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Radzikowski D, Kalińska A, Kot M, Jaworski S, Wierzbicki M, Gołębiewski M. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles as New Agents Used in Teat Sealants for Mastitis Prevention in Dry Cows. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2291. [PMID: 37626787 PMCID: PMC10452312 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis prevention and treatment in dry cows are complex issues with limited solutions. The most common is intramammary antibiotic treatment. However, the effectiveness of this treatment varies among countries and even within herds in the same region. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new strategies for dry cow therapy. Metal nanoparticles (NPs), which have strong biocidal properties for treating diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and algae, are increasingly used to reduce antibiotic use. In this study, AuNPs, CuNPs, AgNPs, PtNPs, NP-FeCs, and their triple complexes were used at different concentrations to evaluate their practical use in treating cows during their dry period. The nanoparticles were in hydrocolloid form and were added separately to form a mixture with beeswax, a mixture with oil, or a mixture based on vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol. The NPs' concentrations were 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 ppm. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi isolated from cows diagnosed with mastitis were used to determine pathogen viability. The results indicated that AuNPs, CuNPs, AgNPs, and their complexes show biocidal properties against mastitis pathogens. AgNPs at 5 ppm had the strongest biocidal properties and reduced Streptococcus agalactiae's survival rate by 50%; however, the nanoparticle complexes showed poor synergism. The strongest biocidal properties of NPs in wax and in glycerin mixed with glycol were shown against Escherichia coli. Additionally, low nanoparticle concentrations showed no cytotoxicity for BME-UV1 bovine cells, suggesting that these mixtures might be used for further in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radzikowski
- Animal Breeding Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Kalińska
- Animal Breeding Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Kot
- Animal Breeding Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland (M.W.)
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Gołębiewski
- Animal Breeding Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
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Sang RK, Gitau GK, Leeuwen JAV. Effectiveness of dry cow therapy and/or internal teat sealant on existing infections in smallholder dairy farms in Kenya. Vet World 2021; 14:1430-1436. [PMID: 34316189 PMCID: PMC8304441 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1430-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Dry cow therapy (DCT) can be an effective treatment of mastitis that has not responded to conventional treatment during lactation. The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of DCT options available in reducing intramammary infections in smallholder dairy farms in Kiambu County, Kenya. Materials and Methods: The study targeted smallholder dairy farms which were registered at the local dairy cooperatives and which had cows that were at the point of dry-off. A total of 32 cows with 121 quarters that were California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive were recruited, with the quarters randomly allocated to receive either DCT (DCT – neomycin sulfate, penethamate hydriodide, and procaine benzylpenicillin) and internal teat sealant (ITS) or ITS alone (bismuth nitrate) after aseptically collecting quarter milk samples for bacterial culture. Farm- and animal-level factors were captured through a questionnaire which was administered to the principal farmer or a person who was managing the animals. Post-calving, milk samples were also collected for bacterial culture to establish if the infection was cleared or if there was a new infection. Results: DCT with ITS significantly reduced the proportion of quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus from 64.0% at dry-off to 44.0% post-calving (35% reduction). In the control group, ITS alone, there was a small reduction in proportions of S. aureus from 46.8% to 40.4%. Proportions of quarter infections by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in the treatment group reduced from 16.0% at dry-off to 2.0% post-calving, with a significant reduction in the control group too from 19.1% to 4.3%, which could be due to self-cure. Actinomyces species, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus species, and Pseudomonas species proportions slightly increased in the treatment group, as did E. coli and Pseudomonas species proportions in the control group. Conclusion: In smallholder dairy farms with subclinical mastitis, DCT of CMT-positive cows leads to a significant decrease of S. aureus infections at calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald K Sang
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George K Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John A Van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Freu G, Tomazi T, Monteiro CP, Barcelos MM, Alves BG, dos Santos MV. Internal Teat Sealant Administered at Drying off Reduces Intramammary Infections during the Dry and Early Lactation Periods of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091522. [PMID: 32872097 PMCID: PMC7552139 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Internal teat sealant (ITS) at drying off is a strategy used for the prevention of intramammary infections (IMI) during the dry period (DP), as it simulates the keratin plug’s purpose, which is to prevent the access of pathogens into the mammary gland. The results from randomized clinical trials provide valuable information about the efficacy of commercially available products to be used in dairy cattle, assisting farmers to choose the best protocols for mastitis control. This study evaluated a new ITS infused at drying off as an alternative to prevent IMI during DP in a tropical country. Our results showed no effect of treatments on risk of bacteriological cure, subclinical mastitis (SCM) cure, and new cases of SCM postpartum. On the other hand, the use of ITS combined with an intramammary antibiotic (SDCT) reduced the risk of clinical mastitis up to 60 days postpartum, the overall risk of new intramammary infections (NIMI), and the NIMI caused by major pathogens compared to the use of antimicrobial alone (ADCT). Thus, the use of ITS combined with an antimicrobial at drying off was effective to prevent NIMI and clinical mastitis up to 60 days postpartum. Abstract The effect of an internal teat sealant (ITS) on subsequent infection of the mammary gland was evaluated on the following mammary gland health indicators: (a) bacteriological cure of preexisting intramammary infections at drying off, (b) risk of postpartum new intramammary infections (NIMI), (c) cure and risk of new cases of subclinical mastitis (SCM), and (d) risk of postpartum clinical mastitis (CM). A total of 553 cows during late gestation were randomly assigned into two treatment protocols at drying off: (a) Dry cow therapy with 0.25 g of intramammary anhydrous cefalonium (ADCT; Cepravin®, MSD Animal Health); or (b) ADCT combined with ITS (SDCT; 4 g bismuth subnitrate; Masti-Seal®, MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil). Mammary quarter (MQ) milk samples were collected for microbiological culture and somatic cell count (SCC) at drying off and early lactation, and data from 1756 MQ were used in the multivariate logistic regression. There was no effect on the risk of bacteriological cure, SCM cure, and new cases of postpartum SCM. Still, SDCT reduced the risk of CM up to 60 days postpartum (DPP), overall NIMI risk, and the NIMI caused by major pathogens compared to ADCT. Thus, the DCT combined with ITS at drying off is effective for preventing NIMI during the dry period and CM up to 60 DPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Freu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (G.F.); (T.T.); (C.P.M.); (M.M.B.); (B.G.A.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Tiago Tomazi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (G.F.); (T.T.); (C.P.M.); (M.M.B.); (B.G.A.)
