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Machado RZ, Castilho Neto KJGDA, Gonçalves LR, Machado GF, Luvizotto MCR, Vasconcelos RDO, Jussiani G, Silva TMVD, Gimenes LU, Jackson A, Wright G, Teixeira MMG. Detection of Trypanosoma vivax in tissues of experimentally infected goats: what is the role of adipose tissue in the life cycle of this protozoon? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e017721. [PMID: 34910020 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, is responsible for great economic losses among livestock in Africa and South America. During the life cycle of these parasites, they may present different morphological, metabolic and physiological characteristics depending on the interactions that are encountered at each point of their life cycle. Although T. vivax is frequently reported in the circulation of its mammalian hosts, it has the ability to migrate to the tissues of these individuals. However, this characteristic is poorly understood. In this context, we aimed to investigate the presence of T. vivax and the changes caused in different tissues of experimentally infected goats. Despite the animals were not perfused before tissues collection, using different approaches, we demonstrated its presence in different samples, including in the adipose tissue and skin of infected animals. In addition, a mononuclear inflammatory reaction, mostly characterized by an infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were observed. The results highlight the possibility that, like other trypanosomatids, T. vivax may use these tissues during its life cycle. Future studies aiming to elucidate the length of time for which T. vivax remains active in these sites, and whether it uses these sites as a refuge from trypanocidal drugs, and whether it is capable of recolonizing the blood circulation, are much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Kayo José Garcia de Almeida Castilho Neto
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Giulia Jussiani
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Thiago Merighi Vieira da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Lindsay Unno Gimenes
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - ICB, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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First report of Trypanosoma vivax infection in sheep from Nicaragua. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100602. [PMID: 34474795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Central America, outbreaks of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax have been recorded only in cattle. This is the first report of an outbreak of trypanosomiasis by T. vivax in 30 Pelibuey sheep (2 to 7 years old, male and female) from Nicaragua, which occurred in 2009. Clinical signs included fever, apathy, pale mucous membranes, weakness, progressive weight loss, and sudden death. Infection by T. vivax was detected in 22 (73.3%) sheep by blood smear analysis and/or PCR. Trypanosomes were morphologically identified in 11 (36.7%) blood smear samples, whereas 17 (85%) of the 20 samples subjected to PCR were positive for T. vivax. Eighteen (81.8%) of the 22 infected sheep presented a packed red cell volume (PCV) lower than 25%. Upon diagnosis, the treated animals were clinically recovered and no parasites could be observed in subsequent examinations. Tabanids were potential mechanical vectors of T. vivax in the farm. This is the first report of T. vivax in Nicaragua and for the first time this haemoparasite is recorded in sheep in Central America.
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Costa RVC, Abreu APM, Thomé SMG, Massard CL, Santos HA, Ubiali DG, Brito MF. Parasitological and clinical-pathological findings in twelve outbreaks of acute trypanosomiasis in dairy cattle in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100466. [PMID: 33308723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, infection in cattle was first reported in the state of Pará, in 1944, and the presence of the parasite has already been recorded in several states. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical-pathological aspects of a natural infection by T. vivax in dairy cattle in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Twelve outbreaks of the infection were diagnosed in 11 municipalities from April 2016 to October 2018. All properties had acquired cattle from states where the disease had already been recorded and it was found that needles for oxytocin administration had been shared. These outbreaks were studied by visiting the properties to perform anamnesis, clinical exams and collection of material for laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis was performed through parasitological, molecular and histopathological techniques. Animals with confirmed diagnosis for T. vivax showed anemia, lack of appetite, decreased milk production, weight loss, weakness, abortion, diarrhea and neurological signs. The main histological lesions found were meningoencephalitis and lymphohistiocytic myocarditis. In the central nervous system, the lesions were more severe in the brain compared to the spinal cord, being progressively more severe in the rostro-dorsal direction. Also, they were more accentuated in the white matter compared to the gray matter. Due to nonspecific clinical signs, laboratory tests were key for diagnosis. Trypanosomiasis in cattle herds in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is of great concern because of its potential to cause economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata V C Costa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Abreu
- Department of Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Sandra M G Thomé
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Luiz Massard
- Department of Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson A Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel G Ubiali
