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Navarro-Lomas G, Plaza-Florido A, De-la-O A, Castillo MJ, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Fit-Fat Index is better associated with heart rate variability compared to fitness and fatness alone as indicators of cardiometabolic human health. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23945. [PMID: 37337972 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness indicators have been related to heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. The Fit-Fat Index (FFI) is a single index combining cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness indicators. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have previously analyzed whether FFI are related to cardiac autonomic nervous system activity assessed through HRV parameters. This study aimed (i) to examine the association of cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness indicators, and FFI with HRV parameters; and (ii) to report what of the different fatness indicators included in FFI is better associated with HRV parameters in sedentary adults. METHODS One hundred and fifty healthy adults (74 women; 76 men), aged between 18 and 65 years old, participated in this cross-sectional study. We measured cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption) and fatness indicators (waist-to-height ratio [WHR], fat mass percentage [FM%] and visceral adipose tissue [VAT]). Three FFIs were calculated as the quotient between cardiorespiratory fitness and one out of three possible fatness indicators: Fit-Fat Index calculated waist-to-height ratio (FFIWHR ), Fit-Fat Index calculated with FM% (FFIFM% ), and Fit-Fat Index calculated with VAT (FFIVAT ). HRV parameters were measured in resting conditions using a Polar RS800CX. RESULTS FFIWTHR , FFIFM% and FFIVAT were related to different HRV parameters (β ranges between -0.507 and 0.529; R2 ranges between 0.096 and 0.275; all p < .001) and the association was stronger with HRV parameters than the isolated fitness or fatness indicators (β ranges between -0.483 and 0.518; R2 ranges between 0.071 and 0.263; all p < .001). FFIVAT was the index more consistently associated with HRV parameters (β ranges between -0.507 and 0.529; R2 ranges between 0.235 and 0.275; all p < .001). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that compound FFIs are better predictors of HRV parameters than either cardiorespiratory fitness or fatness indicators alone. The FFIVAT was the best index in terms of its association to HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Navarro-Lomas
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alejandro De-la-O
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
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de Sá GB, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPDS. Cardiovascular autonomic regulation in fighter pilots: Lessons from active standing tests. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2023; 43:20-27. [PMID: 36114686 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fighter pilots (FP) are exposed to flight accelerations and stressful situations that defy cardiovascular control during and after flight. FP presents a smaller adjustment in sympatho-vagal balance during tilt test after flight compared to baseline, suggesting a huge impact of flight on autonomic modulation to the heart. We undertake to test the hypothesis that FP will have a smaller vagal reentrance and lower sympathetic withdrawal during the recovery at the supine position after a prolonged active standing test that mimics flight hemodynamic demands. Twenty-one military personnel (20-34 years old), composed of 9 FP and 12 non-pilots (NP) matched by age, V̉O2max and body mass index were enroled in the experimental protocol. R-R intervals were continuously recorded in the supine position for 15 min (SUPbaseline ), during the prolonged active standing test (45 min) windowed in six 5 min time frames (from ORT1 to ORT6), and a recovery period in the supine position for 15 min (SUPrecovery ). Heart rate variability was performed by spectral analysis to obtain the normalized low (LFn) and high (HFn) frequency components. The variation (Δ) from baseline (Δ = ORT6 - SUPbaseline ) and from recovery (Δ = SUPrecovery -ORT6) periods were calculated. FP had a smaller ΔLFn (sympathetic mediated) and ΔHFn (vagal meditated) during recovery after active standing as compared to NP. Both groups showed similar changes in ΔLFn and ΔHFn during orthostatic stress compared to baseline, with no differences over time. Therefore, FP show a smaller vagal reentrance and a lower sympathetic reduction during recovery at supine following active standing compared to NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Barros de Sá
- Postgraduation Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Dias Rodrigues
- Postgraduation Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares
- Postgraduation Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
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Gould SJ, Cochrane GD, Johnson J, Hebson CL, Kazamel M. Orthostatic intolerance in post-concussion patients. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:429-434. [PMID: 34236936 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1953357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Orthostatic intolerance (OI) following pediatric concussion is not well understood. Assessing the prevalence of concussion-related OI and how it compares to non-concussion-related OI will improve care for patients suffering with these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: We set out to describe concussion-related OI in adolescence, with particular emphasis on time to recovery and differences from non-concussion-related OI (including male vs. female prevalence). Retrospective chart reviews were completed on post-concussion patients endorsing symptoms of OI. The patients' sex, sport history, previous concussions, time since injury, and recovery time were analyzed and compared between males and females as well as against general OI statistics. Thirty-nine pediatric patients, representing 8.7% of all new patients referred to a specialized concussion clinic over a 13-month interval, were included in the chart review. Mean age of onset was 15.0 ± 2.5 years and 18 (46%) were males. The median times from evaluation to symptom resolution were 120 days. Of 18 patients who completed head-up tilt table testing, 17 (94%) had orthostatic tachycardic response (>40 bpm heart rate increment). Post-concussive OI differs from other orthostatic intolerance etiologies, lacking a strong female predominance and exhibiting a shorter time course to recovery compared to other etiologies of OI (but longer recovery time compared to concussion patients in general). Clinical orthostatic vital signs may not be sensitive for diagnosing orthostatic intolerance in athletes, likely due to higher vagal tone and more efficient skeletal muscle pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Gould
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.,Sports Medicine, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Camden L Hebson
- Sports Medicine, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abreu RMD, Porta A, Rehder-Santos P, Cairo B, Sakaguchi CA, da Silva CD, Signini ÉDF, Milan-Mattos JC, Catai AM. Cardiorespiratory coupling strength in athletes and non-athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 305:103943. [PMID: 35835289 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the relevant presence of nonlinear components on heart period (HP) likely due to cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC), the HP is frequently analyzed in absence of concomitant recordings of respiratory movements (RESP). This study aims to assess the cardiovascular dynamics and CRC during postural challenge in athletes and non-athletes via joint symbolic analysis (JSA). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 men, aged between 20 and 40 yrs, divided into athletes (n = 25) and non-athletes (n = 25) groups. The electrocardiogram, blood pressure and RESP signals were recorded during 15 min in both supine position (REST) and after active postural maneuver (STAND). From the beat-to-beat series of HP, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and RESP, we computed the time and frequency domain indexes and baroreflex sensitivity. The JSA was based on the definition of symbolic HP and RESP patterns and on the evaluation of the rate of their simultaneous occurrence in both HP and RESP series. RESULTS The JSA analysis was able to identify higher CRC strength at REST in athletes. Moreover, the response of CRC to STAND depended on the time scales of the analysis and was much more evident in athletes than in non-athletes, thus indicating a more reactive autonomic control in athletes. CONCLUSION Assessing CRC in athletes via JSA provides additional information compared to standard linear time and frequency domain tools likely due to the more relevant presence of nonlinearities in HP-RESP variability relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Martins de Abreu
- LUNEX University, International University of Health, Exercise & Sports S.A. 50, Department of Physiotherapy, Differdange, Luxembourg; LUNEX ASBL Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute, Differdange, Luxembourg; Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Porta
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Rehder-Santos
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Camila Akemi Sakaguchi
- Appalachian State University, Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, NC, USA
| | | | - Étore De Favari Signini
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Maria Catai
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Analysis of Short-Term Heart Rate Asymmetry in High-Performance Athletes and Non-Athletes. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) refers to how asymmetrically the acceleration and deceleration patterns in heartbeat fluctuations are distributed. There is limited evidence regarding HRA changes in athletes and their association with autonomic regulation. This study aimed to compare the short-term HRA of high-performance athletes and non-athletes during an autonomic function test by calculating relevant HRA measures. This exploratory study obtained beat-to-beat RR interval time series from 15 high-performance athletes and 12 non-athletes during a standardized autonomic function test. This test includes rest, postural change, controlled respiration, prolonged orthostatism, exercise, and recovery phases. The following HRA parameters were computed from the RR time series for both groups: asymmetric spread index (ASI), slope index (SI), Porta’s index (PI), Guzik’s index (GI), and Ehlers’ index (EI). We found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean value of several HRA parameters between athletes and non-athletes and across the autonomic function test phases, mainly in postural change and recovery phases. Our results indicate that high-performance athletes manifest a higher number and magnitude of cardiac decelerations than non-athletes after an orthostatic challenge, as indicated by GI and EI. In addition, lower HRA was found in athletes in the recovery phase than in non-athletes, as indicated by ASI.
