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Buarque VLM, Bezerra HVA, Rissi GP, de Oliveira RÍG, da Silva NM, Cônsolo NRB, Ramírez-Zamudio GD, Strefezzi RDF, Gallo SB, Silva SL, Leme PR. The Use of Additives to Prevent Urolithiasis in Lambs Fed Diets with a High Proportion of Concentrate. Vet Sci 2023; 10:617. [PMID: 37888569 PMCID: PMC10610834 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different additives in preventing urolithiasis in lambs fed a diet rich in concentrate and their impact on performance and blood and urinary parameters. Thirty-two noncastrated male lambs, crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês, with initial body weights (BWs) of 23 ± 0.1 kg and ages of 50 ± 5 days, were kept in individual pens and fed a diet composed of 6% Cynodon ssp. hay and 94% concentrate and subjected to four treatments: CON without inclusion of additives, addition of ACL 5 g/kg of dry matter (DM), addition of CCL 6.3 g/kg of DM, and addition of BZA 5 g/kg of DM. There was no effect of treatment or interaction with time on blood parameters (p > 0.050), and performance characteristics, morphometry of ruminal papillae, and scores of cecum and rumen lesions were not affected by the addition of additives to the diet (p > 0.050). Greater urinary acidification was observed in animals from CCL and ACL treatments (p = 0.033). Calcium chloride acidified the urinary pH and can be used instead of ammonium chloride at a concentration of 0.63% based on DM, when this is the objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Luiz Macêdo Buarque
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Helena Viel Alves Bezerra
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Guilherme Pegoraro Rissi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Regner Ítalo Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Natália Marques da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Nara Regina Brandão Cônsolo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Germán Darío Ramírez-Zamudio
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Sarita Bonagurio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Saulo Luz Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Leme
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.L.M.B.); (H.V.A.B.); (G.P.R.); (R.Í.G.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (S.B.G.); (S.L.S.); (P.R.L.)
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Navarro F, Bentin L, Bovino F, Peiró J, Feitosa F, Mendes L. Crystallurical profile in sheep after ammonium chloride supplementation. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although urinary crystals are habitual components, urolithiasis formation is always preceded by these concretions. We aimed to identify the change in the crystalline profile in sheep supplemented with ammonium chloride. Twenty-five male sheep aged three months, feedlot and randomly distributed into three groups were used: Control Group (CG) n = 5 did not receive Ammonium Chloride; G200 Group (n=10) (200mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days; G500 Group (n=10) (500mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days, administered daily orally. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed at seven days, with M0 (immediately before Ammonium Chloride), M1 (seven days after) until M8, totaling 70 days of feedlot. Urine samples were performed to identify the presence, type, and quantity of crystals. There was an increase in crystalluria in all groups in relation to time due to dietary influence, mainly in the CG, which presented more crystals of amorphous calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate. In addition, the G500 Group presented a higher presence of urate/uric acid crystals after urinary acidification, which are closely related to urinary pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Bovino
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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Navarro F, Bentin L, Bovino F, Baptista R, Feitosa F, Peiró J, Mendes L. Use of ammonium chloride to prevent urolithiasis in sheep. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Urolithiasis has a high incidence among confined sheep. It is multifactorial and may cause economic damage. Our aim was to determine the capacity of urinary acidification using ammonium chloride in sheep. Twenty-five 3-month-old male sheep were confined and randomly divided into three groups; the G200 and G500 groups received 200mg/kg/GW and 500mg/kg/GW of ammonium chloride daily for 56 consecutive days, respectively, whereas the CG group did not receive ammonium chloride. