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Paulino ET. Development of the cardioprotective drugs class based on pathophysiology of myocardial infarction: A comprehensive review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102480. [PMID: 38395114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is mainly responsible for the transport of substances necessary to cellular metabolism. However, for the good performance of this function, there is need for adequate control of blood pressure levels of tissue perfusion and systemic arterial. Acute myocardial infarction is one of the complications of the cardiovascular system, that most affects the population around the world. This condition can be defined as a disease generated by an imbalance of oxygen concentrations used in cardiovascular metabolism, this change usually occurs because coronary occlusion, which prevents myocardial blood flow. The diagnosis is based on the set of clinical and laboratory investigations, which are in the release of cardiac enzyme biomarkers, cardiovascular and hemodynamic changes and cardiac accommodations. The treatment consists in the use of concomitant cardiovascular drugs, such as: antihypertensive, antiplatelet and hypolipidemic. Despite improvements in clinical and pharmacological management, acute myocardial infarction remains the leading cause of death worldwide. This finding encourages the scientific research of new drugs for the treatment of myocardial infarction or supporting therapies aimed at reducing the levels of deaths and comorbities generated by cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Tenório Paulino
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N. Postal Box Code: 57.072.900, Brazil.
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Sallam MY, El-Gowilly SM, Abdel-Galil AGA, El-Mas MM. Activation of central GABA B receptors offsets the cyclosporine counteraction of endotoxic cardiovascular outcomes in conscious rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:485-498. [PMID: 29667225 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that cyclosporine (CSA) counteracts cardiovascular manifestations induced by endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) such as hypotension and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in conscious rats. In this study, we investigated whether the facilitation of central γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission blunts these favorable influences of CSA. The LPS-CSA interaction was determined in the absence and presence of drugs that activate GABAA or GABAB receptors or elevate synaptic GABA levels in the central nervous system. The consequent i.v. administration of CSA (10 mg/kg) blunted the LPS-evoked hypotension, tachycardia, and reductions in time- and frequency-domain indices of heart rate variability (measures of cardiac autonomic control) evoked by LPS (10 mg/kg i.v.). The ability of CSA to reverse the LPS effects disappeared in rats treated intracisternally (i.c.) with baclofen (selective GABAB agonist, 2 μg/rat) but not muscimol (selective GABAA agonist, 1 μg/rat), indicating a preferential compromising action for central GABAB receptors on the advantageous effects of CSA. Moreover, the improvement by CSA of LPS-evoked cardiovascular derangements was also eliminated after concurrent i.c. administration of vigabatrin (GABA transaminase inhibitor, 200 μg/rat) or tiagabine (GABA reuptake inhibitor, 100 μg/rat). These results demonstrate that the activation of central GABAB receptors either directly via baclofen or indirectly following interventions that boost GABA levels in central synapses counterbalances the rectifying action of CSA on endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Y Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azartia, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sahar M El-Gowilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azartia, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Galil A Abdel-Galil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azartia, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azartia, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
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Sun Y, Sun B, He R. Effect of the changes of NMDA receptor in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on cardiac function and sympathetic nervous activity in rats with heart failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1336-1341. [PMID: 28958939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of the changes of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on cardiac function and sympathetic nervous activity in rats with heart failure (HF). METHODS Thirty-six adult male SD rats were randomly divided into the heart failure group (HF), the heart failure + NMDA receptors agonist AP5 intervention group (HF-AP5), and the Sham-operation group (SO) (n = 12). HF model in SD rats was induced by ligation of left coronary artery. AP5 (0.02 μg/h) was administrated by the paraventricular nucleus subsequently for 4 weeks. The cardiac function, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), lung/body weight ratio (L/BW), and right ventricle/body weight ratio (RV/BW), as well as the plasma noradrenaline (NE) and Angiotensin II (Ang II) level and the expressions of NMDAR1, GAD67, and TH in PVN, in different groups were recorded 4 weeks after the establishment of HF model. RESULTS After the coronary artery was ligated, LVEDP was increased, ±dp/dt max and LVEF were decreased, lung/BW and RV/BW were raised. RSNA, Ang II and NE were raised. Expression of NMDAR1 and TH were increased, but GAD67 was decreased. The levels of LVEDP, lung/BW, and RV/BW in group HF-AP5 were reduced while ± dp/dtmax was increased after the treatment. The blood Ang II and NE content was decreased, RSNA was reduced, expression of NMDAR1 and TH were downregulated, but GAD67 was upregulated. CONCLUSIONS NMDAR1 is significantly activated in PVN of HF rats, the activity of TH is increased, GAD67 is downregulated, RSNA is increased, and the heart function is decreased. NMDA receptor blockers can alleviate HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Bingyi Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Hospital of Sinochem Second Construction Group Co., Ltd, Taiyuan, 030021, China