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Rahman M, Ahmad I, Hussain ME. Comparison of intermittent pneumatic compression and active recovery after sub-maximal aerobic exercise in collegiate soccer players: in relation with heart rate variability and heart rate recovery. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Quero-Calero CD, Abellán-Aynés O, Manonelles P, Ortega E. The Consumption of a Synbiotic Does Not Affect the Immune, Inflammatory, and Sympathovagal Parameters in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals: A Triple-Blinded, Randomized, Place-bo-Controlled Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063421. [PMID: 35329107 PMCID: PMC8954949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to identify the effect of a synbiotic in athletes and sedentary people, and their potential varying responses regarding the immune system, autonomic regulation and body composition. Twenty-seven participants were involved in the protocol: 14 sedentary and 13 semi-professional soccer players. Both groups were randomly divided into an experimental and control group. A synbiotic (Gasteel Plus®, Heel España S.A.U.) comprising a blend of probiotic strains, including Bifidobacterium lactis CBP-001010, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036, and Bifidobacterium longum ES1, was administered to the experimental group, and a placebo was given to the control group for 30 days. Heart rate variability, body composition, and immune/inflammatory cytokines were determined. Statistically significant differences were observed between sedentary individuals and athletes in heart rate variability but not between the experimental and control groups. A difference between the athletic and sedentary group is observed with the influence of training on the effects of the synbiotic on the levels of fat mass and body-fold sum. No significant differences were shown in cytokines after the protocol study. No changes occur with the synbiotic treatment between the athlete and sedentary groups, while no negative effect was produced. Further research will be necessary to see chronic effects in the analyzed biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Daniela Quero-Calero
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Oriol Abellán-Aynés
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Manonelles
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajo, Spain;
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Rodrigues GD, Gurgel JL, Gonçalves TR, Soares PPDAS. The Physical Capacity of Rowing Athletes Cannot Reverse the Influence of Age on Heart Rate Variability during Orthostatic Stress. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201677. [PMID: 34730742 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the high physical capacity of rowing athletes may not reverse the influence of age on cardiac autonomic control decline estimated by heart rate variability (HRV). Forty-four male subjects divided in four groups: 11 young athletes (YA; 18 ±1 year), 11 young non-athletes (YNA; 20 ±1 year), 11 middle age athletes (MAA; 43 ±6 years) and 11 middle age non-athletes (MNA; 44 ±8 years) participated in the study. Heart rate (HR) was recorded beat-by-beat for 10 minutes in supine (SUP) and 10 min in orthostatic (ORT) positions. HRV was analyzed in the frequency domain to obtain the spectral power in the high (HF) and low frequency (LF) bands, and the changes to ORT (%∆HRV) were calculated (ORT - SUP / SUP). During SUP, HF was lower in MNA and MA compared to YA and YNA, while LF was lower in MNA than YA. For %ΔHRV, %ΔHF was higher in YA than YNA, MA and MNA. The %ΔLF was not different among groups. In conclusion, aging seems to overcome the influence of physical fitness on neural regulation of the heart, as highlighted by the HRV response to active standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departmento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas L Gurgel
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Educação Física e Esportes, Rua Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, s/n, São Domingos, 24210-201 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departmento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo DA S Soares
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departmento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Dias RM, Hoshi RA, Vanderlei LCM, Monteiro CBDM, Alvarez MPB, Crocetta TB, Grossklauss LF, Fernani DCGL, Dantas MTAP, Martins FPA, Garner DM, Abreu LC, Ferreira C, da Silva TD. Influence of Different Types of Corticosteroids on Heart Rate Variability of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-A Pilot Cross Sectional Study. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080752. [PMID: 34440496 PMCID: PMC8398672 DOI: 10.3390/life11080752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) have an impairment of cardiac autonomic function categorized by parasympathetic reduction and sympathetic predominance. The objective of this study was to assess the cardiac autonomic modulation of individuals with DMD undergoing therapy with Prednisone/Prednisolone and Deflazacort and compare with individuals with DMD without the use of these medications and a typically developed control group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was completed, wherein 40 boys were evaluated. The four treatment groups were: Deflazacort; Prednisone/Prednisolone; no corticoid use; and typical development. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was investigated via linear indices (Time Domain and Frequency Domain) and non-linear indices Results: The results of this study revealed that individuals with DMD undertaking pharmacotherapies with Prednisolone demonstrated HRV comparable to the Control Typically Developed (CTD) group. In contrast, individuals with DMD undergoing pharmacotherapies with Deflazacort achieved lower HRV, akin to individuals with DMD without any medications, as demonstrated in the metrics: RMSSD; LF (n.u.), HF (n.u.), LF/HF; SD1, α1, and α1/α2, and a significant effect for SD1/SD2; %DET and Ratio; Shannon Entropy, 0 V%, 2 LV% and 2 ULV%. Conclusions: Corticosteroids have the potential to affect the cardiac autonomic modulation in adolescents with DMD. The use of Prednisone/Prednisolone appears to promote improved responses in terms of sympathovagal activity as opposed to Deflazacort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martins Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Cardiology) at Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil; (C.F.); (T.D.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1-8996-230-405
| | | | | | - Carlos Bandeira de Mello Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05360-160, Brazil; (C.B.d.M.M.); (M.P.B.A.)