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Marilene F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
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Batista JS, Araújo Júnior HND, Moura GHF, Góis RCDS, Paiva KARD, Silva JBD, Costa WP, Menezes MCD, Nunes FVA, Costa KMDFM, Medeiros GVDD. Cardiac involvement in trypanosomiasis in sheep experimentally infected by Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemman, 1905). Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107714. [PMID: 31279927 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical signs, electrocardiographic signs and evolution of histopathological lesions in the heart of sheep experimentally infected by Trypanosoma vivax during the acute and chronic phases of infection as well as to investigate the presence of parasitic DNA in the heart using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty-two male sheep were divided into the following four groups: G1, which consisted of six sheep infected by T. vivax that were evaluated until 20 days post-infection (dpi; acute phase); G2, which consisted of six sheep infected by T. vivax that were evaluated until 90 dpi (chronic phase); and G3 and G4 groups, which each consisted of five uninfected sheep. At the end of the experimental period, electrocardiographic evaluations and necroscopic examinations were performed. Fragments of the heart were collected and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome, and the fragments were also evaluated by PCR for T. vivax. G2 animals presented clinical signs suggestive of heart failure and electrocardiogram alterations characterized by prolonged P, T and QRS complex durations as well as by a cardiac electrical axis shift to the left and increased heart rate. In these animals, mononuclear multifocal myocarditis and interstitial fibrosis were also observed. PCR revealed positivity for T. vivax in two G1 animals and in all G2 animals. Thus, these findings suggested that T. vivax is responsible for the occurrence of cardiac lesions, which are related to heart failure, electrocardiographic alterations and mortality of the infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jael Soares Batista
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil.
| | - Hélio Noberto de Araújo Júnior
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Hémylin Ferreira Moura
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Rayr Cezar de Souza Góis
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de Paiva
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Jardel Bezerra da Silva
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Wirton Peixoto Costa
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Manuela Costa de Menezes
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Vitor Aires Nunes
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gerard Vicente Dantas de Medeiros
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
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Lopes FC, de Paiva KAR, Coelho WAC, Nunes FVA, da Silva JB, de Gouveia Mendes da Escóssia Pinheiro C, de Macêdo Praça L, Silva JBA, Alves Freitas CI, Batista JS. Lactation curve and milk quality of goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:17-24. [PMID: 27130703 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trypanosoma vivax infection on the shape of the lactation curve and the milk quality of dairy goats experimentally infected with T. vivax. In total, twenty Saanen goats, aged 26-30 months and the same number of calving (two calvings), were divided into two experimental groups: an infected group, consisting of ten goats intravenously infected with 0.5 ml of blood containing approximately 1.25 × 10(5) trypomastigotes of T. vivax and ten uninfected animals as the control group. Clinical tests and hematocrit, parasitemia, and serum biochemistry evaluations were performed on all of the goats. Milk production was measured daily for 152 days by hand milking the goats and weighing the milk. Every seven days, physiochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the milk. Wood's nonlinear model was used to analyze the lactation curve parameters. The infected goats had high levels of parasitemia and hyperthermia, significantly reduced hematocrit, serum total protein, albumin, and glucose levels and increased cholesterol and urea concentrations. Wood's model indicated that the milk production of goats in the infected group declined sharply over a short period of time and produced a flattened yield curve and significant difference (P < 0.05) in the rate of increase of peak milk production, rate of decrease of milk production after the peak, day of peak milk production, and maximum peak milk production compared with that of the control group. Trypanosomiasis also affected the persistency of lactation, which was significantly reduced in goats in the infected group. In addition, the physico-chemical properties of the milk, including the fat content, defatted dry extracts (DDE) and protein content, decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the goats in the infected group compared with those in the control group. The T. vivax-infected goats showed reduction in milk production, persistence of lactation, and fat levels, the defatted dry extract (DDE) content, and protein, changing the quality of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Canindé Lopes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de Paiva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Wesley Adson Costa Coelho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Vítor Aires Nunes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jardel Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Layanne de Macêdo Praça
- Department of Zootecnia, Federal University of the Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Br 135 Km 03, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000, Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil.