| | - Rongli He
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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Central GABAA receptors are involved in inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of endotoxemia in conscious rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:279-88. [PMID: 26685896 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal brain inhibitory neurotransmitter, modulates inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we tested the hypothesis that central GABAergic neurotransmission mediates the detrimental inflammatory, hemodynamic, and cardiac autonomic actions of endotoxemia. The effects of drugs that block GABA receptors or interfere with GABA uptake or degradation on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and HR variability (HRV) responses elicited by i.v. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were assessed in conscious rats. The hypotensive effect of LPS (10 mg/kg) was blunted after intracisternal (i.c.) administration of bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist) or saclofen (GABAB receptor antagonist). By contrast, the concomitant LPS-evoked tachycardia and decreases in time domain and frequency domain indices of HRV (measures of cardiac autonomic control) were abolished upon treatment with bicuculline but not saclofen. Increases in serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) caused by LPS disappeared in the presence of bicuculline or saclofen, whereas LPS-evoked increases in serum nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were counteracted by bicuculline only. None of the endotoxemia effects was altered in rats treated with i.c. tiagabine (GABA reuptake inhibitor) or vigabatrin (GABA transaminase inhibitor). These data suggest a major role for central GABAA receptors in the inflammatory and cardiovascular effects of endotoxemia.
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Bayındır S, Gökmen N, Erbayraktar S, Küçükgüçlü S, Yılmaz O, Şahin Ö, Öçmen E, Erdost HA, Sağıroğlu E. Cardioprotective Effects of Remifentanil in a Sympathetic Hyperactivity Model in Rabbits. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2015; 43:225-31. [PMID: 27366503 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2015.88319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the antiarrhythmic and anti-ischemic effects of a 6 μg kg(-1) min(-1) infusion dose of remifentanil are investigated in a central sympathetic hyperactivity model in rabbits. METHODS In this study, 18 New Zealand rabbits were used. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups (n=6) and received 10 μmol L(-1) glutamate intracerebroventricularly to provide the central sympathetic hyperactivity. In group 1, 10 μmol L(-1) glutamate was used; in group 2, 1 h before L-glutamate injection, 40 mg kg(-1) N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was intravenously (iv) administered; and in group 3, also 1 h before L-glutamate injection, 40 mg kg(-1) N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was iv administered. A 6 μg kg(-1) min(-1) dose of remifentanil infusion was administered 5 min before L-glutamate injection. Heart rate, systolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured and recorded. Within 15 min of the intracerebroventricular L-glutamate injection, premature ventricular complexes, bigeminy ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, ST-segment shift and T-wave inversions were recorded. RESULTS When incidences of heart rate, rate pressure product, premature ventricular complexes and bigeminy ventricular arrhythmia were compared between groups, significant differences were not determined. Mean arterial pressure was more significantly increased in group 2 than in the other groups (p<0.05). Ventricular tachycardia, ST-segment shift and T-wave inversions were significantly lower in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Remifentanil (6 μg kg(-1) min(-1) for 5 min of infusion) prevented life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia in a model of arrhythmia resulting from the association of central sympathetic overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Bayındır
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Necati Gökmen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serhat Erbayraktar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Semih Küçükgüçlü
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Osman Yılmaz
- Department of Animal Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Elvan Öçmen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hale Aksu Erdost
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emel Sağıroğlu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Martinez-Raga J, Knecht C, Szerman N, Martinez MI. Risk of serious cardiovascular problems with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:15-30. [PMID: 23160939 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-012-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. The proportion of patients diagnosed with ADHD receiving pharmacological treatments has increased enormously in recent years. Despite the well established efficacy and the good safety and tolerability profile, there is concern about the potential for rare but serious cardiovascular adverse events, as well as sudden cardiac death, with pharmacotherapies used for treating ADHD in children, adolescents and adults. The present paper aims to comprehensively and critically review the published evidence on the controversial