A doença periodontal na comunidade negra dos Arturo's, Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Periodontal Disease Status and Associated Risk Factors in Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia

PURPOSE

Information on periodontal disease and its predictors in sub-Saharan Africa is sparse. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of periodontal disease and assess the relationship with associated factors in patients who attended the University of Gondar comprehensive hospital.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1, 2019, to March 10, 2020, at the University of Gondar comprehensive Hospital. Participants were recruited with a systematic random sampling technique, and interviewed for sociodemographic and medical information through a structured questionnaire. Two examiners evaluated the periodontal status of the study participants using the community periodontal index (CPI).

RESULTS

Four hundred twenty participants were involved in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 29.87 (±7. 76). The majority of the study participants had a habit of tooth brushing (72.1%) and almost half of them did not have a fixed time to brush their teeth. Periodontal change (CPI>0) was noted in 42.4% of the participants and among that 21.7% had shallow pocket (pocket depth of 4-5 mm) and 5.95% had a deep periodontal pocket (≥6 mm). The prevalence was higher in 20-34 years (57.3%), females (58.98%), monthly income of <2500 ETB (82.02%), and frequent carbohydrate intakes (65.17%). Age (AOR=9.61, 95% CI: 6.42, 13.04), gender (AOR=2.00, 95% CI: 136, 2.97), educational status (AOR=3.25), residency (AOR= 1.66), monthly income (AOR=2.13), oral hygiene habit (AOR=4.85) and systemic disease (AOR=1.96) were significantly associated with periodontitis.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, 42.4% of the study participants encountered periodontal disease. The study confirmed that various sociodemographic risk factors/indicators are associated with an increased risk of periodontitis.

Estudo de base populacional sobre as condições periodontais e determinantes socioeconômicos em adultos residentes no município de Guarulhos (SP), Brasil, 2006

OBJETIVO: Este estudo descreveu a prevalência de condições periodontais e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais em adultos de 35 a 44 anos residentes no município de Guarulhos, São Paulo, 2006. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal de base populacional com delineamento amostral por conglomerados. Os inquéritos e os exames foram realizados nos domicílios sorteados. Para avaliação da condição periodontal foi utilizado o índice Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Os dados foram apurados pelo programas EPIINFO 6 e STATA 10. Para o modelo de associação empregou-se a razão de prevalências (RP), calculada por meio de análise de regressão de Poisson, com correção para delineamento de amostras complexas e ponderação pelo peso populacional. RESULTADOS: Foram examinadas 263 pessoas em 237 domicílios. No estudo multivariado, com modelo ajustado para amostras complexas e ponderação populacional, a prevalência de sangramento gengival e cálculo dentário esteve associada significativamente ao fato de ser homem (RP=1,12, p=0,04), fumante (RP=1,11, p=0,01), ter menos de oito anos de estudo (RP=1,14, p=0,01) e não visitar o cirurgião-dentista (CD) há mais de dois anos (RP=1,19, p=0,00). Para a presença de bolsa periodontal, houve associação com adultos que relataram o hábito de fumar (RP=1,71, p=0,02) e apresentavam mais de dois anos sem frequentar o CD (RP=1,97, p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Houve maior prevalência (62,7%) de indivíduos com sangramento gengival e cálculo dentário em relação à presença de bolsas periodontais rasas ou profundas (26,6%); as primeiras, reversíveis, têm possibilidades de resolução por meio de procedimentos de atenção básica em saúde bucal.

Periodontal outcomes and social, racial and gender inequalities in Brazil: a systematic review of the literature between 1999 and 2008

The objective of this study was to review the Brazilian epidemiologic literature on periodontal outcomes and socio-demographic factors, assessing bibliographic and methodological characteristics of this scientific production, as well as the consistency and statistical significance of the examined associations. A systematic review was carried out in six bibliographic sources. The review was limited to the period between 1999 and 2008, without any other type of restriction. Among the 410 papers identified, 29 were included in the review. An increasing number of articles, specifically in the last four years of study, was observed. However, there is a concentration of studies in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, and many of them are not closely connected to theoretical formulations in the field. In spite of these shortcomings, the review findings corroborate the idea that poor socioeconomic conditions are associated with periodontal outcomes, as demonstrated primarily by income and schooling indicators.

Chronic periodontitis and C-reactive protein levels

BACKGROUND

This study aims to analyze the relationship between chronic periodontitis and C-reactive protein (CRP) by considering associated variables in individuals with or without cardiovascular disease.