| | - Jean Berg Alves Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Iberê Alves Freitas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jael Soares Batista
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Fidelis Junior OL, Sampaio PH, Machado RZ, André MR, Marques LC, Cadioli FA. Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:69-81. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Infections by Trypanosoma vivax cause great losses to livestock in Africa and Central and South Americas. Outbreaks due this parasite have been occurred with increasing frequency in Brazil. Knowledge of changes caused byT. vivax during the course of this disease can be of great diagnostic value. Thus, clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes of cattle experimentally infected by this hemoparasite were evaluated. Two distinct phases were verified during the infection – an acute phase where circulating parasites were seen and then a chronic phase where fluctuations in parasitemia were detected including aparasitemic periods. A constant reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume (PVC) were observed. White blood cells (WBC) showed pronounced changes such as severe neutropenia and lymphopenia during the acute phase of the illness. Decreases in cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increases in glucose, globulin, protein, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were observed. The “Lins” isolate of T. vivax showed pathogenicity for cattle, and intense parasitemia was detected in the early stages of infection. Circulating parasites were detected for about two months. The most evident laboratory abnormalities were found in WBC parameters, including thrombocytopenia.
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Bittar JFF, Bassi PB, Moura DM, Garcia GC, Martins-Filho OA, Vasconcelos AB, Costa-Silva MF, Barbosa CP, Araújo MSS, Bittar ER. Evaluation of parameters related to libido and semen quality in Zebu bulls naturally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:261. [PMID: 26467756 PMCID: PMC4607149 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax, a hemoprotozoa that can affect bovines. In South America, the sanguineous form is mechanically transmitted from one mammalian host (ruminant) to another by the bite of a blood-sucking insect or by needles contaminated with infected blood. The negative impact of the parasitosis caused by T. vivax infection on the reproductive activity of male and female ruminants is known to reduce fertility. In males, alterations such as degeneration, diffuse or interlobular inflammatory infiltrate found in ovine and bovine testicles, can affect fertility through decreased sperm quality. This study evaluated the impact of natural infection with T. vivax on Zebu bulls from the Central Station of Artificial Insemination (CSAI) with regard to libido and the negative effects caused by this protozoan on semen quality. Methods Blood samples of 44 animals were collected to evaluate the presence of the trypomastigote form of T. vivax in blood smears obtained from hematocrit and buffy coat, and antibody titer IgG anti T. vivax in indirect Immunoflorescence (IFI). Furthermore, data related to libido, ejaculate volume, spermatic concentration, and seminal vigor were recorded for these animals employing the criteria of the CSAI. Results Nine animals (20.45 %) showed T. vivax trypomastigotes and parasitemia between 0.02 and 0.07, and antibody titers from 1:80 to 1:320 in IFI. Twenty nine negative animals in parasitological tests were not reactive in IFI, and six animals presented the antibodies IgG anti T. vivax in IFI. Data on reproductive activity showed that animals infected with T. vivax have a decreased libido and an increased spermatic volume, whereas other factors related to the reproductive process such as spermatic concentration, motility and spermatic force, were unchanged in infected bulls. Conclusions The T. vivax infection in Zebu bulls from CSAI caused patent parasitemia, induced a febrile state, promoted reduction in the libido and increased the ejaculate volume. These conditions together may account to decrease the performance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joely F F Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Paula B Bassi
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Dênia M Moura
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Guilherme C Garcia
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima n° 1715, 30190-002, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - André B Vasconcelos
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Matheus F Costa-Silva
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima n° 1715, 30190-002, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Cristiano P Barbosa
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima n° 1715, 30190-002, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Eustáquio R Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