| | - Mayra Priscila Boscolo Alvarez
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05360-160, Brazil; (C.B.d.M.M.); (M.P.B.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Anhanguera College- Campus of Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13209-355, Brazil
| | - Tânia Brusque Crocetta
- Laboratório de Psicologia do Esporte e do Exercício, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88035-001, Brazil;
| | - Luis Fernando Grossklauss
- Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Neuropediatrist at the Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil;
| | | | - Maria Tereza Artero Prado Dantas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Western Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, Brazil; (D.C.G.L.F.); (M.T.A.P.D.)
| | | | - David M. Garner
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Luiz Carlos Abreu
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória 29040-090, Brazil;
| | - Celso Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Cardiology) at Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil; (C.F.); (T.D.d.S.)
| | - Talita Dias da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Cardiology) at Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil; (C.F.); (T.D.d.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05360-160, Brazil; (C.B.d.M.M.); (M.P.B.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo City (UNICID), São Paulo 03071-000, Brazil
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Borges U, Pfannenstiel M, Tsukahara J, Laborde S, Klatt S, Raab M. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation via tragus or cymba conchae: Are its psychophysiological effects dependent on the stimulation area? Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 161:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mijatovic G, Pernice R, Perinelli A, Antonacci Y, Busacca A, Javorka M, Ricci L, Faes L. Measuring the Rate of Information Exchange in Point-Process Data With Application to Cardiovascular Variability. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 1:765332. [PMID: 36925567 PMCID: PMC10013020 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.765332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The amount of information exchanged per unit of time between two dynamic processes is an important concept for the analysis of complex systems. Theoretical formulations and data-efficient estimators have been recently introduced for this quantity, known as the mutual information rate (MIR), allowing its continuous-time computation for event-based data sets measured as realizations of coupled point processes. This work presents the implementation of MIR for point process applications in Network Physiology and cardiovascular variability, which typically feature short and noisy experimental time series. We assess the bias of MIR estimated for uncoupled point processes in the frame of surrogate data, and we compensate it by introducing a corrected MIR (cMIR) measure designed to return zero values when the two processes do not exchange information. The method is first tested extensively in synthetic point processes including a physiologically-based model of the heartbeat dynamics and the blood pressure propagation times, where we show the ability of cMIR to compensate the negative bias of MIR and return statistically significant values even for weakly coupled processes. The method is then assessed in real point-process data measured from healthy subjects during different physiological conditions, showing that cMIR between heartbeat and pressure propagation times increases significantly during postural stress, though not during mental stress. These results document that cMIR reflects physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular variability related to the joint neural autonomic modulation of heart rate and arterial compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorana Mijatovic
- Faculty of Technical Science, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Riccardo Pernice
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Perinelli
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Yuri Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Michal Javorka
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Leonardo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Faes
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Morlin MT, Cruz CJGD, Melo PBS, Lopes GHR, Soares EDMKVK, Porto LGG, Molina GE. BRADYCARDIA IN ATHLETES: DOES THE TYPE OF SPORT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026052019_0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bradycardia in athletes can range from moderate to severe, and the factors that contribute to slow heart rate are complex. Studies investigating the mechanisms associated with this condition are controversial, and may be linked to the form of exercise practiced. A systematic literature review was conducted to discuss bradycardia mechanisms in athletes who practice different forms of sport. The databases consulted were Pubmed (MEDLINE), Clinical Trials, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Sport Discus and PEDro. The search included English language articles published up to January 2019, that evaluated athletes who practiced different forms of sport. One hundred and ninety-three articles were found, ten of which met the inclusion criteria, with 1549 male and female athletes who practiced diverse forms of sport. Resting heart rate and cardiac structure were studied in association with the form of sport practiced, through heart rate variability, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and pharmacological blockade. The studies suggest that a slow resting heart rate cannot be explained by increased vagal modulation alone, but also includes changes in cardiac structure. According to the studies, different sports seem to produce different cardiac responses, and the bradycardia found in athletes can be explained by non-autonomic and autonomic mechanisms, depending on the type of effort or the form of sport practiced. However, the mechanism underlying the slow heart rate in each form of sport is still unclear. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of disease.
