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Carvalho NZM, Chiarotto GB, Bernardes D, Kempe PRG, Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection by dimethyl fumarate following ventral root crush in C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:184-197. [PMID: 32866558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CNS lesions usually result in permanent loss of function and are an important problem in the medical field. In order to investigate neuroprotection/degeneration mechanisms and the synaptic plasticity of motoneurons, in addition to the potential for a variety of treatments, different experimental models of axonal injury have been proposed. Recent studies have tested the immunomodulatory drug dimethyl fumarate (DMF) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and have shown promising outcomes. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the effects of DMF with regard to neuroprotection and its influence on the glial response in C57BL/6J animals subjected to crushing of the motor roots in the lumbar intumescence of the spinal cord. The animals were divided into a vehicle-treated injury group (0.08 % methylcellulose solution control group, n = 7) and injured groups treated with DMF at different doses (15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 mg/kg; n = 6-7 per dose). The 90 mg/kg dose showed the best neuroprotective results, so it was used for treatment over a period of eight weeks. Neuronal survival was assessed through Nissl staining, and functional recovery was evaluated with the CatWalk system (walking track test) and the von Frey test (mechanoreception). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess synaptic coverage and astroglial and microglial reactivity using the primary antibodies anti-synaptophysin (pre-synaptic terminal pan marker), GAD65 (GABAergic pre-synaptic terminations - inhibitory), and VGLUT1 (glutamatergic pre-synaptic terminations - excitatory). Glial reactions were evaluated with anti-IBA1 (microglia) and GFAP (astrocytes). Gene transcript levels of IL-3, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, iNOS-M1, and arginase-M2 were quantified by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that treatment with DMF, at a dose of 90 mg/kg, promoted neuroprotection and immunomodulation towards an anti-inflammatory response. It also resulted in greater preservation of inhibitory synapses and reduced astroglial reactivity, providing a more favorable environment for sensorimotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Bortolança Chiarotto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation, Post Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation, Post Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Brazil.
| | - Paula Regina Gelinski Kempe
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Morrey JD, Oliveira ALR, Wang H, Zukor K, de Castro MV, Siddharthan V. Zika virus infection causes temporary paralysis in adult mice with motor neuron synaptic retraction and evidence for proximal peripheral neuropathy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19531. [PMID: 31862897 PMCID: PMC6925114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence is mounting that Zika virus can contribute to Guillain-Barré syndrome which causes temporary paralysis, yet the mechanism is unknown. We investigated the mechanism of temporary acute flaccid paralysis caused by Zika virus infection in aged interferon αβ-receptor knockout mice used for their susceptibility to infection. Twenty-five to thirty-five percent of mice infected subcutaneously with Zika virus developed motor deficits including acute flaccid paralysis that peaked 8-10 days after viral challenge. These mice recovered within a week. Despite Zika virus infection in the spinal cord, motor neurons were not destroyed. We examined ultrastructures of motor neurons and synapses by transmission electron microscopy. The percent coverage of motor neurons by boutons was reduced by 20%; more specifically, flattened-vesicle boutons were reduced by 46%, and were normalized in recovering mice. Using electromyographic procedures employed in people to help diagnose Guillain-Barré syndrome, we determined that nerve conduction velocities between the sciatic notch and the gastrocnemius muscle were unchanged in paralyzed mice. However, F-wave latencies were increased in paralyzed mice, which suggests that neuropathy may exist between the sciatic notch to the nerve rootlets. Reversible synaptic retraction may be a previously unrecognized cofactor along with peripheral neuropathy for the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome during Zika virus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Morrey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5600, United States of America.