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Silva TMF, Olinda RG, Rodrigues CMF, Câmara ACL, Lopes FC, Coelho WAC, Ribeiro MFB, Freitas CIA, Teixeira MMG, Batista JS. Pathogenesis of reproductive failure induced by Trypanosoma vivax in experimentally infected pregnant ewes. Vet Res 2013; 44:1. [PMID: 23289625 PMCID: PMC3598889 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of experimental infection by Trypanosoma vivax in different stages of pregnancy, determining the pathogenesis of reproductive failure, and confirming transplacental transmission. We used 12 pregnant ewes distributed into four experimental groups: G1, was formed by three ewes infected with T. vivax in the first third of pregnancy (30 days); G2 comprised three infected ewes in the final third of pregnancy (100 days); G3 and G4 were composed of three non-infected ewes with the same gestational period, respectively. Each ewe of G1 and G2 was inoculated with 1.25 × 105 tripomastigotes. Clinical examination, determination of parasitemia, serum biochemistry (albumin, total protein, glucose, cholesterol, and urea), packed cell volume (PCV), serum progesterone, and pathological examination were performed. Placenta, amniotic fluid, blood and tissues from the fetuses and stillbirths were submitted to PCR. Two ewes of G1 (Ewe 1 and 3) presented severe infection and died in the 34th and 35th days post-infection (dpi), respectively; but both fetuses were recovered during necropsy. In G2, Ewe 5 aborted two fetuses on the 130th day (30 dpi) of pregnancy; and Ewe 6 aborted one fetus in the 140th day (40 dpi) of gestation. Ewes 2 and 4 delivered two weak lambs that died five days after birth. Factors possibly involved with the reproductive failure included high parasitemia, fever, low PCV, body score, serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and progesterone. Hepatitis, pericarditis, and encephalitis were observed in the aborted fetuses. The presence of T. vivax DNA in the placenta, amniotic fluid, blood, and tissues from the fetuses confirms the transplacental transmission of the parasite. Histological lesion in the fetuses and placenta also suggest the involvement of the parasite in the etiopathogenesis of reproductive failure in ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taciana M F Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid (UFERSA), Av, Francisco Mota 572, Mossoró, RN, 59625-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is the aetiological agent of trypanosomosis in domestic animals. In this pathology, an inflammatory response can be observed and, as a consequence, the increase of extracellular adenine nucleotides such as ATP. These nucleotide concentrations are regulated by ectoenzymes such as NTPDase (EC 3.6.1.5, CD39), which catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP into AMP. In this study, the activity of NTPDase in lymphocytes of rats experimentally infected with T. evansi was evaluated. The animals were inoculated with the parasite and monitored by blood smear on a daily basis. The animals were then were divided into 4 groups according to the degree of parasitaemia and period of infection. The blood collections for enzyme analysis and lymphocyte count were performed on the 3rd (beginning of infection), 5th (acute infection) and 15th (chronic infection) days post-infection (p.i.). The control group was composed of non-infected animals. In the infected group a decrease in ATP hydrolysis (36%) was observed on the 3rd day p.i. and a decrease in ADP hydrolysis (62%) was observed on the 5th day p.i. when compared to the control. On the 15th day p.i., an increase in ATP (94%) and ADP (50%) hydrolysis was observed in the infected group. Considering these data it is suggested that NTPDase activity is altered on the surface of lymphocytes of rats infected with T. evansi at different time-points of infection.
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Galiza G, Garcia H, Assis A, Oliveira D, Pimentel L, Dantas A, Simões S, Teixeira M, Riet-Correa F. High mortality and lesions of the central nervous system in Trypanosomosis by Trypanosoma vivax in Brazilian hair sheep. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:359-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Highly debilitating natural Trypanosoma vivax infections in Brazilian calves: epidemiology, pathology, and probable transplacental transmission. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:73-80. [PMID: 21626156 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax in calves were reported for the first time in northeast Brazil. Clinical and epidemiological data, packed cell volumes (PCV), and parasitemia were assessed in 150 calves in May 2009 (rainy season-survey 1) and in 153 calves in November 2009 (dry season-survey 2) in three farms (A, B, and C). Prevalence of T. vivax in calves examined in the survey 1 was 63.3%, 65.0%, and 80.0% in farms A, B, and C, respectively. Morbidity varied from 63.3% to 80%, mortality from 15% to 30% and lethality from 23% to 37.5%. In survey 1, for all farms, high parasitemia (from 30.3 to 26.2 × 10(6) parasites/mL), fever (from 39.8 to 40.3°C), low PCV (from 15.7% to 18.1%), and body score (from 2.5 to 3.5) were detected. Calves showed depression, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, edema of the dewlap, cough, coryza, and diarrhea. The animals from farms A and B were treated with diminazene aceturate. Six months after, in survey 2, non-treated calves from farm C showed values for prevalence (81.82), morbidity (81.82), mortality (12.73), and lethality (15.55) similar to those in survey 1 (P > 0.05). Also in survey 2, four calves aging merely 1-3 days old presented high parasitemia levels (from 32 × 10(6) to 74 × 10(6) parasites/mL), suggesting transplacental transmission. In conclusion, trypanosomiasis by T. vivax constitutes high prevalent disease for calves raised in Brazilian semiarid and may have transplacental transmission.