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed weekly, starting from the 14th day of confinement (M1 or immediately before administering ammonium chloride) until the 17th day (M9) of the feedlot. Hemogasometry, biochemical examination of serum urea and creatinine concentration and ultrasound evaluation of the urinary tract were performed. The urinalysis indicated a higher incidence of ammonium magnesium phosphate crystals at the beginning of the study, showing a migration to urate crystal formation, mainly in the G500 group because of urinary acidification. No hemogasometric, serum biochemistry, ruminal fluid, or ultrasonographic changes were observed. Urinary acidification was achieved and maintained after M7 during the administration of ammonium chloride in the G500 group, but not in the other study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Bovino
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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Santarosa BP, Ferreira DOL, Surian SRS, Tremori TM, Hooper HB, Silva PDS, Coelho MR, Santos VHD, Gonçalves RC. Clinical and anatomopathological study of urolithiasis in feedlot lambs subjected to diets with different phosphorus concentrations. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v22e-67849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Obstructive urolithiasis is common in farmed sheep and has a multifactorial etiology, but inadequate nutritional management is considered the most relevant condition for its occurrence. The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of two diets with different concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the development of obstructive urolithiasis, and to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings of the urinary system in sheep. Thirty male crossbred Santa Inês and Ile de France lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 15) - Ca: 1.9:1 P and 0.42% P; Group 2 (G2, n = 15) - Ca: P 1.5:1 and 0.65% P. The diets consisting of Coast-cross hay, soybean meal, wheat, and corn were provided for 90 consecutive days with water ad libitum. After the diagnosis of the disease, the lambs were subjected to clinical and surgical treatment, when necessary. Urolithiasis was detected in 36.7% (11/30) of lambs, 26.7% were asymptomatic and 10% (3/30) had urethral obstruction. A lamb was unobstructed after amputation of the urethral process and urethral catheterization, one died of bladder and uroperitoneum rupture, and another was sacrificed after the failure of perineal urethrostomy and cystostomy. The most frequent renal histopathological changes were vascular congestion, dilation, and tubular degeneration. Proteins in the tubular lumen were more pronounced in G2. The diets were rich in concentrate and had adequate Ca:P ratios, but caused calculogenesis, showing that excess minerals and a small amount of roughage can cause disease in the herd.
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Ferreira DOL, Santarosa BP, Surian SRS, Takahira RK, Chiacchio SB, Amorim RM, Dias A, Gonçalves RC. Low performance of vitamin C compared to ammonium chloride as an urinary acidifier in feedlot lambs. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v21e-60098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Obstructive urolithiasis is highly prevalent disease in feedlot sheep. Urinary acidification is effective for disease prevention. Forty-five healthy 3-4 month-old male Santa Inês crossbred feedlot lambs were distributed into three groups of 15 animals each. Ammonium chloride (GA) at 400 mg/kg/day/animal, vitamin C (GC) at 4 mg/kg/day/animal, and a combination of the two (GAC) were administered orally for 21 d. Blood and urine samples were taken 7 d before beginning treatment (M0), immediately before (M1), and weekly for 21 d (M2, M3, and M4) for renal function tests, levels of Ca, P, and Mg in serum and urine, urinalysis, and fractional excretion (FE) analysis in these minerals. In groups GA and GAC, pH decreased in M2 and remained acidic throughout the experiment. A significant decrease in serum P and a urinary increase in Ca and Mg occurred in GA. The FE of Ca increased during treatments, but there was no interference with Mg. The FE of P was significantly lower in GA. Ammonium chloride was an effective urinary acidifier in sheep, but vitamin C administered orally did not provide stable results. Thus, based on our results, vitamin C supplementation may not effective for urinary acidification to prevent obstructive urolithiasis.