association between medications approved for treating patients with ADHD and the risk of serious cardiovascular problems, specifically the risk of corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death. A comprehensive search of relevant databases (PubMed, EMBASE and PsychINFO) was conducted to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals until 21 July 2012. Clinical reports, as well as retrospective or prospective population-based studies with children, adolescents or adults as participants, of pharmacotherapies for ADHD reporting cardiovascular adverse events were included. Stimulant medications for ADHD, including methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives, are generally safe and well tolerated. Small but statistically significant increases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are among the adverse events of stimulant treatment in all age groups. Similarly, the non-stimulant medication atomoxetine has also been associated with increased HR and BP, although as is the case with stimulants, these are generally minor, time limited and of minor clinical significance in children, adolescents or adults. Growing evidence suggests that these medications do not cause sudden and unexpected cardiac death or serious cardiovascular problems including statistically or clinically significant increases in QTc, at therapeutic doses in ADHD patients across the lifespan. Small decreases in mean systolic BP, diastolic BP and HR have been observed in studies with guanfacine-extended release (-XR) or clonidine-XR, two α(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, administered alone or in combination with psychostimulants to children and adolescents with ADHD. There are also no statistically or clinically significant increases in QTc associated with clonidine or guanfacine. There are no reports of torsades de pointes clearly and directly related to medications used for treating ADHD in patients of all age groups. The risk for serious cardiovascular adverse events, including statistically or clinically significant increases in QTc, and sudden cardiac death associated with stimulants, atomoxetine or α(2)-adrenergic agonists prescribed for ADHD is extremely low and the benefits of treating individual patients with ADHD, after an adequate assessment, outweigh the risks. However, great caution is advised when considering stimulant and non-stimulant medications for patients of any age with a diagnosis of ADHD and a personal or family history or other known risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Martinez-Raga
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Medicine Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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El-Mas MM, Omar AG, Helmy MM, Mohy El-Din MM. Crosstalk between central pathways of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the hypertensive action of cyclosporine. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1890-6. [PMID: 22226938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the intermediary role of central neurons in the hypertensive and sympathoexcitatory actions of cyclosporine (CSA) has been recognized in previous studies including our own, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that central pathways of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) modulate the blood pressure (BP) response elicited by CSA in conscious rats. Hemodynamic effects of CSA were evaluated in absence and presence of maneuvers that inhibit or facilitate biosynthesizing enzymes of NO (NOS) or CO (heme oxygenase, HO). CSA (20mg/kg i.v.) produced abrupt increases in BP that peaked in 5min and maintained for at least 45min. The hypertensive effect of CSA disappeared in rats pretreated intracisternally (i.c.) with N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, nonselective NOS inhibitor), N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine (L-NIO, selective eNOS inhibitor), N(ω)-propyl-l-arginine (NPLA, selective nNOS inhibitor), or 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, guanylate cyclase inhibitor), suggesting the importance of central eNOS/nNOS/GC cascade in CSA-induced hypertension. L-NAME also abolished the hypotension caused by the sympatholytic drug moxonidine, indicating a tonic sympathoinhibitory action for NO. The inhibition of HO activity by zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) abrogated the hypertensive action of CSA. The abolition by L-NAME or ZnPP of CSA hypertension was compromised upon simultaneous i.c. exposure to hemin (HO substrate) and l-arginine (NOS substrate), respectively. Together, the interruption of the mutually facilitated NOS/NO and HO/CO pathways and coupled GC/cGMP in central neuronal pools accounts, at least partly, for the hypertensive and perhaps sympathoexcitatory actions of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Champlion Street, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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El-Mas MM, El-Gowilly SM, Fouda MA, Saad EI. Role of adenosine A2A receptor signaling in the nicotine-evoked attenuation of reflex cardiac sympathetic control. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:229-37. [PMID: 21550361 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Baroreflex dysfunction contributes to increased cardiovascular risk in cigarette smokers. Given the importance of adenosinergic pathways in baroreflex control, the hypothesis was tested that defective central adenosinergic modulation of cardiac autonomic activity mediates the nicotine-baroreflex interaction. Baroreflex curves relating changes in heart rate (HR) to increases or decreases in blood pressure (BP) evoked by i.v. doses (1-16μg/kg) of phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), respectively, were constructed in conscious rats; slopes of the curves were taken as measures of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Nicotine (25 and 100μg/kg i.v.) dose-dependently reduced BRS(SNP) in contrast to no effect on BRS(PE). BRS(SNP) was also attenuated after intracisternal (i.c.) administration of nicotine. Similar reductions in BRS(SNP) were observed in rats pretreated with atropine or propranolol. The combined treatment with nicotine and atropine produced additive inhibitory effects on BRS, an effect that was not demonstrated upon concurrent exposure to nicotine and propranolol. BRS(SNP) was reduced in preparations treated with i.c. 