Heterogeneidade estrutural e diversidade de pequenos mamíferos em um fragmento de mata secundária de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Neotropical wild rodents Akodon and Oligoryzomys (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) as important carriers of pathogenic renal Leptospira in the Atlantic forest, in Brazil

Leptospirosis is an important worldwide zoonosis, caused by a bacterium of the genus Leptospira. For a better understanding of the disease, it is relevant the application of the one health concept. The Atlantic Forest is considered a biodiversity hotspot, with a great endemism of species and despite its importance and proximity to urban areas, the potential role of its fauna as carriers of infectious agents is still poorly understood. Although it is well-known that rats and mice are key reservoirs of leptospires, particularly Rattus norvegicus, wild rodents have also been revealed as reservoirs of leptospiral strains. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the sigmodontine rodents from genera Akodon and Oligoryzomys as pathogenic Leptospira carriers in the Atlantic Forest. We studied 52 Akodon spp. and 15 Oligoryzomys spp. from three areas. Overall 30% were PCR-positive for pathogenic Leptospira, 27% (14/52) Akodon spp. and 40% (6/15) Oligoryzomys spp. DNA sequencing of LipL32 gene confirmed nine species as pathogenic Leptospira. This remarkable incidence of leptospiral carriage within wild genera emphasizes the role of these rodents as carriers of leptospires throughout in this environment.

Community structure and population dynamics of small mammals in an urban-sylvatic interface area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most disturbed Brazilian biomes, with 183 out of 298 species of mammals occurring in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In this study, we aimed to characterize the diversity, community structure, and habitat use of small mammals in the FIOCRUZ Atlantic Forest Campus (CFMA), including areas of Pedra Branca State Park (PBSP, subunit Pau da Fome), state of Rio de Janeiro. We also compared species diversity and composition between two moments 15 years apart (2001 and 2012–2015) and analyzed the population dynamics of the marsupial Didelphisaurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826). Small mammal captures were made in different habitats: sylvatic-urban interface areas near human dwellings, disturbed forest, and preserved forest areas. Five marsupial species and four rodent species were captured in both periods. There was a reduction in species richness and β diversity between the two periods, indicating that disturbances in the environment over the years may have affected the small mammal community structure. The most altered environment showed the greatest species richness and abundance, while the forest areas showed the smallest values, which may be explained by the loss of mammal species, mainly specialist species in forested areas. We identified three groups of species according to habitat preferences: one related to environments with a higher density of vegetation in upper strata – Marmosaparaguayana (Tate, 1931) and Monodelphisamericana (Müller, 1776), another related to a higher density in lower forest strata – Akodoncursor (Winge, 1887), and another with no association with the investigated habitat variables – D.aurita and Oligoryzomysnigripes (Olfers, 1818). The small mammal community structure showed a low level of nestedness in both sampling periods. This study is the first report to evaluate the community structure of small mammals in the sylvatic-urban interface area of Pedra Branca State Park, the largest forest reserve within an urban area in Brazil. The surveys indicate that the small mammal diversity was low in both sampling periods and in both areas, and a species loss in the Pau da Fome locality was observed, despite it is a conservation unit. The greater species abundance and richness in the most disturbed areas suggest an increase of factors favoring the occurrence of synanthropic and opportunistic species.

The role of climate and environmental variables in structuring bird assemblages in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTFs)

Understanding the processes that influence species diversity is still a challenge in ecological studies. However, there are two main theories to discuss this topic, the niche theory and the neutral theory. Our objective was to understand the importance of environmental and spatial processes in structuring bird communities within the hydrological seasons in dry forest areas in northeastern Brazil. The study was conducted in two National Parks, the Serra da Capivara and Serra das Confusões National Parks, where 36 areas were sampled in different seasons (dry, dry/rainy transition, rainy, rainy/dry transition), in 2012 and 2013. We found with our results that bird species richness is higher in the rainy season and lower during the dry season, indicating a strong influence of seasonality, a pattern also found for environmental heterogeneity. Richness was explained by local environmental factors, while species composition was explained by environmental and spatial factors. The environmental factors were more important in explaining variations in composition. Climate change predictions have currently pointed out frequent drought events and a rise in global temperature by 2050, which would lead to changes in species behavior and to increasing desertification in some regions, including the Caatinga. In addition, the high deforestation rates and the low level of representativeness of the Caatinga in the conservation units negatively affects bird communities. This scenario has demonstrated how climatic factors affect individuals, and, therefore, should be the starting point for conservation initiatives to be developed in xeric environments.