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Intermittent pneumatic compression changes heart rate recovery and heart rate variability after short term submaximal exercise in collegiate basketball players: a cross-over study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Andrade DC, Arce‐Alvarez A, Parada F, Uribe S, Gordillo P, Dupre A, Ojeda C, Palumbo F, Castro G, Vasquez‐Muñoz M, Del Rio R, Ramirez‐Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training session and endurance exercise on pulmonary function and cardiorespiratory coupling. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14455. [PMID: 32748551 PMCID: PMC7399365 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise and endurance exercise (EE) on pulmonary function, sympathetic/parasympathetic balance, and cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) in healthy participants. Using a crossover repeated-measurements design, four females and four males were exposed to EE (20 min at 80% maximal heart rate [HR]), HIIT (1 min of exercise at 90% maximal HR per 1 min of rest, 10 times), or control condition (resting). Pulmonary function, HR, CRC, and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed before and after the interventions. Results revealed no significant effects of EE or HIIT on pulmonary function. The EE, but not HIIT, significantly increased CRC. In contrast, HRV was markedly changed by HIIT, not by EE. Indeed, both the low-frequency (LFHRV ) and high-frequency (HFHRV ) components of HRV were increased and decreased, respectively, after HIIT. The increase in LFHRV was greater after HIIT than after EE. Therefore, a single bout of HIIT or EE has no effects on pulmonary function. Moreover, CRC and cardiac autonomic regulation are targeted differently by the two exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
- Pedagogía en Educación Física, Deportes y RecreaciónUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory ControlDepartment of PhysiologyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Alexis Arce‐Alvarez
- Escuela de KinesiologíaFacultad de SaludUniversidad Católica Silva HenríquezSantiagoChile
- NavarrabiomedComplejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)‐Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)IDISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Felipe Parada
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Sebastian Uribe
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Pamela Gordillo
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Anita Dupre
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Carla Ojeda
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Fiorella Palumbo
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Guillermo Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Manuel Vasquez‐Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
- NavarrabiomedComplejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)‐Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)IDISNAPamplonaSpain
- Unidad de EstadísticaDepartamento de CalidadClínica Santa MaríaSantiagoChile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory ControlDepartment of PhysiologyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA)Universidad de MagallanesPunta ArenasChile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez‐Campillo
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del EjercicioFacultad de CienciasUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Quality of Life and Wellness Research GroupDepartment of Physical Activity SciencesUniversidad de Los LagosOsornoChile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- NavarrabiomedComplejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)‐Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)IDISNAPamplonaSpain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Dimkpa U, Chidi E, Unaeze B, Besong E, Umahi O, Enemuo C, Okafor E, Okeke M. A comparative study of cardio-metabolic responses to exercise between untrained non-athletic young Nigerian adults and trained soccer players. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed at evaluating the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to sub-maximal exercise tests in untrained non-athletic young adults and comparing them with those of trained and more active soccer players. Forty healthy young adult males (20 untrained non-athletic undergraduates and 20 trained soccer players) aged 20-35 years participated in the study. The participants performed the exercise tests using a mechanically braked magnetic ergometer bicycle. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) of participants were measured at rest and during the exercise test. The steady-state oxygen uptake (VO2SS) of subjects was estimated from a standardised sub-maximal VO2 equation. Data indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher absolute VO2SS, relative VO2SS, work rate, exercise oxygen pulse and cardiac output, but lower steady-state HR and %HRmax among the soccer players compared with the untrained individuals. No significant differences were observed in exercise systolic blood pressure, rate pressure product, resting HR reserve and %HR reserve between the two groups. Pearson’s partial correlation test indicted independent relationships between VO2SS (relative and absolute) and oxygen pulse, steady-state HR, percentage of HRmax, percentage of HR reserve, resting HR and working HR reserve respectively. The present study indicated greater cardio-metabolic responses to sub-maximal exercise and higher aerobic fitness in trained soccer players compared with the untrained non-athletic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Dimkpa
- Physiology Department, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 231, Nigeria
| | - E.C. Chidi
- Physiology Department, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 231, Nigeria
| | - B. Unaeze
- Physiology Department, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 231, Nigeria
| | - E.E. Besong
- Physiology Department, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, 435101, Nigeria
| | - O.G. Umahi
- Physiology Department, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, 435101, Nigeria
| | - C.I. Enemuo
- Anatomy Department, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 231, Nigeria
| | - E.C. Okafor
- Anatomy Department, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 231, Nigeria
| | - M.C. Okeke
- Anatomy Department, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 231, Nigeria
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Abreu RM, Catai AM, Cairo B, Rehder-Santos P, Maria BD, Vaini E, Bari V, Porta A. Assessment of the Coupling Strength of Cardiovascular Control via Joint Symbolic Analysis during Postural Challenge in Recreational Athletes. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:2011-2014. [PMID: 31946295 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Short-term cardiovascular control, comprising cardiac baroreflex and mechanisms governing cardiac contractility and vascular properties, links heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) fluctuations. It is activated during postural challenge and this activation is traditionally quantified via linear tools such as HP-SAP squared coherence function. In this study the ability of a nonlinear bivariate tool based on joint symbolic analysis (JSA) approach was tested against HP-SAP coherence function during orthostatic challenge in recreational athletes. We studied 9 men healthy cycling practitioners (age: 20-40 yrs) at rest in supine condition (REST) and during active standing (STAND). The JSA method is based on the definition of symbolic HP and SAP patterns and on the evaluation of the rate of their simultaneous occurrence in both HP and SAP series. HP-SAP squared coherence was computed in the low frequency band (LF, from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz). We found the expected response to the postural stimulus, namely the increase of sympathetic modulation and the contemporaneous vagal withdrawal. However, only JSA was able to detect the expected increase of association between HP and SAP variability series over slow time scales. This result suggests that recreational athletes have more relevant nonlinear interactions between HP and SAP that might be missed by traditional linear tools and might require nonlinear tools to be efficiently described.
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Martins de Abreu R, Porta A, Rehder-Santos P, Cairo B, Donisete da Silva C, De Favari Signini É, Sakaguchi CA, Catai AM. Effects of inspiratory muscle-training intensity on cardiovascular control in amateur cyclists. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R891-R902. [PMID: 31596110 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00167.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on autonomic function and baroreflex regulation are poorly studied. This study aims at evaluating chronic effects of different IMT intensities on cardiovascular control in amateur cyclists. A longitudinal, randomized, controlled blind study was performed on 30 recreational male cyclists undergoing IMT for 11 wk. Participants were randomly allocated into sham-trained group (SHAM, n = 9), trained group at 60% of the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP60, n = 10), and trained group at critical inspiratory pressure (CIP, n = 11). Electrocardiogram, finger arterial pressure, and respiratory movements were recorded before (PRE) and after (POST) training at rest in supine position (REST) and during active standing (STAND). From the beat-to-beat series of heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP), we computed time domain markers, frequency domain indexes in the low frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.4 Hz) bands, an entropy-based complexity index (CI), and baroreflex markers estimated from spontaneous HP-SAP sequences. Compared with SHAM, the positive effect of MIP60 over the HP series led to the HF power increase during REST (PRE: 521.2 ± 447.5 ms2; POST: 1,161 ± 878.9 ms2) and the CI rise during STAND (PRE: 0.82 ± 0.18; POST: 0.97 ± 0.13). Conversely, the negative effect of CIP took the form of the decreased HP mean during STAND (PRE: 791 ± 71 ms; POST: 737 ± 95 ms). No effect of IMT was visible over SAP and baroreflex markers. These findings suggest that moderate-intensity IMT might be beneficial when the goal is to limit cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity at REST and/or in response to STAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Rehder-Santos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Étore De Favari Signini
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Akemi Sakaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Maria Catai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Porras-Alvarez J, Bernal-Calderón MO. Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca: evaluación del entrenamiento deportivo. Revisión de tema. DUAZARY 2019. [DOI: 10.21676/2389783x.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca es un método no invasivo para evaluar la respuesta del sistema nervioso autónomo sobre el sistema cardiovascular, evalúa la capacidad de recuperación del sistema cardiovascular como respuesta al ejercicio físico. El análisis de los índices de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca refleja la respuesta autonómica cardiovascular a las diferentes cargas de entrenamiento. Esta revisión temática muestra las conclusiones y los protocolos de evaluación utilizados para controlar y evaluar el entrenamiento en atletas. La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca fue analizada por los métodos de dominio tiempo y frecuencia. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos de SCOPUS, PubMed y el motor de búsqueda google académico, utilizando las palabras clave “heart rate variability” “athletes”, “cardiac autonomic modulations”. Los artículos seleccionados tuvieron como población objeto de estudio atletas de nivel competitivo de diferentes deportes. En conclusión, La evaluación de la Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca permite determinar la adaptación o inadaptación a las cargas de entrenamiento, programar el volumen y la intensidad adecuada de la carga de entrenamiento, supervisar el rendimiento a lo largo de los periodos de entrenamiento y monitorear el estado de forma deportiva durante los campeonatos en todos los deportes.