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT, nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist), 8-(3-Chlorostyryl) caffeine (CSC, A(2A) antagonist), or VUF5574 (A(3) antagonist). In contrast, BRS(SNP) was preserved after blockade of A(1) (DPCPX) or A(2B) (alloxazine) receptors or inhibition of adenosine uptake by dipyridamole. CSC or 8-PT abrogated the BRS(SNP) depressant effect of nicotine whereas other adenosinergic antagonists were without effect. Together, nicotine preferentially impairs reflex tachycardia via disruption of adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated facilitation of reflex cardiac sympathoexcitation. Clinically, the attenuation by nicotine of compensatory sympathoexcitation may be detrimental in conditions such as hypothalamic defense response, posture changes, and ventricular rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Guan Y, Gao L, Ma HJ, Li Q, Zhang H, Yuan F, Zhou ZN, Zhang Y. Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia decreases β-adrenoceptor activity in right ventricular papillary muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1267-72. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00410.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) has an effective cardiac protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. It has been shown that blockade of β-adrenergic receptor exerts anti-arrhythmic action and improves cardiac remodeling in ischemic myocardium. Thus we determined the influence of CIHH on β-adrenergic receptor activity in right ventricular papillary muscle of rats. We found that the action potential duration in right ventricular papillary muscle was significantly longer in CIHH rats than in control rats. Activation of β-adrenergic receptor with dl-isoproterenol dose-dependently increased action potential duration and the contractility in right ventricular papillary muscle. In CIHH rats, the prolonged effect of dl-isoproterenol on action potential duration and the positive inotropic effect were significantly decreased compared with that in control rats. Furthermore, radioligand-binding experiments revealed that the density and affinity of β-adrenergic receptor in right ventricular myocardium was significantly lower in CIHH rats. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that the membrane-bound G protein Gsα expression level in cardiac myocardium was significantly lower in CIHH rats than that in control rats. Collectively, these data suggest that CIHH suppresses β-adrenergic receptor action in right ventricular papillary muscle through decreasing receptor density and affinity, as well as membrane-bound Gsα. This mechanism may be involved in the cardiac protective effect of CIHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
| | - Hui-Jie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
| | - Zhao-Nian Zhou
- Laboratory of Hypoxic Cardiovascular Physiology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; and
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Prolonged cardioprotective effect of pyridostigmine encapsulated in liposomes. Life Sci 2010; 86:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sex differences in sensitivity to beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol in the isolated adult rat heart following prenatal protein restriction. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:725-34. [PMID: 18590591 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508025075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of CVD. Epidemiological studies have shown that low birth weight increases the risk of developing hypertension in adulthood. Hypertension increases the risk of suffering IHD and early findings provide evidence that hearts from prenatally protein-restricted, hypertensive, male offspring are more susceptible to cardiac dysfunction following ischaemic events. Hypertension and abnormalities in cardiac function following ischaemia-reperfusion in the human population are treated therapeutically with beta-adrenergic antagonists. We hypothesised that increased susceptibility to myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in prenatally programmed offspring may be due to sympathetic hyperactivity. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed control or low-protein (maternal low protein; MLP) diets throughout gestation. At age 6 months, hearts were rapidly excised and retro-perfused using the Langendorff apparatus, to assess isolated cardiac function following stimulation with increasing doses of the non-specific beta-agonist isoproterenol. Baseline heart rates were similar in control and MLP-fed offspring. With significant diet x sex interactions (P < 0.01) maximum heart rate response following isoproterenol infusion was significantly longer in MLP than control. Prenatal diet had no effect on maximal left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) response, but the LVDP isoproterenol response was significantly longer in duration in MLP-exposed male offspring (diet x sex P < 0.001). Myocardial mRNA expression of beta2-adrenergic receptors was increased in 2-week-old female MLP offspring only (P < 0.049). In conclusion, maternal protein restriction programmes cardiac sympathetic activity in a sex-specific manner, and may explain increased susceptibility to ischaemia-reperfusion injury in males subject to fetal undernutrition.
