Índices de trauma em pacientes submetidos à laparotomia

Assessment of trauma scoring systems in patients subjected to exploratory laparotomy

OBJECTIVE

to assess the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing exploratory trauma laparotomy based on severity and prognosis criteria, and to determine the predictive accuracy of trauma scoring systems in terms of morbidity and mortality.

METHODS

retrospective cohort study and review of medical records of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for blunt or penetrating trauma at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre, from November 2015 to November 2019. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, physiological (RTS and Shock Index), anatomical (ISS, NISS and ATI) and combined (TRISS and NTRISS) trauma scores, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, length of stay and outcomes.

RESULTS

506 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 31 ± 13 years, with the majority being males (91.3%). Penetrating trauma was the most common mechanism of injury (86.2%), predominantly by firearms. The average RTS at hospital admission was 7.5 ± 0.7. The mean ISS and NISS was 16.5 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 13.6, respectively. The probability of survival estimated by TRISS was 95.5%, and by NTRISS 93%. The incidence of postoperative complications was 39.7% and the overall mortality was 12.8%. The most accurate score for predicting mortality was the NTRISS (88.5%), followed by TRISS, NISS and ISS.

CONCLUSION

the study confirms the applicability of trauma scores in the studied population. The NTRISS seems to be the best predictor of morbidity and mortality.

Duodenal diverticulization as treatment of complex duodeno-pancreatic lesions: Case report

INTRODUCTION

Duodenal and pancreatic lesions are uncommon, but severe and responsible for high incidence in morbidity and mortality. Differences between the mechanisms of trauma, the severity of lesions and the time between trauma, diagnosis and treatment influence the evolution of the case.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We report a case of a 20-year-old patient with several lesions in stomach, duodenum, pancreas and jejunum due to three gunshots treated at our service. Duodenal diverticulalization was used on treatment of complex duodeno-pancreatic lesions. The patient presented good evolution, with discharge conditions in the 10th PO.

DISCUSSION

We discussed the positives and negatives of this technique, with the approval of the Ethics Committee number 13736519.8.0000.5479.

CONCLUSION

The duodenal diverticulization leads to an irreversible change to the food transit. However, this is a feasible bypass option in cases of high chances of fistula and scar stenosis complex duodenal injury, particularly in the context of associated gastric injury.

New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) adjustments for survival prediction

Background

The objective of this study is to propose three new adjustments to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) equation and compare their performances with the original TRISS as well as this index with coefficients adjusted for the study population.

Methods

This multicenter, retrospective study evaluated trauma victims admitted to two hospitals in São Paulo-Brazil and San Diego-EUA between January 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2010. The proposed models included a New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS)-like model that included Best Motor Response (BMR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), New Injury Severity Score (NISS), and age variables; a TRISS peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) model that included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), SBP, SpO₂, Injury Severity Score, and age variables; and a NTRISS-like SpO₂ model that included BMR, SBP, SpO₂, NISS, and age variables. All equations were adjusted for blunt and penetrating trauma coefficients. The model coefficients were established by logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the models.

Results

The original TRISS (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.90), TRISS with adjusted coefficients (AUC = 0.89), and the new proposals (NTRISS-like, TRISS SpO₂, and NTRISS-like SpO₂) showed no difference in performance (AUC = 0.89, 0.89, and 0.90, respectively).

Conclusions

The new models demonstrated good accuracy and similar performance to the original TRISS and TRISS adjusted for coefficients in the study population; therefore, the new proposals may be useful for the assessments of quality of care in trauma patients using variables that are routinely measured and recorded.

Performance of Trauma and Injury Severity Score(TRISS) adjustments: an integrative review

Objective Identify studies that made adjustments to the equation of Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and compared the discriminatory ability of both modified and original equations. Method An integrative review of studies published between 1990 and 2014 using the following databases: LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO, based on searches using the term "TRISS". Results 32 studies were included in this review. Of 67 adjustments to TRISS equations identified, 35 (52.2%) resulted in improved accuracy of this index in the prediction of survival probability for trauma patients. Adjustments of TRISS coefficients to study population were frequent, but did not always improve the predictive ability of the analyzed models. Replacement of physiological variables of the Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and changes in the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in the original equation presented varied performance. An alteration to the method of age inclusion in the equation, and the insertion of gender, comorbidities and trauma mechanism, presented a tendency towards improved performance of the TRISS. Conclusion Different proposals of adjustments to the TRISS were identified in this review and indicated, in particular, RTS fragilities in the original model and the need to change the method of age inclusion in the equation to improve the predictive ability of this index.

Evaluation of gasometric parameters in trauma patients during mobile prehospital care

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate gasometric differences of severe trauma patients requiring intubation in prehospital care.

METHODS

Patients requiring airway management were submitted to collection of arterial blood samples at the beginning of pre-hospital care and at arrival at the Emergency Room. We analyzed: Glasgow Coma Scale, respiratory rate, arterial pH, arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2), base excess (BE), hemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2) and the relation of PaO2 and inspired O2 (PaO2/FiO2).

RESULTS

There was statistical significance of the mean differences between the data collected at the site of the accident and at the entrance of the ER as for respiratory rate (p = 0.0181), Glasgow Coma Scale (p = 0.0084), PaO2 (p <0.0001) and SpO2 (p = 0.0018).