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19
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Positive Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Physiological Stress Reactivity in Varsity Athletes. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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León-Ariza HH, Botero-Rosas DA, Zea-Robles AC. HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND BODY COMPOSITION AS VO2MAX DETERMINANTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172304152157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) is the gold standard in the cardiorespiratory endurance assessment. Objective: This study aimed to develop a mathematical model that contains variables to determine the VO2max of sedentary people. Methods: Twenty participants (10 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 19.8±1.77 years were included. For each participant, body composition (percentage of fat and muscle), heart rate variability (HRV) at rest (supine and standing), and VO2max were evaluated through an indirect test on a cycloergometer. A multivariate linear regression model was developed from the data obtained, and the model assumptions were verified. Results: Using the data obtained, including percentage of fat (F), percentage of muscle (M), percentage of power at very low frequency (VLF), α-value of the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAα1), heart rate (HR) in the resting standing position, and age of the participants, a model was established for men, which was expressed as VO2max = 4.216 + (Age*0.153) + (F*0.110) - (M*0.053) - (VLF*0.649) - (DFAα1*2.441) - (HR*0.014), with R2 = 0.965 and standard error = 0.146 L/min. For women, the model was expressed as VO2max = 1.947 - (Age*0.047) + (F*0.024) + (M*0.054) + (VLF*1.949) - (DFAα1*0.424) - (HR*0.019), with R2 = 0.987 and standard error = 0.077 L/min. Conclusion: The obtained model demonstrated the influence exerted by body composition, the autonomic nervous system, and age in the prediction of VO2max.
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21
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Medeiros WM, de Luca FA, de Figueredo Júnior AR, Mendes FAR, Gun C. Heart rate recovery improvement in patients following acute myocardial infarction: exercise training, β-blocker therapy or both. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:351-359. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir M. Medeiros
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation (GERFE); Department of Medicine and Physiotherapy; Santo Amaro University (UNISA); São Paulo Brazil
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit (SEFICE); Respiratory Division; Department of Medicine; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Capacity; School of Physiotherapy; Ibirapuera University (UNIB); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fabio A. de Luca
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation (GERFE); Department of Medicine and Physiotherapy; Santo Amaro University (UNISA); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alcides R. de Figueredo Júnior
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit (SEFICE); Respiratory Division; Department of Medicine; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe A. R. Mendes
- Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Capacity; School of Physiotherapy; Ibirapuera University (UNIB); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos Gun
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation (GERFE); Department of Medicine and Physiotherapy; Santo Amaro University (UNISA); São Paulo Brazil
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Christou GA, Kouidi EJ, Anifanti MA, Sotiriou PG, Deligiannis AP. A novel strategy for evaluating tilt test in athletes with syncope. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015; 23:1003-10. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487315600168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelia J Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria A Anifanti
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sawane MV, Gupta SS. Resting heart rate variability after yogic training and swimming: A prospective randomized comparative trial. Int J Yoga 2015; 8:96-102. [PMID: 26170587 PMCID: PMC4479905 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.154069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Resting heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the modulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) at rest. Increased HRV achieved by the exercise is good for the cardiovascular health. However, prospective studies with comparison of the effects of yogic exercises and those of other endurance exercises like walking, running, and swimming on resting HRV are conspicuous by their absence. Aims: Study was designed to assess and compare the effects of yogic training and swimming on resting HRV in normal healthy young volunteers. Settings and Design: Study was conducted in Department of Physiology in a medical college. Study design was prospective randomized comparative trial. Subjects and Methods: One hundred sedentary volunteers were randomly ascribed to either yoga or swimming group. Baseline recordings of digital electrocardiogram were done for all the subjects in cohorts of 10. After yoga training and swimming for 12 weeks, evaluation for resting HRV was done again. Statistical Analysis Used: Percentage change for each parameter with yoga and swimming was compared using unpaired t-test for data with normal distribution and using Mann-Whitney U test for data without normal distribution. Results: Most of the HRV parameters improved statistically significantly by both modalities of exercise. However, some of the HRV parameters showed statistically better improvement with yoga as compared to swimming. Conclusion: Practicing yoga seems to be the mode of exercise with better improvement in autonomic functions as suggested by resting HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Vinayak Sawane
- Department of Physiology, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Sharad Gupta
- Department of Physiology, Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College, Yeotmal, Maharashtra, India
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Gonçalves TR, Farinatti PDTV, Gurgel JL, da Silva Soares PP. Correlation Between Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Response to Orthostatic Stress and Indicators of Quality of Life, Physical Capacity, and Physical Activity in Healthy Individuals. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1415-21. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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da Silva VP, de Oliveira NA, Silveira H, Mello RGT, Deslandes AC. Heart rate variability indexes as a marker of chronic adaptation in athletes: a systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2015; 20:108-18. [PMID: 25424360 PMCID: PMC6931675 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise promotes functional and structural changes in the central and peripheral mechanisms of the cardiovascular system. Heart rate variability (HRV) measurement provides a sensitive indicator of the autonomic balance. However, because of the diversity of methods and variables used, the results are difficult to compare in the sports sciences. Since the protocol (supine, sitting, or standing position) and measure (time or frequency domain) are not well defined, the aim of this study is to investigate the HRV measures that better indicates the chronic adaptations of physical exercise in athletes. METHOD PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library), and Scopus databases were consulted. Original complete articles in English with short-term signals evaluating young and adult athletes, between 17 and 40 years old, with a control group, published up to 2013 were included. RESULTS Selected 19 of 1369 studies, for a total sample pool of 333 male and female athletes who practice different sports. The main protocols observed were the supine or standing positions in free or controlled breathing conditions. The main statistical results found in this study were the higher mean RR, standard deviation of RR intervals, and high frequency in athletes group. In addition, the analyses of Cohen's effect size showed that factors as modality of sport, protocol used and unit of measure selected could influence this expected results. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that time domain measures are more consistent than frequency domain to describe the chronic cardiovascular autonomic adaptations in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pereira da Silva