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Teixeira de Castro RR, Tibiriçá E, de Oliveira MAB, Moreira PBB, Catelli MF, Rocha NN, Nóbrega ACL. Reduced Hemodynamic Responses to Physical and Mental Stress Under Low-Dose Rilmenidine in Healthy Subjects. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2006; 20:129-34. [PMID: 16761192 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-006-7653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays a major role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Rilmenidine is an I(1)-imidazoline receptor agonist that reduces blood pressure by modulation of central sympathetic activity, but the effects of low-dose rilmenidine on the hemodynamic responses to physiological maneuvers that increase adrenergic drive is not known. To assess the effects of low-dose rilmenidine on the hemodynamic responses to stress, 32 healthy subjects (20-56 years old) underwent acute physical exercise (n = 15, individualized ramp protocol on treadmill) and mental stress (n = 17, word color Stroop and mental arithmetics tests) two hours after the oral administration of 0.5 mg of rilmenidine (RIL) or placebo (PLA) following a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. No subject complained of any side effect. Rilmenidine reduced peak exercise heart rate (PLA: 187 +/- 7; RIL: 181 +/- 9 bpm; P = 0.003), but did not modify peak aerobic power (VO(2max) - PLA: 41.7 +/- 6.2; RIL: 42.3 +/- 6.7 ml/kg/min; P = 0.26). During mental stress, rilmenidine inhibited the peak systolic (PLA: 123 +/- 10; RIL: 114 +/- 8 mmHg; P = 0.02) and diastolic (PLA: 86 +/- 7; RIL: 81 +/- 7 mmHg; P <0.05) blood pressure responses. In conclusion, rilmenidine reduced the hemodynamic response to physical and mental stress stimuli without limiting exercise capacity. These results support the concept that rilmenidine, at a dose lower than the ones recommended to treat hypertension, reduced the myocardial oxygen demand to stress and may carry potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro
- Departament of Physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 Niterói, RJ, Brazil CEP 24210-131
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Nassar N, Abdel-Rahman AA. Central Adenosine Signaling Plays a Key Role in Centrally Mediated Hypotension in Conscious Aortic Barodenervated Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:255-61. [PMID: 16595736 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that clonidine-evoked hypotension is dependent on central adenosinergic pathways. Five groups of male, conscious, aortic baroreceptor-denervated (ABD) rats received clonidine (10 microg/kg i.v.) 30 min after i.v. 1) saline, 2) theophylline (10 mg/kg), or 3) 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT) (2.5 mg/kg) or 1 h after i.p. 4) dipyridamole (5 mg/kg) or 5) an equal volume of sesame oil. Blockade of central (theophylline) but not peripheral (8-SPT) adenosine receptors abolished clonidine hypotension. In contrast, dipyridamole substantially enhanced the bradycardic response to clonidine. In additional groups, intracisternal (i.c.) dipyridamole (150 microg) and 8-SPT (10 microg) enhanced and abolished, respectively, clonidine (0.6 microg i.c.)-evoked hypotension. Because clonidine is a mixed I1/alpha2 agonist, we also investigated whether adenosine signaling is linked to the I1 or the alpha2A receptor by administering the selective I1 (rilmenidine, 25 microg) or alpha2A [alpha-methylnorepinephrine (alpha-MNE), 4 microg] agonist 30 min after central adenosine receptor blockade (8-SPT; 10 microg i.c.) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The hypotensive response elicited by rilmenidine or alpha-MNE was abolished in 8-SPT-pretreated rats. To delineate the role of the adenosine A2A receptor in clonidine-evoked hypotension, i.c. clonidine (0.6 microg) was administered 30 min after central adenosine receptor A2A blockade [5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-epsilon]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]-pyrimidine (SCH58261); 150 microg i.c.]