Wild, synanthropic and domestic hosts of Leishmania in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Domestic, synanthropic and wild hosts of Leishmania spp. parasites were studied in an area endemic for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), specifically in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Domestic dogs and small forest mammals are reservoir hosts for L. (Leishmania) infantum. However, the role that these animals play in the transmission cycle of the Leishmania spp. that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis is not well known. This study evaluated 72 rodents, 25 marsupials and 98 domestic dogs found in two villages of the Xakriabá Indigenous Territory, an area of intense ATL transmission. A total of 23 dogs (23.47%) were shown to be positive according to at least one test; 8 dogs (8.16%) tested positive in a single serological test and 15 dogs (15.31%) tested positive by IFAT and ELISA. Eleven dogs were euthanised to allow for molecular diagnosis, of which nine (81.8%) tested positive by PCR for Leishmania in at least one tissue. Seven animals were infected only with L. (L.) infantum, whilst two displayed a mixed infection of L. (L.) infantum and L. (V.) braziliensis. Isoenzymatic characterisation identified L. (L.) infantum parasites isolated from the bone marrow of two dogs. Of the 97 small mammals captured, 24 tested positive for Leishmania by PCR. The results showed that L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (L.) infantum and L. (V.) guyanensis are circulating among wild and synanthropic mammals present in the Xakriabá Reserve, highlighting the epidemiological diversity of ATL in this region.

Avifauna do Parque Estadual de Vila Rica do Espírito Santo, Fênix, Paraná

A avifauna do Parque Estadual de Vila Rica do Espírito Santo foi estudada a partir de 1982 até o ano de 2007 com a finalidade de obter a sua composição de espécies de aves. Situado no município de Fênix, no estado do Paraná, essa unidade de conservação está inserida em uma região cuja paisagem é um mosaico de fragmentos da floresta Estacional Semidecidual entre extensas áreas destinadas ao plantio de grãos, cana-de-açúcar e pastagens. Possui uma área de 354 ha recoberta em sua maioria por uma floresta secundária em estádio avançado de regeneração e por capoeiras. O inventário foi realizado utilizando em conjunto os métodos de reconhecimento visual e auditivo e por capturas com redes ornitológicas, durante quatro períodos, uma primeira amostragem em 1982, o segundo período com 40 expedições a campo entre 1986 e 1999 e o terceiro e quarto períodos conduzidos, respectivamente, de 2002 a 2003 e 2006, totalizando em mais 16 expedições. Esta pesquisa revelou a ocorrência de 259 espécies de aves distribuídas em 55 famílias e 22 ordens. A predominância de espécies representantes da ordem Passeriformes e da subordem dos Suboscines sugere que a assembléia de aves do parque é caracterizada por elementos silvícolas. Esse ambiente é o mais representativo no parque e abriga o maior numero de espécies, 189 espécies, destacando-se a ocupação por aves tamnícolas (164 spp.), corticícolas (14 spp.) e terrícolas (11 spp). O PV por abrigar 14 espécies ameaçadas de extinção e uma alta riqueza de espécies apresenta uma alta importância na paisagem regional como uma unidade de conservação. Essa paisagem composta por alguns remanescentes é fundamental para a manutenção da diversidade local, ainda mais quando essas florestas estão protegidas de alguma forma, como o caso do Parque Estadual Vila Rica do Espírito Santo que é uma unidade de conservação de uso restrito.