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Cuglovici D, Bartholomeu D, Reis-Cunha J, Carvalho A, Ribeiro M. Epidemiologic aspects of an outbreak of Trypanosoma vivax in a dairy cattle herd in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Batista JS, Oliveira AF, Rodrigues CMF, Damasceno CAR, Oliveira IRS, Alves HM, Paiva ES, Brito PD, Medeiros JMF, Rodrigues AC, Teixeira MMG. Infection by Trypanosoma vivax in goats and sheep in the Brazilian semiarid region: from acute disease outbreak to chronic cryptic infection. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:131-5. [PMID: 19665308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to investigate the role of Trypanosoma vivax in sheep and goat mortality and abortions in the Brazilian semiarid region, where outbreaks had been previously reported in bovines. For this purpose, 177 goats and 248 sheep (20% of herds) were randomly sampled on four farms in the State of Paraiba in May and October 2008. The animals were screened for trypanosomes by the buffy coat technique (BCT) and PCR. Infected animals, approximately 25% in both surveys, manifested apathy, pale mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, weakness, weight loss, opacity of the cornea, blindness and abortion. However, the animals with acute and severe disease showing the highest levels of parasitemia and fever, which many times resulted in death, were only detected in the first survey. These severely diseased animals exhibited progressive weight loss and had the smallest packed cell volume (PCV) values. During survey 2, done in October 2008 on the same farms, only animals with low parasitemia and normal temperatures, PCV values and body weights were detected. Therefore, animals that spontaneously recovered from acute infection developed chronic and asymptomatic disease. This finding demonstrated for the first time that sheep and goats, which are the most important livestock in the semiarid region of Brazil, may be severely injured by T. vivax infection and also play a role as asymptomatic carriers and important sources of T. vivax to ruminants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Batista
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Avenida Francisco Mota, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Bezerra FSB, Garcia HA, Alves HM, Oliveira IR, Silva AE, Teixeira MM, Batista JS. Trypanosoma vivax nos tecidos testicular e epididimário de ovinos experimentalmente infectados. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008001200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quatro ovinos machos, com cerca de 12 meses de idade (Ovinos 1-4), foram infectados por via intravenosa com aproximadamente 1,25x10(5) tripomastigotas de Trypanosoma vivax, outros quatro ovinos (Ovinos 5-8) destinaram-se ao grupo controle. Após a infecção, exames clínicos visando avaliar temperatura retal, freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e parasitemia foram realizados diariamente por 30 dias, tempo estabelecido para o término do experimento. A avaliação do hematócrito foi realizada a cada cinco dias. Ao final do período experimental, os animais foram castrados e os testículos e epidídimos submetidos ao exame anatomopatológico. Amostras destes órgãos dos Ovinos 1, 4 e 5 foram tomadas para a realização da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Os parâmetros clínicos (hipertermia, aumento das freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, aumento de volume dos linfonodos e palidez das mucosas) mantiveram-se para o grupo infectado acima dos valores mostrados pelo grupo controle durante todo o período experimental. A parasitemia foi observada a partir do 3º dia pós-infecção (dpi) com picos nos 6-10os dpi e nos 15-18os dpi. Os Ovinos 1 e 4 apresentaram, a partir do 25º dpi, anemia acentuada. Macroscopicamente, todos os testículos dos animais do grupo infectado apresentaram-se flácidos e com coloração pálida. Microscopicamente, observaram-se degeneração testicular moderada a acentuada, epididimite multifocal e hiperplasia do epitélio epididimário. A análise por PCR de T. vivax nos tecidos testicular e epididimário resultou em 100% de positividade para ovinos infectados experimentalmente. As lesões epididimárias e testiculares associadas à presença do parasita nesses órgãos, detectada por PCR, sugerem a participação do parasita no mecanismo etiopatogênico de danos reprodutivos.