METHODS

A sample of 359 individuals of both sexes (aged ≥40 years) was assessed. Among these individuals, 144 subjects were admitted to the hospital because of a first occurrence of acute myocardial infarction; 80 subjects were in the hospital for reasons other than acute myocardial infarction; and 135 subjects were living in the community. A questionnaire was applied to obtain demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Complete clinical periodontal examinations and anthropometric assessments were performed. CRP levels, plasma glucose levels, lipid profiles, and blood tests were performed to investigate any conditions that might have suggested infection and/or inflammation. CRP evaluations were performed using nephelometry. Individuals were considered to have periodontal disease if they simultaneously presented at least four teeth with one or more sites with probing depth ≥4 mm, clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm, and bleeding on probing. Procedures for descriptive analyses and logistic regression were used.

RESULTS

In the chronic periodontitis group, mean CRP levels were higher than those in the group without chronic periodontitis (2.6 ± 2.6 mg/L versus 1.78 ± 2.7 mg/L, respectively). The final model showed that individuals with chronic periodontitis were more likely to have high CRP levels (adjusted odds ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 3.93) considering the effects of age, schooling level, sex, smoking, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes.

CONCLUSION

In this study, chronic periodontitis is associated with elevated plasma CRP levels, even after controlling for several potential confounders.

Periodontal profile and presence of periodontal pathogens in young African-Americans from Salvador, Ba, Brazil

This cross-sectional study evaluated the periodontal status and the presence of periodontopathogens in 132 young, black ethnic subjects who live in Salvador/Bahia-Brazil and have never smoked. Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) were measured and analyzed by ANOVA and Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05) according to gender and age. The presence of A.actinomycetemcomitans, P.gingivalis, E.corrodens and F.nucleatum was determined by PCR and was analyzed by ANOVA, Wilcoxon, Student-t tests (p<0.05). Mean values of PPD and CAL were 2.18 and 1.0mm, respectively. Clinical parameters did not show differences between subjects of varying gender and age. The microbial prevalence was observed to be 95.45% for E.corrodens followed by F.nucleatum with 68.18%, A.actinomycetemcomitans with 45.45% and P gingivalis with 40.9%. An association between the presence of pathogens and gender and age was not observed (p<0.05). PPD, CAL and PI were not associated with P.gingivalis; however, GI appeared in higher frequencies among subjects without P.gingivalis. In this young, black ethnic, Brazilian population, a high percentage (96.96%) of subjects harbored at least one selected periodontal pathogen, but most subjects showed a healthy periodontal status. Further investigations are required to evaluate the actual influence of the presence of these bacterial species.

Condição periodontal de um subgrupo populacional do município de Guarulhos, SP

Este estudo transversal determinou a condição periodontal e sua associação com fatores de risco em uma amostra de conveniência de 588 indivíduos atendidos na Universidade Guarulhos, entre 1999 e 2003. Características geográficas, demográficas e comportamentais, parâmetros bucais e periodontais foram tabulados e analisados em SPSS 11.5. Os testes t Student e Qui-quadrado determinaram a significância (p < 0,05) das variáveis contínuas e categóricas. O teste de correlação de Pearson correlacionou a ocorrência de doença (PS média > 3,0 mm) com fatores de risco (por exemplo: idade, sexo, fumo) e comportamentais. A análise de regressão linear multivariada determinou a associação entre exposição aos fatores de risco e doença. A população estudada com média de idade de 36,1 ± 14,5 anos foi composta principalmente por mulheres (72,1%) e minoria fumante (13,3%). Os valores médios de dentes ausentes e profundidade de sondagem (PS) foram de 5,7 ± 5,9 dentes e 2,2 ± 0,8 mm, respectivamente. A prevalência de PS > 3,0mm (valor referência) foi de 13,5%; e a distribuição regional da população de acordo com este critério foi: centro, 2,0%; zona oeste, 17,8%; zona leste, 38,0%; zona sul, 6,7% ; e zona norte, 35,5%. As freqüências médias dos índices de placa e sangramento a sondagem foram de 75,3% e 34,1%, respectivamente. A condição periodontal exibiu correlação com idade, fumo e presença de biofilme supragengival. Exceto pela última, estas variáveis também mostraram associação pela análise de regressão multivariada. A população estudada exibiu elevado grau de inflamação gengival e baixo percentual de bolsas periodontais, estando a condição periodontal associada à idade e ao hábito de fumar.