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Koutsianos D, Athanasiou LV, Dimitriou T, Nikolaidis M, Tsadila C, Amoutzias G, Mossialos D, Koutoulis KC. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and mcr-1 Detection in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Commercial Layer and Layer Breeder Flocks Demonstrating Colibacillosis in Greece. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:710-720. [PMID: 32955987 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry flocks suffering from colibacillosis in Greece and to detect the presence of the mcr-1 gene in isolates being phenotypically resistant to colistin. Results: A total of 150 E. coli strains were isolated from commercial layers and layer breeder flocks in Greece and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A high level of susceptibility was revealed for cephalosporins, neomycin, and colistin. Susceptibility varied for other antimicrobials (tetracycline, doxycycline, lincospectin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, amoxicillin), whereas no susceptibility was reported for macrolides, tiamulin, lincomycin, oxacillin. Concerning colistin resistance, 20 E. coli strains were found to be phenotypically resistant (13 strains showed intermediate resistance pattern and 7 strains fully resistance trait). Further investigation was performed by PCR, which has revealed the presence of the mcr-1 gene in one phenotypically colistin-resistant isolate. Conclusion: AMR is prevalent in layer poultry production, including resistance against colistin confirmed by the presence of the mcr-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Koutsianos
- Department of Poultry Diseases and Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Tilemachos Dimitriou
- Microbial Biotechnology-Molecular Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marios Nikolaidis
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina Tsadila
- Microbial Biotechnology-Molecular Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Grigorios Amoutzias
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitris Mossialos
- Microbial Biotechnology-Molecular Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases and Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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F. Rabello R, R. Bonelli R, A. Penna B, P. Albuquerque J, M. Souza R, M. F. Cerqueira A. Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals in Brazil: An Update Overview. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E552. [PMID: 32224900 PMCID: PMC7222418 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal husbandry, antimicrobial agents have been administered as supplements to increase production over the last 60 years. Large-scale animal production has increased the importance of antibiotic management because it may favor the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and select resistant strains. Brazil is a significant producer and exporter of animal-derived food. Although Brazil is still preparing a national surveillance plan, several changes in legislation and timely programs have been implemented. Thus, Brazilian data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals come from official programs and the scientific community. This review aims to update and discuss the available Brazilian data on this topic, emphasizing legal aspects, incidence, and genetics of the resistance reported by studies published since 2009, focusing on farm animals and derived foods with the most global public health impact. Studies are related to poultry, cattle, and pigs, and mainly concentrate on non-typhoid Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We also describe legal aspects of antimicrobial use in this context; and the current occurrence of genetic elements associated with resistance to beta-lactams, colistin, and fluoroquinolones, among other antimicrobial agents. Data here presented may be useful to provide a better understanding of the Brazilian status on antimicrobial resistance related to farm animals and animal-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata F. Rabello
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Raquel R. Bonelli
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno A. Penna
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Julia P. Albuquerque
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Rossiane M. Souza
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Niterói 24120-191, Brazil
| | - Aloysio M. F. Cerqueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
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Rabello RF, Bonelli RR, Penna BA, Albuquerque JP, Souza RM, Cerqueira AMF. Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals in Brazil: An Update Overview. Animals (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 32224900 DOI: 10.3390/ani1004055210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal husbandry, antimicrobial agents have been administered as supplements to increase production over the last 60 years. Large-scale animal production has increased the importance of antibiotic management because it may favor the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and select resistant strains. Brazil is a significant producer and exporter of animal-derived food. Although Brazil is still preparing a national surveillance plan, several changes in legislation and timely programs have been implemented. Thus, Brazilian data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals come from official programs and the scientific community. This review aims to update and discuss the available Brazilian data on this topic, emphasizing legal aspects, incidence, and genetics of the resistance reported by studies published since 2009, focusing on farm animals and derived foods with the most global public health impact. Studies are related to poultry, cattle, and pigs, and mainly concentrate on non-typhoid Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We also describe legal aspects of antimicrobial use in this context; and the current occurrence of genetic elements associated with resistance to beta-lactams, colistin, and fluoroquinolones, among other antimicrobial agents. Data here presented may be useful to provide a better understanding of the Brazilian status on antimicrobial resistance related to farm animals and animal-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata F Rabello
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Raquel R Bonelli
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Penna
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Julia P Albuquerque
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Rossiane M Souza
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Niterói 24120-191, Brazil
| | - Aloysio M F Cerqueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
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Calaça KL, Cervi RC, Reis SA, Nunes IA, Jayme VDS, Andrade MA. Occurrence of Escherichia coli in captive psittaciformes: antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v21e-60433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomycin 61.0% (25/41), and sulfonamide 90.2% (37/41) was determined. In 20 isolates, resistance was determined at 4 or more antimicrobials, seven of excreta (7/17), five of feed (5/12), and eight of waterers (8/12). One of the isolates from the waterers showed resistance to all antimicrobials. The iss gene was detected in three isolates, the tsh gene in three, the papC gene in two, traT and eae genes were not detected. In this study, it can be concluded that Psittaciformes commercialized as pet are carry E. coli isolates resistant to most commonly used antimicrobials, mainly sulfonamides and neomycin, besides having virulence and serum resistance genes, which highlights the possibility of the to cause disease in humans.