Taxocenose de aves em um remanescente da Floresta com Araucária no Sudeste do Paraná, Brasil

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a comunidade de aves de um remanescente florestal de pequeno porte (10 ha) localizado no município de Tijucas do Sul, estado do Paraná, nos domínios da Floresta com Araucária. Durante o período de novembro de 1999 a abril de 2001 foram realizadas 15 amostragens de dois dias de duração no qual foram utilizados os métodos de amostragem por captura com redes de neblina e observações visuais e auditivas. Foram registradas 118 espécies de 35 famílias. De acordo com a freqüência de ocorrência cerca de 44% das espécies foram consideradas pouco freqüentes. As guildas tróficas mais representativas foram aquelas compostas por espécies onívoras, seguidas pelas insetívoras de folhagem. O método de captura com redes ornitológicas obteve 501 capturas de 47 espécies. As espécies capturadas apresentaram abundâncias relativas variando de 0,31 a 13,16% e o índice de equitabilidade foi de 0,83, demonstrando que a taxocenose apresenta uma baixa dominância. A estrutura da taxocenose registrada é a esperada para um fragmento de pequeno porte, com a maior abundância de guildas e espécies generalistas e com a presença de um grande número de espécies com baixa frequência de ocorrência. Apesar disso, a composição específica com uma grande presença de espécies silvícolas demonstra que o remanescente desempenha um importante papel na manutenção de espécies dependentes dos ambientes florestais.

Small mammals in a fragment and adjacent matrix in southeastern Brazil

Between May 2002 and May 2003, we studied a small mammal community from an Atlantic forest fragment surrounded by a coffee plantation in the municipality of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo state, Brazil. We obtained a total of 300 captures of 114 individuals belonging to 11 mammal species. Seventy three percent of the species captured in the forest also used the coffee plantation, mainly males (90%) and young (80%) individuals of Marmosops incanus. The exceptionally low recapture rate in the coffee plantation suggests that it functions as a corridor between fragments, rather than as a habitat for these species. Understanding the role of matrix habitat use in fragmented landscapes is an important factor in small mammal conservation, as it asymmetrically affects the rate and mode of individual movements of different species.

Richness, abundance, and mass in snake assemblages from two Atlantic Rainforest sites (Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo) with differences in environmental productivity

We analyzed richness, composition and mass of snakes in two sites in the Atlantic forest of Ilha do Cardoso (25º 03' S and 47º 53' W), an island (22,500 ha), Cananéia municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. A monthly index of arthropod availability (in mm³) was estimated in each site through capture rates in pit-fall traps. Fallen fruits were collected along trails in the study sites (mass of fruit gave an index of fruit availability) and small mammals were sampled in grids with 120 traps which covered the lowland (5.2 ha) and in the slope forests (3.6ha). The abundance and mass of small mammals were standardized for the size of each sampled area (in g.ha-1). To sample snakes we established 20 pit-fall traps in each area and performed monthly transects in four consecutive days (totaling 1000 m long) along trails in the study sites. Snakes found were measured, weighted marked and released. Abundance and total mass of snakes were standardized by the size of each area. The areas differed consistently in in the productivity of arthropods, fruits and small mammals, and also in richness, composition and total mass of snakes. We found 36 individuals (total mass = 9884 g) of 12 snake species belonging to three Families (Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae) in the lowland forest, whereas in the slope forest we sampled only 9 individuals of 2 species (total mass = 1820 g). Our results suggest that the area of lowland forest, showing higher productivity of arthropods, fruits and small mammals, maintains a snake community with a higher richness, diversity and biomass than its slope forest counterpart.