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Santarosa BP, Dantas GN, Ferreira DO, Carvalho MG, Rodrigues M, Pereira PF, Silva AA, Gonçalves RC. Comparison of electrolyte and acid-base balances of Dorper breed ewes between single and twin pregnancies. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: During pregnancy there are modifications in the metabolic profile of sheep that may predispose to the occurrence of metabolic disorders, of which pregnancy toxaemia (PT) is highlighted. Blood gas analysis is detects changes in acid-base and electrolyte balance effectively. The objectives of this study were to study the acid-base and electrolyte balance of sheep during gestation and in the immediate peripartum (up to 48 hours postpartum), comparing single gestation with twins. Sixty healthy sheep of Dorper breed, two to five years old were raised in a semi-intensive system and were divided in two experimental groups: Group 1: 30 ewes, with ultrasonographic diagnosis of single fetus gestation; Group 2: 30 ewes, with ultrasonographic diagnosis of twin pregnancy. The experimental moments were defined as: MI-immediately after artificial insemination (control); MG30 - 30 days of gestation; MG90 - 90 days of gestation; MG120 - 120 days of gestation; MG130 - 130 days of gestation; MG140 - 140 days of gestation; MP - lambing; MPP1 - 24h postpartum; MPP2 - 48h postpartum. At all times 1mL of blood was collected per jugular vein puncture for blood gas evaluation in a portable equipament (I-Stat®). The pH, carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), base excess (BE), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), ionized calcium (Ca+2), lactate, anion gap (AG) were mensured and strong ion difference (SID) were calculed. This work showed that there were changes in acid-base and electrolyte balance in pregnant ewes, due to the decrease in BE, HCO3-, TCO2 and increase of lactate and AG during gestation, but the pH remained normal and did not present any difference among moments in both groups. Comparing the groups, single-gestation ewes presented higher alkaline expenditure at delivery than twin-gestation, evidenced by lower levels of BE and HCO3-. Lower Na+ levels were observed in prepartum; drop in K+ values with advancing gestation; hyperchloremia and hypocalcemia during gestation according to the reference standards for species; decreased iCa+2 levels in the final third of gestation in both groups. It was concluded that the ewes of this study were healthy until the last moment analyzed (48h postpartum), although have shown greater consumption of the alkaline reserve in the peripartum, being more explicit in the single gestation animals. In addition, this situation can be physiological and result in increased energy demand during gestation, more exacerbated by peripartum.
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Ferreira DO, Santarosa BP, Belotta AF, Mamprim MJ, Silva AAD, Dias A, Chiacchio SB, Gonçalves RC. Alterações ultrassonográficas renais e vesicais de ovinos confinados e suplementados com cloreto de amônio. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014001300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo: A incidência da urolitíase obstrutiva em ovinos é elevada, principalmente em machos confinados, tanto para produção de carne, quanto reprodutores de alto valor genético. A acidificação urinária é um dos métodos para prevenção desta enfermidade e pode ser realizada de forma eficaz com a suplementação de cloreto de amônio (CA) na dieta. Utilizaram-se 100 ovinos, machos não castrados, mestiços (Ile de France X White Dorper), confinados, com idade aproximada de três meses. Constituíram-se três grupos experimentais: Grupo 21CA (n=40) que recebeu 400mg/kg/PV de cloreto de amônio/animal/dia, por 21 dias consecutivos; Grupo 42CA (n=40) que foi suplementado com 400mg/kg/PV de cloreto de amônio/animal/dia, por 42 dias consecutivos; Grupo controle (n=20), que não recebeu CA. A alimentação consistiu de ração total, composta por 15% de feno triturado e 85% de concentrado, água e sal mineral ad libitum. Após 14 dias de adaptação à alimentação e ao ambiente, os Momentos (M) de avaliação clínica, colheita de sangue e exame ultrassonográfico foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M0 (imediatamente antes do início do tratamento com cloreto de amônio), M1 (sete dias após), M2 (14 dias após), M3 (21 dias após o início do tratamento e suspensão do cloreto de amônio em Grupo 21CA), M4 (28 dias após), M5 (35 dias após) e M6 (42 dias após), totalizando 56 dias de confinamento. As dosagens de ureia e creatinina não evidenciaram alteração na função renal, embora a ureia estivesse acima dos valores de referência para espécie ovina. Observaram-se imagens ultrassonográficas compatíveis com cálculos vesicais e dilatação de pelve renal. No Grupo 21CA, 15% (6/40) dos animais apresentaram cálculos vesicais; no Grupo 42CA, 5% (2/40); e no Grupo controle, 20% (4/20) dos cordeiros. Visibilizaram-se também imagens sugestivas de sedimentos e cristais em 31% (31/100) dos animais examinados. A ultrassonografia permitiu a visibilização de alterações renais e vesicais, porém não relacionados ao quadro clínico de urolitíase obstrutiva, revelando-se como um exame complementar de grande relevância para o diagnóstico precoce de alterações no sistema urinário de ovinos.
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