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Carvalho A, Abrão D, Facury Filho E, Paes P, Ribeiro M. Ocorrência de Trypanosoma vivax no estado de Minas Gerais. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Batista JS, Bezerra FSB, Lira RA, Carvalho JRG, Rosado Neto AM, Petri AA, Teixeira MMG. Aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e patológicos da infecção natural em bovinos por Trypanosoma vivax na Paraíba. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Descrevem-se dois surtos de tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos, ocorridos em dois estabelecimentos do alto sertão da Paraíba. Os sinais clínicos, a patologia e a epidemiologia da doença foram estudados no período de maio de 2005 a novembro de 2006.T. vivax foi identificado em esfregaços da capa leucocitária e mediante a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Os animais afetados apresentaram anorexia, depressão, febre, anemia, perda de peso, redução da produção leiteira, cegueira transitória, aborto e sinais nervosos caracterizados por incoordenação motora, salivação, opistótono, nistagno, tetania e bruxismo. Todos os animais que apresentaram sintomatologia nervosa morreram. As alterações macroscópicas observadas em um bovino submetido à necropsia foram aumento de volume dos linfonodos, atrofia serosa dos depósitos de gordura, aumento de volume do baço com evidência da polpa branca, hidropericárdio, além de petéquias e equimoses no epicárdio. Histologicamente havia meningoencefalite. O controle da doença na propriedade com tratamento específico dos casos clínicos com aceturato de diminazene foi eficiente, pois após o tratamento não se verificou mais a presença do parasita em esfregaços sanguíneos nem evidência clínica da enfermidade em até 2 meses após o início do surto. Os fatores epidemiológicos favoráveis à ocorrência dos surtos foram a abundância de vetores mecânicos, como tabanídeos e Stomozys spp., e a entrada, no rebanho, de animais oriundos de propriedades onde ocorreu a doença em questão. Sugere-se que o semi-árido do Nordeste, devido a períodos prolongados de secas e altas temperaturas, é região de instabilidade enzoótica para a tripanossomíase, em conseqüência, provavelmente, ao ambiente desfavorável para o desenvolvimento de vetores durante a maior parte do ano.
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Batista JS, Riet-Correa F, Teixeira MMG, Madruga CR, Simões SDV, Maia TF. Trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in the Brazilian semiarid: Description of an outbreak and lesions in the nervous system. Vet Parasitol 2006; 143:174-81. [PMID: 16965857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax is reported in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil from May to August 2002. Sixty-four cows out of 130 were affected; 11 died and the other recovered after treatment with diminazene aceturate. Affected animals had fever, anemia, weight loss, hypoglycemia, increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and, in nine cows, nervous signs. All cows with nervous signs died; six of them recovered after treatment, but the disease relapsed. Six cows aborted and one delivered a calf that died immediately after parturition. Thirty-two out of 100 calves were affected and five died. Nervous signs were not observed in the calves. Gross lesions were thickening of the meninges, enlarged lymph nodes and prominent white pulp of the spleen. The main histological lesion was meningoencephalitis and malacia in the brain of cows with nervous signs. No antibodies against trypanosomes were found in 33 blood samples collected before the outbreak in the affected farm and in 29 samples collected at the same time in two other neighbor farms. Until January 2003, all 89 animals tested had antibodies against T. vivax, suggesting the occurrence of sub clinical infections in cattle without clinical signs. Only two out of 85 serum samples collected on April 2004 were positive for T. vivax antibodies. Data obtained suggested that the semiarid region is non-endemic for trypanosomiasis and that disease occurred due to introduction of the parasite in a susceptible population after an apparent rise in the Tabanus spp. population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Batista
- Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró, Av. Francisco Mota S/N, Br 110, Km 47, 59 Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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