- Psychiatric InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ)Brazil
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Centro de Instrução Almirante Alexandrino—Brazilian NavyRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory—LaNExRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Natacha Alves de Oliveira
- Psychiatric InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ)Brazil
- Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory—LaNExRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Heitor Silveira
- Psychiatric InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ)Brazil
- Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory—LaNExRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Roger Gomes Tavares Mello
- Biomedical Engineering ProgramFederal University of Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology Laboratory—LaFEB, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Naval Academy—Brazilian NavyRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Andrea Camaz Deslandes
- Psychiatric InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ)Brazil
- Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory—LaNExRio de JaneiroBrazil
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26
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Moura-Tonello SCG, Takahashi ACM, Francisco CO, Lopes SLB, Del Vale AM, Borghi-Silva A, Leal AMO, Montano N, Porta A, Catai AM. Influence of type 2 diabetes on symbolic analysis and complexity of heart rate variability in men. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:13. [PMID: 24485048 PMCID: PMC3930297 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with diabetes may develop cardiac autonomic dysfunction that may be evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV). The aim was evaluated heart rate variability (HRV) of individuals with type 2 diabetes, without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), in response to active postural maneuver by means of nonlinear analysis (symbolic analysis, Shannon and conditional entropy) and correlate HRV parameters between them, glycated hemoglobin and diabetes duration. METHODS Nineteen men with type 2 diabetes without CAN (T2D) and nineteen healthy men (CG), age-range from 40 to 60 years were studied. We assessed HRV in supine and orthostatic position using symbolic analysis (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% and 2UV%), Shannon and conditional entropy (SE and NCI). RESULTS In supine position T2D presented higher sympathetic modulation (0V%) than CG. However, there was not any difference between groups for indexes of complexity (SE and NCI). Furthermore, T2D presented a preserved response of cardiac autonomic modulation after active postural maneuver. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that individuals with type 2 diabetes without CAN presented higher cardiac sympathetic modulation. However, the complexity of HRV was not influenced by imbalance of the autonomic modulation in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the response of autonomic nervous system in the heart remains preserved after active postural maneuver in individuals with type 2 diabetes, possibly due to the lack of CAN in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia CG Moura-Tonello
- Physiotherapy Department, Cardiovascular Physiotherapy Laboratory, Nucleus of Research in Physical Exercise, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anielle CM Takahashi
- Physiotherapy Department, Cardiovascular Physiotherapy Laboratory, Nucleus of Research in Physical Exercise, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina O Francisco
- Physiotherapy Department, Cardiovascular Physiotherapy Laboratory, Nucleus of Research in Physical Exercise, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio LB Lopes
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Del Vale
- Physiotherapy Department, Cardiovascular Physiotherapy Laboratory, Nucleus of Research in Physical Exercise, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Physiotherapy Department, Cardiovascular Physiotherapy Laboratory, Nucleus of Research in Physical Exercise, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela MO Leal
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine II, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Technologies for Health, Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Aparecida M Catai
- Physiotherapy Department, Cardiovascular Physiotherapy Laboratory, Nucleus of Research in Physical Exercise, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barretto F, Ferreira F, Freitas M, Santos V, Correa E, Carvalho C. Eletrocardiografia contínua (Holter) em cães saudáveis submetidos a diferentes exercícios físicos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes cargas de exercícios físicos no comportamento da frequência e do ritmo cardíaco de cães saudáveis, ao longo das 24 horas de gravação Holter. Utilizaram-se 23 cães, sem restrição de sexo, idade ou raça, dos quais 15 foram submetidos a atividades físicas e pertenciam ao grupo controle. Os resultados mostraram alterações na frequência cardíaca durante as atividades propostas, em que se alcançaram 174±27bpm durante a caminhada leve, 148±30 durante a atividade com bola e 165±26 durante o Cooper. Ademais, observaram-se arritmias, incluindo bloqueios atrioventriculares e extrassístoles e maior número e duração de pausas (até 5s) em repouso, além de uma menor variação na frequência cardíaca (FC) durante o período de sono dos animais do grupo experimental. Esses eventos não foram observados no grupo controle, o que sugere que o exercício físico extenuante interfere na modulação autonômica do coração, podendo predispor a arritmias importantes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.L. Barretto
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | - F.S. Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | | | | | - E.S. Correa
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | - C.B. Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
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Nasario-Junior O, Benchimol-Barbosa PR, Trevizani GA, Marocolo M, Nadal J. Effect of aerobic conditioning on ventricular activation: a principal components analysis approach to high-resolution electrocardiogram. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:1920-6. [PMID: 24209937 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The athlete's heart represents a reversible structural and functional adaptations of myocardial tissue developed through physical conditioning. Surface electrocardiogram (ECG) has the capability to detect myocardial hypertrophy but has limited performance in monitoring physical conditioning-induced myocardial remodeling. The aim of this study was to develop an ECG-derived test for detecting incipient myocardial hypertrophy in well-conditioned athletes based on a principal components (PC) analysis. METHODS Two groups of study composed of 14 sedentary healthy volunteers (CONTROL GROUP) and 14 professional long distance runners (Athlete group) had their maximal metabolic equivalents (MET) estimated (mean ± SD: CONTROL GROUP 9 ± 2 METs vs. Athlete group: 20 ± 1 METs, p<0.05). All participants had their high-resolution ECG (HRECG) recorded, and a 120 ms segment starting at the QRS complex onset and ending in the ST segment was extracted to build a data matrix for PC analysis. The Mahalanobis distance was evaluated by a logistic regression model to determine the optimal separation threshold between groups. HRECG was also analyzed using the classical time domain approach. The comparison of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (c-statistic) in 10,000 bootstrap re-samplings measured how well each method detected physical conditioning (α<0.05). RESULTS Average bootstrap c-statistic for PC analysis and time domain approaches were 0.98 and 0.79 (p<0.05), respectively. PC analysis and maximal oxygen consumption exhibited comparable performances to distinguish between groups. DISCUSSION The PC analysis method applied to HRECG signals appropriately discriminates well-conditioned athletes from healthy, sedentary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nasario-Junior
- Laboratório de Processamento de Sinais, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO box: 68510, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil.