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Roth N, Käsbohrer A, Mayrhofer S, Zitz U, Hofacre C, Domig KJ. The application of antibiotics in broiler production and the resulting antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: A global overview. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1791-1804. [PMID: 30544256 PMCID: PMC6414035 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic resistance is a global concern for human and animal health. Resistant microorganisms can spread between food-producing animals and humans. The objective of this review was to identify the type and amount of antibiotics used in poultry production and the level of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from broilers. Isolate information was obtained from national monitoring programs and research studies conducted in large poultry-producing regions: US, China, Brazil, and countries of EU-Poland, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Spain. The survey results clearly display the absence of a harmonized approach in the monitoring of antibiotics per animal species and the evaluation of resistances using the same methodology. There is no public long-term quantitative data available targeting the amount of antibiotics used in poultry, with the exception of France. Data on antibiotic-resistant E. coli are available for most regions but detection of resistance and number of isolates in each study differs among regions; therefore, statistical evaluation was not possible. Data from France indicate that the decreased use of tetracyclines leads to a reduction in the detected resistance rates. The fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides, and polymyxins ("highest priority critically important" antibiotics for human medicine according to WHO) are approved for use in large poultry-producing regions, with the exception of fluoroquinolones in the US and cephalosporins in the EU. The approval of cephalosporins in China could not be evaluated. Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and penicillins are registered for use in poultry in all evaluated countries. The average resistance rates in E. coli to representatives of these antibiotic classes are higher than 40% in all countries, with the exception of ampicillin in the US. The resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and quinolones in the US, where fluoroquinolones are not registered for use, are below 5%, while the average of resistant E. coli is above 40% in Brazil, China, and EU, where use of fluoroquinolones is legalized. However, banning of fluoroquinolones and quinolones has not totally eliminated the occurrence of resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Roth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Mayrhofer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Zitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Hofacre
- Poultry Diagnostics and Research Center, University of Georgia, 30602 Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Antimicrobial resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from ready-to-eat foods. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:3612-3619. [PMID: 29051656 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Certain subgroups of Escherichia coli have congenital or acquired virulence properties that allow them to cause a wide spectrum of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of diarrheagenic E. coli strains in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods produced in institutional, commercial and hotel restaurants in Salvador, Brazil. The presence of virulent isolates and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated. Four hundred forty-six samples were collected and grouped into cereals and vegetables, meat-based preparations, cooked salads, raw salads, garnishes, soups and sauces, desserts and juices. E. coli were detected using the most probable number method, the presence of virulence factors in isolates was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and antibiotic resistance was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. In total, 15 isolates (3.1%) of E. coli were recovered; raw salads had the highest detection rate, 1.4%, followed by cooked salads, 0.8%; meat-based preparations, 0.4%; and cereals and vegetables, 0.4%. PCR assays showed that none of the isolates had the virulence genes cnf1, cnf2, eae, sta, lt1, stx1, stx2 or cdtB. The isolates showed resistance to nine antibiotics of the 15 tested, and the highest levels of resistance were found for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol (13.3% of isolates for each antibiotic). One isolate from cooked salad had plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. These results suggest that RTE foods, especially raw salads, can be reservoirs of E. coli and facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to the gastrointestinal microbiota of humans.
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CARVALHO D, MORAES LBD, ROCHA SLDS, MORAES HLDS, SALLE CTP, AVANCINI CAM. Atividade dos desinfetantes cloreto de benzalcônio e iodóforo sobre cepas de Escherichia coli patogênica aviária isoladas em frangos de corte. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402017000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a eficácia dos desinfetantes cloreto de benzalcônio (QAC) e iodóforo (I) sobre 10 cepas APEC (Escherichia coli patogênica aviária), bem como verificar se a característica alta patogenicidade está associada a uma maior resistência a estes compostos. O método utilizado foi o de diluição através do teste qualitativo de suspensão. As variáveis estudadas foram: concentrações do QAC (300, 150, 75 e 50 ppm) e do I (100, 75, 50 e 25 ppm), tempos de contato (5, 10 e 20 minutos) e temperatura ±20°C. O QAC inativou todos os isolados nas concentrações de 300 e 150 ppm, em todos os tempos de contato, porém a 75 e 50 ppm no tempo de 5 minutos o desinfetante não foi eficaz para uma e quatro amostras, respectivamente. O I a 100 e 75 ppm inativou os isolados em todos os tempos avaliados, mas a 50 ppm um foi resistente e a 25 ppm oito foram resistentes em todos os tempos de exposição. A característica alta patogenicidade não pareceu promover resistência, quando comparado com a cepa padrão. Concluiu-se, nas condições do experimento, que os dois desinfetantes podem ser usados em procedimentos de higiene frente às cepas APEC, apenas levando-se em consideração a concentração de uso e o tempo de contato.