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5600, United States of America
| | - Katherine Zukor
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5600, United States of America
| | | | - Venkatraman Siddharthan
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5600, United States of America
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Bernardes D, de Oliveira ALR. Regular Exercise Modifies Histopathological Outcomes of Pharmacological Treatment in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:950. [PMID: 30524355 PMCID: PMC6256135 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although it has been suggested that healthier lifestyle may optimize effects of the immunomodulation drugs for treating multiple sclerosis (MS), the knowledge regarding this kind of interactions is limited. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise in combination with pharmacological treatment in an animal model for MS. Methods: C57BL/6J female mice were subjected to daily treadmill exercise for 4 weeks before immunization and 6 weeks before clinical presentation of disease. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) or glatiramer acetate (GA) were administered after the first clinical relapse. Histopathological analyses were carried out in the lumbar spinal cord at peak disease and at 1 or 14 days post-treatment (dpt). Results: Exercised-GA treated animals demonstrated decreased astrocytic response in the spinal dorsal horn with an improvement in the paw print pressure. Exercised-DMF treated animals showed an increased microglial/macrophage response on both ventral and dorsal horn that were associated with clinical improvement and synaptic motoneuron inputs density. Conclusion: The present data suggest that prior regular exercise can modify the effects of pharmacological treatment administered after the first relapse in a murine model for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bernardes
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Janssen A, Fiebiger S, Bros H, Hertwig L, Romero-Suarez S, Hamann I, Chanvillard C, Bellmann-Strobl J, Paul F, Millward JM, Infante-Duarte C. Treatment of Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis with Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Glatiramer Acetate Alters Expression of Heme-Oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130251. [PMID: 26114502 PMCID: PMC4482710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) synergizes with the immunomodulatory agent glatiramer acetate (GA) in eliciting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the relapsing-remitting EAE model. Thus, we hypothesized that mice with chronic EAE may also benefit from this combination therapy. We first assessed how a treatment with a single dose of GA together with daily application of EGCG may modulate EAE. Although single therapies with a suboptimal dose of GA or EGCG led to disease amelioration and reduced CNS inflammation, the combination therapy had no effects. While EGCG appeared to preserve axons and myelin, the single GA dose did not improve axonal damage or demyelination. Interestingly, the neuroprotective effect of EGCG was abolished when GA was applied in combination. To elucidate how a single dose of GA may interfere with EGCG, we focused on the anti-inflammatory, iron chelating and anti-oxidant properties of EGCG. Surprisingly, we observed that while EGCG induced a downregulation of the gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in affected CNS areas, the combined therapy of GA+EGCG seems to promote an increased HO-1 expression. These data suggest that upregulation of HO-1 may contribute to diminish the neuroprotective benefits of EGCG alone in this EAE model. Altogether, our data indicate that neuroprotection by EGCG in chronic EAE may involve regulation of oxidative processes, including downmodulation of HO-1. Further investigation of the re-dox balance in chronic neuroinflammation and in particular functional studies on HO-1 are warranted to understand its role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Janssen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fiebiger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Bros
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Hertwig
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suarez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabell Hamann
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Coralie Chanvillard
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M. Millward
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Silva GAA, Pradella F, Moraes A, Farias A, dos Santos LMB, de Oliveira ALR. Impact of pregabalin treatment on synaptic plasticity and glial reactivity during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav 2014; 4:925-35. [PMID: 25365796 PMCID: PMC4178248 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. It is characterized by generating a chronic demyelinating autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system. An experimental model for studying MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by immunization with antigenic proteins from myelin. AIMS The present study investigated the evolution of EAE in pregabalin treated animals up to the remission phase. METHODS AND RESULTS The results demonstrated a delay in the onset of the disease with statistical differences at the 10th and the 16th day after immunization. Additionally, the walking track test (CatWalk) was used to evaluate different parameters related to motor function. Although no difference between groups was obtained for the foot print pressure, the regularity index was improved post treatment, indicating a better motor coordination. The immunohistochemical analysis of putative synapse preservation and glial reactivity revealed that pregabalin treatment improved the overall morphology of the spinal cord. A preservation of circuits was depicted and the glial reaction was downregulated during the course of the disease. qRT-PCR data did not show immunomodulatory effects of pregabalin, indicating that the positive effects were restricted to the CNS environment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the present data indicate that pregabalin is efficient for reducing the seriousness of EAE, delaying its course as well as reducing synaptic loss and astroglial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleidy A A Silva
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pradella
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil ; Neuroimmunomodulation Group, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriel Moraes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil ; Neuroimmunomodulation Group, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Farias
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil ; Neuroimmunomodulation Group, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonilda M B dos Santos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Scorisa JM, Freria CM, Victorio SC, Barbizan R, Zanon RG, Oliveira ALR. Glatiramer acetate treatment increases stability of spinal synapses and down regulates MHC I during the course of EAE. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1188-202. [PMID: 22043176 PMCID: PMC3204409 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery that the major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC I) expression has a role in the synaptic elimination process, represented an insight into understanding the cross talk between neurons. In the present study, the possibility that glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment influences the MHC class I expression and the synaptic plasticity process in the spinal cord during the course of EAE was investigated. C57BL/6J mice were induced to EAE and submitted to treatment either with a placebo solution or with GA (0.05mg/animal, subcutaneously, on a daily basis). All the animals were sacrificed at the peak disease (14 days after induction) or at the point of recovery of the clinical signs (21 days after induction). The spinal cords were removed and submitted to immunohistochemical examination, Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that GA treatment was able to decrease synaptic loss during the course of EAE, which correlates with the downregulation of the MHC I complex. The present results reinforce the neuroprotective role of GA treatment, by reducing synaptic loss during the course of the disease. Such action may be associated with the recently described role of MHC I regulation during the synaptic plasticity process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Scorisa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics-Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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