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Dutra SGV, Pereira APM, Tezini GCSV, Mazon JH, Martins-Pinge MC, Souza HCD. Cardiac autonomic modulation is determined by gender and is independent of aerobic physical capacity in healthy subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77092. [PMID: 24098577 PMCID: PMC3789672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic physical capacity plays an important role in reducing morbidity and mortality rates in subjects with cardiovascular diseases. This action is often related to an improvement in the autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). However, controversies remain regarding the effects of physical training on cardiac autonomic control in healthy subjects. Therefore, our objective was to investigate whether aerobic capacity interferes with the autonomic modulation of HRV and whether gender differences exist. METHODS Healthy men and women (N=96) were divided into groups according to aerobic capacity: low (VO2: 22-38 ml/kg(-1) min(-1)), moderate (VO2: 38-48 ml/kg(-1) min(-1)) and high (VO2 >48 ml/kg(-1) min(-1).) We evaluated the hemodynamic parameters and body composition. The autonomic modulation of HRV was investigated using spectral analysis. This procedure decomposes the heart rate oscillatory signal into frequency bands: low frequency (LF=0.04-0.15Hz) is mainly related to sympathetic modulation, and high frequency (HF=0.15-0.5Hz) corresponds to vagal modulation. RESULTS Aerobic capacity, regardless of gender, determined lower values of body fat percentage, blood pressure and heart rate. In turn, the spectral analysis of HRV showed that this parameter did not differ when aerobic capacity was considered. However, when the genders were compared, women had lower LF values and higher HF values than the respective groups of men. CONCLUSION The results suggest that aerobic physical capacity does not interfere with HRV modulation; however, the cardiac modulatory balance differs between genders and is characterized by a greater influence of the autonomic vagal component in women and by the sympathetic component in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina G. V. Dutra
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M. Pereira
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa C. S. V. Tezini
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José H. Mazon
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli C. Martins-Pinge
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo C. D. Souza
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chiu SN, Lin LY, Wang JK, Lu CW, Chang CW, Lin MT, Hua YC, Lue HC, Wu MH. Long-term outcomes of pediatric sinus bradycardia. J Pediatr 2013; 163:885-9.e1. [PMID: 23623512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To delineate the long-term outcomes and mechanisms of pediatric sinus bradycardia. STUDY DESIGN Participants with sinus bradycardia who were identified from a survey of 432,166 elementary and high school students, were enrolled 10 years after the survey. The clinical course, heart rate variability, and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4) gene were assessed. RESULTS A total of 104 (male:female was 60:44; prevalence, 0.025%) participants were observed to have sinus bradycardia at age 15.5 ± 0.2 years with a mean heart rate of 48.4 ± 0.4 beats per minute; 86 study participants (83%) responded to clinical assessment and 37 (36%) underwent laboratory assessment. Athletes composed 37.8% of the study participants. During the extended 10-year follow-up, 15 (17%) of the participants had self-limited syncopal episodes, but none had experienced life-threatening events. According to Holter recordings, none of the participants had heart rate <30 beats per minute or a pause longer than 3 seconds. Compared with 67 age- and sex-matched controls, the variables of heart rate based on the spectral and time domain analysis of the participants with sinus bradycardia were all significantly higher, indicating higher parasympathetic activity. The results of mutation analysis were negative in the HCN4 gene in all of our participants. CONCLUSIONS The long-term outcomes of the children and adolescents with sinus bradycardia identified using school electrocardiographic survey are favorable. Parasympathetic hyperactivity, instead of HCN4 gene mutation, is responsible for the occurrence of sinus bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuenn-Nan Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Unaltered R-R interval variability and bradycardia in cyclists as compared with non-athletes. Clin Auton Res 2013; 23:141-8. [PMID: 23657540 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-013-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether elite mountain bikers display a cardiac autonomic modulation pattern that is distinctive from that of active non-athletes. BACKGROUND The relationship between autonomic adaptation and bradycardia during physical exercise, including high-performance sports such as the mountain biking, remains to be elucidated. METHODS Twelve elite mountain bikers and 11 matched non-athletes controls were evaluated for time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability based on a 5-min ECG R-R intervals series obtained in both the supine and the orthostatic positions. Oxygen uptake and pulse rate were obtained at ventilatory thresholds and peak effort during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test. Significance of differences between medians (25th, 75th percentiles) from the two groups was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Athletes had lower heart rate [50 (47, 59) versus 63 (60, 69) bpm; p = 0.0004] and higher cardiopulmonary performance than controls [70.9 (64.6, 74.4) versus 47.7 (41.0, 51.9) mL (kg min)(-1); p = 0.01]. No statistical difference was found in heart rate variability in the group of athletes (p = 0.17-0.97), except for trend toward having lower coefficient of variation and low-frequency absolute power indices both in supine position (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Bradycardia and higher oxygen uptake were found in association with unaltered cardiac autonomic modulation in elite mountain bikers athletes in supine and orthostatic positions, compared to active non-athletes. This bradycardia was not dependent on distinctive resting autonomic modulation. Intrinsic adaptation of sinus node and/or a peculiar state of autonomic adaptation to this exercise can be possible mechanisms.