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhan X, Zeng X, Zhou L, Cao G, Chen A, Yang C. Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic, Clostridium butyricum, on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26819705 PMCID: PMC4728939 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colibacillosis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) results in economic losses in the poultry industry. Antibiotics are usually used to control colibacillosis, however, E. coli has varying degrees of resistance to different antibiotics. Therefore the use of probiotics is becoming accepted as an alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli) K88. Methods The chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups for 28 days. Negative control treatment (NC) consisted of birds fed a basal diet without E. coli K88 challenge and positive control treatment (PC) consisted of birds fed a basal diet and challenged with E. coli K88. C. butyricum probiotic treatment (CB) consisted of birds fed a diet containing 2 × 107 cfu C. butyricum/kg of diet and challenged with E. coli K88. Colistin sulfate antibiotic treatment (CS) consisted of birds fed a diet containing 20 mg colistin sulfate/kg of diet and challenged with E. coli K88. Results The body weight (BW) and average day gain (ADG) in the broilers of CB group were higher (P < 0.05) than the broilers in the PC group overall except the ADG in the 14-21 d post-challenge. The birds in CB treatment had higher (P < 0.05) concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 3 and 7 d post-challenge, and higher (P < 0.05) concentration of interleukin-4 (IL-4) at 14 d post-challenge than those in the PC treatment group. The concentration of serum endotoxin in CB birds was lower (P < 0.05) at 21 d post-challenge, and the concentrations of serum diamine oxidase in CB birds were lower (P < 0.05) at 14 and 21 d post-challenge than in PC birds. Birds in CB treatment group had higher (P < 0.05) jejunum villi height than those in PC, NC, or CS treatment at 7, 14, and 21 d post-challenge. In comparison to PC birds, the CB birds had lower (P < 0.05) jejunum crypt depth during the whole experiment. The birds in CB or CS treatment group had higher (P < 0.05) activities of amylase and protease at 3, 7, and 14 d post-challenge, and higher (P < 0.05) activity of lipase at 3, 7 d post-challenge than PC birds. Conclusions In all, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with C. butyricum promotes immune response, improves intestinal barrier function, and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens challenged with E. coli K88. There is no significant difference between the C. butyricum probiotic treatment and the colistin sulfate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the C. butyricum probiotic may be an alternative to antibiotic for broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China ; College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 North Huancheng Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300 China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 North Huancheng Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300 China
| | - Xiu'an Zhan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xinfu Zeng
- Zhejiang Huijia Biological Technology Ltd., Anji, 313307 China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Guangtian Cao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - An'guo Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Caimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 North Huancheng Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300 China
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Guimarães RA, Lugo Neto DF, Saraiva MDMS, Lima RP, Barros MR, Costa MMD, Oliveira CB, Stipp DT. CARACTERIZAÇÃO FILOGENÉTICA MOLECULAR E RESISTÊNCIA ANTIMICROBIANA DE Escherichia coli ISOLADAS DE CAPRINOS NEONATOS COM DIARREIA. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i433639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A diarreia neonatal determina alterações significativas na conversão alimentar, resultando na queda da produtividade de caprinos. A resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias caracteriza-se como importante problema de saúde pública, assim, a Escherichia coli pode ser caracterizada como importante patógeno por expressar mecanismos de virulência responsáveis por significativas afecções clínicas em seres humanos e animais. O presente estudo avaliou a presença de E. coli em 117 amostras fecais de caprinos e analisou a resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados. Colônias sugestivas foram submetidas a testes bioquímicos, seguido de determinação do grupo genotípico e análise filogenética; posteriormente foram submetidas à prova de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram identificados isolados de E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei e Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolados de E. coli foram classificados filogeneticamente em B2 (9/39), D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29). Os fatores de virulência identificados foram K99 (04/39) e Stx (02/39). À prova de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana, os isolados foram sensíveis a Cloranfenicol, Estreptomicina, Amoxicilina e Ciprofloxacina, sendo todos resistentes à Lincomicina, Vancomicina e Penicilina. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de estabelecimento de protocolos criteriosos para o uso de antimicrobianos, medida fundamental para o aprimoramento da sanidade dos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros.
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