Habitat disturbance and small mammal richness and diversity in an Atlantic rainforest area in southeastern Brazil

Since disturbance is an important ecological factor affecting species diversity in natural environments, the increasing human occupation rate in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, which supports about 50% of Brazil's human population, has resulted in intense habitat degradation and fragmentation. Within this rainforest, animal and plant species have been lost at a high rate, and biological and diversity is presently vulnerable. Various animals community studies along a gradient of environmental disturbances have shown that the highest species diversities occur in habitats with intermediate levels of disturbance frequency and intensity. In the present study, which was carried out in the Atlantic forest of Ilha Grande (23 degrees 11' S and 44 degrees 12' W), an island located on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, we estimated species richness, diversity, and abundance of small mammals in three forest areas having different disturbance levels. This was done, in each of these areas and in an anthropic area that they surround, by establishing trails 200 m long, in which points were marked at 20 m intervals. The work involved a total effort of 4800 trap/nights. We also measured some habitat variables at each site in order to evaluated their disturbance levels. Our data showed that the two most conserved forests had the lower species richness and small mammal diversity, while in the anthropic area wild species were absent. The forest with an intermediary level of disturbance showed higher values for species richness and diversity, with the anthropic area presenting the highest disturbance level.

Pequenos mamíferos não-voadores da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande: distribuição das espécies e da diversidade em uma área de Mata Atlântica

Pequenos mamíferos não-voadores, grupo ecológico mais diversificado de mamíferos das florestas Neotropicais, influenciam a dinâmica florestal e são bons indicadores de alterações locais do habitat e da paisagem. Entretanto, padrões de distribuição das espécies e da diversidade são pouco conhecidos e poucos dos maiores remanescentes de Mata Atlântica foram inventariados adequadamente. Utilizando o levantamento por nós realizado na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, São Paulo, e outros 20 levantamentos de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores realizados em áreas de Mata Atlântica, este trabalho tem por objetivo (1) apresentar a lista de espécies e a estrutura da comunidade de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores da Reserva, (2) descrever como a diversidade se distribui no espaço e no tempo na Reserva e (3) investigar como a diversidade destes animais é afetada pelos métodos de amostragem. A fauna de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores da Reserva inclui muitas espécies raras e características de matas maduras, e espécies comuns pertencentes a gêneros que em geral dominam outras áreas grandes e bem preservadas de Mata Atlântica. O número total de espécies é elevado, em parte devido à inclusão de armadilhas de queda na amostragem, mas provavelmente também por sua localização e altitude. A partição aditiva da diversidade indica que a maior parte da diversidade é encontrada localmente nos sítios de amostragem, secundariamente entre sítios do mesmo habitat e apenas uma menor parte entre habitats, indicando a importância da heterogeneidade da floresta em micro-escala para a distribuição de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores. A abundância e a riqueza não variaram entre os dois anos de amostragem, sendo possível que as populações e comunidades de matas contínuas sejam mais estáveis temporalmente. Porém, variaram sazonalmente, com valores altos no final da estação chuvosa e baixos no final da estação seca. As armadilhas de queda mostraram-se extremamente eficientes na captura de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores.

Levantamento de Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de mata na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram o estudo da diversidade dos dípteros das famílias Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica localizado na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre julho de 2001 e julho de 2002. Foi também analisada ocorrência das espécies mais freqüentes das famílias estudadas de acordo com a variação temporal na área do fragmento. As coletas foram feitas com armadilhas, utilizando iscas de peixe em decomposição. A espécie mais freqüente e constante foi Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) que é exótica e foi introduzida há pouco mais de vinte anos no continente americano.

Relation between small-mammal species composition and anthropic variables in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Anthropic activities are frequently related in many ways to forest fragmentation and alteration of natural communities. In this study, we correlate the presence of hunting, tourism activity, agriculture/pasturing, and the distance of the study sites to the nearest human residences with the species composition of small Atlantic forest mammals. To do this, we utilize a multiple regression analysis of similarity matrices. The presence of both agriculture/pasturing and human residences near the study sites proved to be determinant factors in species composition of small mammals of the studied areas. Working with socioeconomic variables related directly with the study site could be a reliable and a direct way to predict the influence of human presence and entailed activity on small mammal communities.