CONCLUSION

tracheal intubation changes the parameters PaO2 and SpO2. There was no difference in metabolic parameters (pH, bicarbonate and base excess). In the analysis of blood gas parameters between survivors and non-survivors there was statistical difference between PaO2, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and base excess.

[Victims of traffic occurrence submitted to surgery procedures: characteristics and perioperative complications]

This study aimed to characterize the victims of traffic occurrence submitted to anesthetic-surgical procedures according to demographics and clinical data and identify the predictors of complications during the perioperative period (hemorrhagic shock and death). A cross-longitudinal analysis developed from the consultations of patients´ records submitted to surgery at a hospital in São Paulo city. There was predominance of young, male, and motorcycle/cyclist accident victims who received prehospital support in 69 analyzed patients. The abdomen as the most severely injured region, Injury Severity Score, general and orthopedic surgeries variables showed statistically significant association with shock and death. Age was only associated with shock. In the final model, the Injury Severity Score was predictor for shock and death, and general surgery only for shock. Orthopedic surgery was a protection factor for death. These findings subsidize the surgical team in strategic planning that aims to decrease undesirable outcomes.

[Prehospital care to multiple victims with simulated trauma]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the quality of prehospital care agencies conducted in Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study in the archives of the League of Academic Surgery and Trauma Care of Espírito Santo (Lacates) regarding 40 victims of a simulated crash between a bus and two cars. The patients were treated by four teams: Military Fire Department of Espírito Santo, Samu 192, County Guard and Civil Defense. The performance of these teams was evaluated by Lacates, through analysis of a check-list with pre-established guidelines for each victim.

RESULT

The Fire Department of Espírito Santo (CBMES), which extricated victims, outlined the danger zones and carried out the screening by the method START, acted correctly in 92.5% of cases. The Samu 192 victims, which attended victims by the mnemonic method (ABCDE) in medical outposts, acted correctly in 92.5% of cases in the category Airway; 97.5% in breathing, 92.5% in circulation, 90% in Neurological Assessment, and 50% in the Exhibition and Environmental Control. The analysis showed that the ABCDE care was correct in 42.5% of cases. The transport of patients was performed correctly in 95% of cases. The County Guard secured the patency of the avenues for transportation of patients and Civil Defense successfully coordinated the work of teams involved in the command post.

CONCLUSION

The triage and transport of victims have been performed satisfactorily. However, more attention should be given to exposure and hypothermia protection of victims, since this item compromised treatment.

The role of the New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) for survival prediction

The objective of this study was to verify if replacing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) by the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in the original Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) form would improve the survival rate estimation. This retrospective study was performed in a level I trauma center during one year. ROC curve was used to identify the best indicator (TRISS or NTRISS) for survival probability prediction. Participants were 533 victims, with a mean age of 38±16 years. There was predominance of motor vehicle accidents (61.9%). External injuries were more frequent (63.0%), followed by head/neck injuries (55.5%). Survival rate was 76.9%. There is predominance of ISS scores ranging from 9-15 (40.0%), and NISS scores ranging from 16-24 (25.5%). Survival probability equal to or greater than 75.0% was obtained for 83.4% of the victims according to TRISS, and for 78.4% according to NTRISS. The new version (NTRISS) is better than TRISS for survival prediction in trauma patients.

Ten years of new injury severity score (NISS): is it a possible change?

The article is a bibliographic review which intends to present the actual range of researches comparing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS). Databases were searched using the keyword NISS, with 42 articles, 23 of which didn't compare the two indexes. Most part of the 19 selected articles showed that NISS has been more accurate in predicting the outcomes (dependent variables) than ISS, moreover in severe and specific trauma. Studies with populations between 1,000 and 10,000 resulted in NISS-favorable results, whereas studies with populations larger than 10,000 or smaller than 1,000 showed either NISS-favorable results or no difference between the two groups. However, there were no studies showing ISS-favorable results. These results and the easier calculation of NISS lead to a future replacement of ISS by NISS.

Trauma de duodeno: análise de fatores relacionados à morbimortalidade

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores preditivos de morbimortalidade em pacientes com trauma duodenal. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo de 77 pacientes com lesão traumática de duodeno, em um hospital universitário, de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2005. As lesões Grau I foram excluídas. RESULTADOS: O mecanismo de trauma foi penetrante em 87% dos casos e fechado em 13%, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade nestes grupos. Atraso maior que seis horas entre o trauma e a cirurgia foi observado em 7,8% dos casos e não influenciou na evolução dos pacientes. O reparo primário da lesão duodenal foi realizado em 84,4% dos pacientes e os procedimentos complexos em 15,6%, com maior índice de mortalidade no último grupo. A média do ATI foi de 34,5 e a do ISS foi de 22,8. As taxas de morbidade e de mortalidade foram, respectivamente, 61% e 27,3%. A maioria dos pacientes que evoluíram a óbito apresentou-se com choque hipovolêmico na admissão, possuia baixo RTS, elevados ATI e ISS, e baixo TRISS quando comparados aos sobreviventes. Choque hipovolêmico, RTS alterado, lesões associadas e probabilidade de sobrevivência menor que 50% foram considerados fatores independentes associados à mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A morbidade associada ao trauma duodenal neste estudo foi dependente de lesões intra-abdominais associadas, contaminação da cavidade peritoneal e reparos complexos da lesão duodenal. A apresentação fisiológica do paciente, gravidade das lesões (ISS > 25) e TRISS foram importantes fatores preditivos de morbidade e mortalidade em traumatizados com lesão duodenal.