. The latter virtually abolished the hypotensive and bradycardic responses elicited by clonidine. In conclusion, central adenosine A2A signaling plays a key role in clonidine-evoked hypotension in conscious aortic barodenervated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Lessa MA, Rodrigues E, Tibiricá E. Cardioprotective action of fentanyl in a model of central sympathetic overactivity in rabbits: antiarrhythmic and anti-ischemic effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48:1115-22. [PMID: 15352957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic overactivity resulting from perioperative noxious stimuli elicits hyperdynamic cardiovascular responses that may lead to myocardial ischemia and/or ventricular arrhythmia, especially in patients presenting with coronary artery disease. In the present study we investigated the cardioprotective effects of clinically relevant doses of fentanyl in an experimental model of sympathetic overactivity associated with myocardial ischemia in anesthetized rabbits. METHODS Central sympathetic stimulation was achieved through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of L-glutamate (10 micro mol), with simultaneous inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis through i.v. administration of N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 40 mg kg(-1)). RESULTS L-glutamate triggered ventricular arrhythmia and electrocardiographic alterations indicative of myocardial ischemia. The intravenous administration of fentanyl (5, 10 or 50 micro g kg(-1)) reduced the incidence of ST-segment shift (70, 20 and 10%, respectively, vs. 66.7% in controls) as well as of T-wave inversion from 58.3% to 30, 20 and 10%, respectively. The total number of ventricular premature complexes per minute fell from 65.2 +/- 16 in the control group to 6.8 +/- 3, 3.5 +/- 2 and 2.6 +/- 1.5, respectively. The occurrence of ventricular tachycardia and bigeminy was completely abolished by fentanyl. Finally, the i.v. administration of fentanyl did not induce significant hemodynamic effects (except for dP/dt(max) in the 50 micro g kg(-1)-dose). CONCLUSION Fentanyl elicits significant cardioprotective effects in a model of arrhythmia resulting from the association of central sympathetic overactivity with myocardial ischemia in rabbits, independently from its systemic hemodynamic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lessa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kam KWL, Qi JS, Chen M, Wong TM. Estrogen reduces cardiac injury and expression of beta1-adrenoceptor upon ischemic insult in the rat heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:8-15. [PMID: 14718598 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.058339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that estrogen confers cardioprotection by suppressing the expression of beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR), we first correlated the infarct size in response to ischemic insult and beta-AR stimulation with the expression of beta(1)-AR in sham, ovariectomized (Ovx) and estrogen replaced (Ovx + E(2)) rats. When beta-AR is being activated during ischemia, the infarct size was significantly greater in Ovx than in the sham and Ovx + E(2) rats. There is a negative correlation between the infarct size and the expression level of beta(1)-AR as revealed by Western blotting and supported by binding analysis. Incubation of ventricular myocytes from Ovx rats with estrogen at 10(-9) M for 24 and 48 h, but not 12 h, significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release when the myocytes are subjected to simulated ischemia. The cardioprotective effect of 24 h estrogen incubation was accompanied by a reduction in the protein expression level of beta(1)-AR, which is estrogen receptor-dependent, whereas the lack of protection of 12-h estrogen incubation was not accompanied by any alterations in the expression level of beta(1)-AR. Together, the result from present study suggested that it is most likely that the cardioprotective effect of long-term estrogen replacement is due to suppressing the enhanced expression of cardiac beta(1)-AR in the Ovx rats, which in turn reduces cardiac injury when beta-AR is activated by sympathetic hyperactivity during ischemia. Therefore, suppression of the enhanced expression of cardiac beta(1)-AR in Ovx rats represents a novel cardioprotective mechanism of estrogen replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W L Kam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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