcionalidade da amostra total de idosos com DA e seus respectivos cuidadores, a média da MIF foi de 116,5 (dp=9,8) pontos, segundo a visão dos idosos, e a média foi de 88,5 (dp=19,0) pontos nas tarefas avaliadas pela MIF, de acordo com seus cuidadores (p<0,001). O mesmo padrão foi observado na comparação entre os idosos com DA leve e seus cuidadores, embora os itens "autocuidados" e "mobilidade da MIF" não tenham sido estatisticamente significativos. Já nos idosos com DA moderada, houve diferença significativa em todas as dimensões da MIF quando comparada a seus cuidadores. CONCLUSÃO: Idosos com DA subestimam suas dificuldades quando comparados com a percepção de seus cuidadores e, à medida que a gravidade da doença aumenta, há piora progressiva da percepção da sua funcionalidade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila de Melo Borges
- Universidade Santa Cecília, Brasil; Universidade Santa Cecília, Brasil; Universidade Santa Cecília, Brasil
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Ferreira LL, Cochito TC, Caíres FD, Marcondes LP, Saad PCB. Capacidade funcional de idosos institucionalizados com e sem doença de Alzheimer. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-9823.2014.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A longevidade da população trouxe à tona doenças de natureza crônica e degenerativa, como a doença de Alzheimer. Esta doença acentua as alterações fisiológicas do envelhecimento, alterando a capacidade da pessoa para cuidar de si mesma, produzindo grande dependência. OBJETIVO: Comparar a capacidade funcional de idosos institucionalizados com e sem a doença de Alzheimer. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal do qual participaram 201 idosos residentes em quatro instituições públicas de longa permanência para idosos, divididos em grupo experimental com 20 idosos com doença de Alzheimer e grupo controle com 181 idosos sem a doença. Foram obtidos os dados sociodemográficos, e os idosos foram submetidos a avaliação funcional pelo índice de Barthel. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos residentes era do gênero feminino em ambos os grupos; o grupo experimental apresentou maior idade (p=0,002), menor tempo de institucionalização (p=0,01) e dependência (p=0,01) em comparação aos idosos sem a doença. CONCLUSÃO: Os idosos institucionalizados com doença de Alzheimer apresentam menor capacidade funcional que os idosos sem a doença.
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Volpini MM, Frangella VS. Nutritional assessment of institutionalized elderly. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2013; 11:32-40. [PMID: 23579741 PMCID: PMC4872965 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082013000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To define the nutritional profile of institutionalized elderly individuals. Methods: Comparative correlation and quantitative field study conducted in a Long-Stay Institution in Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil, between December 2010 and January 2012. To define nutritional diagnosis, data were collected from patient files, such as body mass index, circumferences, triceps skinfold, muscle area of the arm, thickness of the adductor pollicis, handgrip strength, and biochemical test results. The anthropometric variables were presented as mean, standard deviation, and percentages, and were grouped by gender and stratified by age. The level of statistical significance was p<0.05. Results: One hundred and two elderly individuals were selected, and 84 were females. Excess weight was the most common anthropometric diagnosis in men (n=11; 61%), with the detection of protein depletion in those aged 70 years, and possible cases of sarcopenic obesity. All women were in good health conditions (n=84; 100%). However, in 27% (n=23) of them, protein depletion was evident. Conclusion: More anthropometric studies are necessary which would allow a definition of local reference standards, stratified by gender and age group. The difference between populations and factors, such as inclusion and exclusion criteria, and methodological characteristics, limit the use of international standards, interfering in the reliability of the nutritional diagnosis.
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Chaves ML, Godinho CC, Porto CS, Mansur L, Carthery-Goulart MT, Yassuda MS, Beato R. Cognitive, functional and behavioral assessment: Alzheimer's disease. Dement Neuropsychol 2011; 5:153-166. [PMID: 29213740 PMCID: PMC5619475 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642011dn05030003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the evidence on cognitive, functional and behavioral assessment for the diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is presented with revision and broadening of the recommendations on the use of tests and batteries in Brazil for the diagnosis of dementia due to AD. A systematic review of the literature (MEDLINE, LILACS and SCIELO database) was carried out by a panel of experts. Studies on the validation and/or adaptation of tests, scales and batteries for the Brazilian population were analyzed and classified according to level of evidence. There were sufficient data to recommend the IQCODE, DAFS-R, DAD, ADL-Q and Bayer scale for the evaluation of instrumental activities of daily living, and the Katz scale for the assessment of basic activities of daily living. For the evaluation of neuropsychiatric symptoms, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the CAMDEX were found to be useful, as was the Cornell scale for depression in dementia. The Mini-Mental State Examination has clinical utility as a screening test, as do the multifunctional batteries (CAMCOG-R, ADAS-COG, CERAD and MDRS) for brief evaluations of several cognitive domains. There was sufficient evidence to recommend the CDR scale for clinical and severity assessment of dementia. Tests for Brazilian Portuguese are recommended by cognitive domain based on available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia L.F. Chaves
- Neurology Service of the Hospital de Clínicas of
Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Claudia C. Godinho
- Neurology Service of the Hospital de Clínicas of
Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Claudia S. Porto
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group of the
Department of Neurology of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine,
Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo School of
Medicine, and Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of
ABC, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Mansur
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group of the
Department of Neurology of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine,
Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo School of
Medicine, and Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of
ABC, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Speech Therapy and
Occupational Therapy of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine,
São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group of the
Department of Neurology of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine,
Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo School of
Medicine, and Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of
ABC, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica S. Yassuda
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group of the
Department of Neurology of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine,
Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo School of
Medicine, and Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of
ABC, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Department of Gerontology, School of Arts, Sciences and
Humanities of the University of São Paulo (EACH-USP East), São Paulo
SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Beato
- Research Group in Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology,
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas
Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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