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Camylla Pedrosa Monteiro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (G.F.); (T.T.); (C.P.M.); (M.M.B.); (B.G.A.)
| | - Melina Melo Barcelos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (G.F.); (T.T.); (C.P.M.); (M.M.B.); (B.G.A.)
| | - Bruna Gomes Alves
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (G.F.); (T.T.); (C.P.M.); (M.M.B.); (B.G.A.)
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (G.F.); (T.T.); (C.P.M.); (M.M.B.); (B.G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-35654260
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Zanin E, Zobel G, Cestari AA, Fregonesi JA. Intake, milk yield, and lying behavior of dairy cows fed on two hay diets at dry-off: A case study in Brazil. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Araújo RS, Garcia GM, Vilela JMC, Andrade MS, Oliveira LAM, Kano EK, Lange CC, Brito MAVPE, Brandão HDM, Mosqueira VCF. Cloxacillin benzathine-loaded polymeric nanocapsules: Physicochemical characterization, cell uptake, and intramammary antimicrobial effect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:110006. [PMID: 31499941 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work shows the development and evaluation of the veterinary antibiotic cloxacillin benzathine (CLOXB) loaded into poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanocapsules (NC), as a potential new treatment strategy to manage bovine intramammary infections, such as mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis is often a recurrent disease due to the persistence of bacteria within infected cells. CLOXB-PCL NC were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed biodegradable polymer followed by solvent displacement method. The mean diameter of NC varied from 241 to 428 nm and from 326 to 375 nm, when determined by dynamic light scattering and by atomic force microscopy, respectively. The zeta potential of NC was negative and varied from -28 to -51 mV. In vitro release studies from the NC were performed in two media under sink conditions: PBS with 1% polyethylene glycol or milk. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to determine the NC entrapment efficiency and kinetics of CLOXB release from the NC. Free CLOXB dissolution occurred very fast in both media, while drug release from the NC was slower and incomplete (below 50%) after 9 h. CLOXB release kinetics from polymeric NC was fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating that CLOXB release is governed by diffusion following Fick's law. The fluorescence confocal microscopy images of macrophage-like J774A.1 cells reveal NC uptake and internalization in vitro. In addition, antimicrobial effect of the intramammary administration of CLOXB-PCL NC in cows with mastitis resulted in no clinical signs of toxicity and allowed complete pathogen elimination after treatment. The in vivo results obtained in this work suggest that CLOXB-PCL NC could be a promising formulation for the treatment of intramammary infections in cattle, considering their physicochemical properties, release profiles and effects on bovine mastitis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Giani Martins Garcia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eunice Kazue Kano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Carla Christine Lange
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | | | - Humberto de Mello Brandão
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
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Noninferiority field trial for evaluation of efficacy of ciprofloxacin associated with internal teat sealant as dry-off protocol. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2547-2557. [PMID: 31222712 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two dry-off protocols: (a) dry cow therapy using ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 400 mg followed by the administration of an internal teat sealant composed of 4 g of bismuth subnitrate, and (b) a positive control using dry cow therapy with 250 mg cephalonium followed by the administration of 2.6 g bismuth subnitrate internal teat sealant. A total of 578 Holstein cows selected from 7 commercial herds were randomly allocated into two groups at drying off: (a) ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 400 mg (CH) associated with ITS, n = 1112 mammary quarters/296 cows, or (b) positive control (PC) = cephalonium (250 mg) associated with ITS, n = 1058 mammary quarters/282 cows). A total of 1787 out of 2170 mammary quarters (82%) had negative culture at drying off. The microorganisms most frequently isolated at drying off were CNS (5.62%), Strep. uberis (1.9%), Corynebacterium spp. (1.8%), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.01%). A total of 465 mammary quarters experienced new intramammary infections (NIMIs), and the main microorganisms causing NIMI were CNS (21.94%), Strep. uberis (17.2%), and Pseudomonas spp. (9.7%). The CH protocol was not inferior to PC, as the cure risk of mammary quarters CH-treated was at the noninferiority limit. However, the mammary quarters treated by CH protocol had 24% and 31% lower risk of overall NIMI and NIMI caused by major pathogens, respectively, than mammary quarters dried with the PC protocol. In addition, the mammary quarters treated with CH protocol had a lower risk of CM through the first 60 DIM than those treated with PC protocol. Both DCT protocols showed similar odds of microbiological cure, but the CH protocol had greater prevention against NIMI during dry-off period.
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