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Grant CC, Viljoen M, Janse van Rensburg DC, Wood PS. Heart rate variability assessment of the effect of physical training on autonomic cardiac control. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012; 17:219-29. [PMID: 22816541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-474x.2012.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of exercise interventions on autonomic nervous system (ANS) control of the heart by heart rate variability (HRV) is often investigated in just one position. It was hypothesized that results of exercise-induced changes on ANS are dependent on body position and that it is possible to distinguish between exercise induced changes in vagal and sympathetic influence by taking measurements in different body positions. METHODS One hundred eighty-three (male = 100, female = 83) healthy volunteers, between 18 and 22 years, participated in a prospective twelve week medium to high intensity exercise intervention study with a self-control design. The influence of the exercise intervention was investigated on supine, rising, and standing as well as on the orthostatic response. Time domain, frequency domain and nonlinear (Poincaré) HRV analysis were performed. RESULTS The exercise intervention lead to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in vagal influence during supine, rising, and standing. Sympathetic control in the supine position was decreased and increased during rising and standing. In the initial orthostatic response to rising from the supine position, the exercise intervention lead to increased (P < 0.05) vagal withdrawal as well as increased sympathetic control. The orthostatic response measured as the difference between standing and supine indicated only an exercise induced increase in sympathetic control. CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS control differ, depending on posture and period of measurement. Exercise induced changes in parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow, respectively, can be extracted from measurements from supine, through the orthostatic response, to standing, thereby detecting changes in ANS that are otherwise obscured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C Grant
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Toufan M, Kazemi B, Akbarzadeh F, Ataei A, Khalili M. Assessment of electrocardiography, echocardiography, and heart rate variability in dynamic and static type athletes. Int J Gen Med 2012; 5:655-60. [PMID: 22924010 PMCID: PMC3422899 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s33247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the last two decades, morphological cardiac changes induced by athletic conditioning have been of great interest. Therefore, several studies have been orchestrated to delineate electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and heart rate variability (HRV) findings in athletes. Purpose: To assess the ECG, echocardiography, and HRV in a group of dynamic and static type athletes. Methods: Fifty professional athletes (20 static and 30 dynamic exercise athletes) and 50 healthy nonathletes (control group) were recruited. Standard 12-lead ECG and transthoracic echocardiography was performed on all athletes and the control group. Through echocardiography, variables including left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic/systolic diameter, LV mass, and left atrial volume index were measured. In addition, both the athletes and the control group underwent ECG Holter monitoring for 15 minutes and several parameters related to HRV (time and frequency domain) were recorded. Results: The most common ECG abnormalities among the athletes were sinus bradycardia and incomplete right bundle branch block. LV end-diastolic diameter and left atrial volume index were significantly greater in the dynamic athletes (P < 0.001). LV end-systolic diameter was significantly lower in the static group (P < 0.001). LV mass of the dynamic and static athletes was significantly greater than that of the controls (P < 0.001). Among the ECG Holter monitoring findings, the dynamic athletes had lower systolic blood pressure than the controls (P = 0.01). Heart rate was lowest in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The most common ECG abnormalities among adolescent Iranian athletes were sinus bradycardia and incomplete right bundle branch block. Static exercise seemed to reduce LV end-systolic diameter, while dynamic exercise resulted in increased LV end-diastolic diameter and left atrial volume index. Additionally, Iranian athletes showed no differences in HRV parameters, excluding heart rate and systolic blood pressure, compared with the nonathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoush Toufan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nassar YS, Saber M, Farhan A, Moussa A, Elsherif A. One year cardiac follow up of young world cup football team compared to nonathletes. Egypt Heart J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Cavalcanti G, Nogueira R, Sampaio G, Araújo R, Gonçalves R. Avaliação por eletrocardiografia contínua (holter) em cães da raça Pastor Alemão praticantes de atividade física regular. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yelisyeyeva O, Cherkas A, Semen K, Kaminskyy D, Lutsyk A. Study of aerobic metabolism parameters and heart rate variability and their correlations in elite athletes: a modulatory effect of amaranth oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/cemed.3.2009.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brown SJ, Mundel T, Barnes M, Brown JA. Indirect measures of human vagal withdrawal during head-up tilt with and without a respiratory acidosis. J Physiol Sci 2009; 59:31-6. [PMID: 19340559 PMCID: PMC10717029 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-008-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human ECG records were analyzed during supine (SUP) rest and whole body 80 degrees head-up tilt (HUT), with a respiratory acidosis (5%CO(2)) and breathing room air (RA). HUT increased heart rate in both conditions (RA(SUP) 60 +/- 13 vs. RA(HUT) 79 +/- 16; 5%CO(2SUP) 63 +/- 12 vs. 5%CO(2HUT) 79 +/- 14 beats min(-1)) and decreased mean R-R interval, with no changes in the R-R interval standard deviation. When corrected for changes in frequency spectrum total power (NU), the high frequency (0.15-0.4 Hz) component (HF(NU)) of heart rate variability decreased (RA(SUP) 44.01 +/- 21.57 vs. RA(HUT) 24.05 +/- 13.09; 5%CO(2SUP) 69.23 +/- 15.37 vs. 5%CO(2HUT) 47.64 +/- 21.11) without accompanying changes in the low frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) component (LF(NU)) (RA(SUP) 52.36 +/- 21.93 vs. RA(HUT) 66.58 +/- 19.49; 5%CO(2SUP) 22.97 +/- 11.54 vs. 5%CO(2HUT) 40.45 +/- 21.41). Positive linear relations between the tilt-induced changes (Delta) in HF(NU) and R-R interval were recorded for RA (DeltaHF(NU) = 0.0787(DeltaR-R) - 11.3, R (2) = 0.79, P < 0.05), and for 5%CO(2) (DeltaHF(NU) = 0.0334(DeltaR-R) + 1.1, R (2) = 0.82, P < 0.05). The decreased HF component suggested withdrawal of vagal activity during HUT. For both RA and 5%CO(2), the positive linear relations between DeltaHF(NU) and DeltaR-R suggested that the greater the increase in heart rate with HUT, the greater the vagal withdrawal. However, a reduced range of DeltaHF during HUT with respiratory acidosis suggested vagal withdrawal was lower with a respiratory acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Henley CE, Ivins D, Mills M, Wen FK, Benjamin BA. Osteopathic manipulative treatment and its relationship to autonomic nervous system activity as demonstrated by heart rate variability: a repeated measures study. OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE AND PRIMARY CARE 2008; 2:7. [PMID: 18534024 PMCID: PMC2442110 DOI: 10.1186/1750-4732-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The relationship between osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) and the autonomic nervous system has long been acknowledged, but is poorly understood. In an effort to define this relationship, cervical myofascial release was used as the OMT technique with heart rate variability (HRV) as a surrogate for autonomic activity. This study quantifies that relationship and demonstrates a cause and effect. Methods Seventeen healthy subjects, nine males and eight females aged 19–50 years from the faculty, staff, and students at Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, acted as their own controls and received interventions, administered in separate sessions at least 24 hours apart, of cervical myofascial OMT, touch-only sham OMT, and no-touch control while at a 50-degree head-up tilt. Each group was dichotomized into extremes of autonomic activity using a tilt table. Comparisons were made between measurements taken at tilt and those taken at pre- and post-intervention in the horizontal. The variance of the spectral components of HRV, expressed as frequencies, measured the response to change in position of the subjects. Normalized low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) values, including LF/HF ratio, were calculated and used to determine the effect of position change on HRV. Results Predominantly parasympathetic responses were observed with subjects in the horizontal position, while a 50-degree tilt provided a significantly different measure of maximum sympathetic tone (p < 0.001). Heart rate changed in all subjects with change in position; respirations remained constant. When OMT was performed in a sympathetic environment (tilt), a vagal response was produced that was strong enough to overcome the sympathetic tone. There was no HRV difference between sham and control in either the horizontal or tilt positions. Conclusion The vagal response produced by the myofascial release procedure in the maximally stimulated sympathetic environment could only have come from the application of the OMT. This demonstrates the association between OMT and the autonomic nervous system. The lack of significance between control and sham in all positions indicates that HRV may be a useful method of developing sham controls in future studies of OMT. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT00516984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Henley
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA.
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