Fluorose dentária: comparação de dois estudos de prevalência

Dental fluorosis: prevalence and associated factors in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Goiânia, Goiás

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of dental fluorosis, to investigate its association with individual and contextual variables among 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to determine whether there were changes in the prevalence of this condition from 2003 to 2010. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from an oral health survey carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, in 2010 (n = 2,075), and secondary data from the files of the local health authority. Clinical data were collected through oral examinations in public and private schools. The dependent variable was the presence of dental fluorosis, assessed using the Dean Index. The independent individual variables were sociodemographic characteristics (the child's gender and race, and the mother's level of schooling) and those related to clinical conditions (caries experience, evaluated using Decayed, Missing, and Filled teeth index; and presence of periodontal calculus and/or bleeding, evaluated using Community Periodontal Index). The contextual variables were linked to the school (type and existence of toothbrushing program) and its geographic location in the city's health districts. The Rao-Scott test was performed, and the percentage difference between the prevalences in the period from 2003 to 2010 was calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis in 2010 was 18.7%, being distributed as very mild (11.2%), mild (4.4%), moderate (2.6%), and severe (0.5%). No significant association was found between prevalence of dental fluorosis and the investigated variables. The prevalence of fluorosis increased 230% from 2003 to 2010, and such difference was significant. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was low, predominantly of the very mild degree, has increased over a 7-year period, and was not associated with the individual or contextual factors studied.

Conhecimento de alunos do Curso de Odontologia sobre o uso racional do flúor

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso do flúor sob a forma de fluoreto é o principal fator de proteção no controle da cárie dentária, em todo o mundo. O flúor pode ser oferecido à população de diversas formas, sendo as mais utilizadas a fluoretação da água de abastecimento e os dentifrícios fluoretados. Entretanto, a exposição ao flúor também pode ocorrer por meio das soluções para bochechos; de géis e materiais de uso odontológico, e da dieta, por meio de alimentos e bebidas industrializados. OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou verificar o conhecimento dos alunos de diferentes semestres do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia sobre o uso racional do flúor. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, sendo a amostra composta por acadêmicos de diferentes semestres do curso de Odontologia, que responderam a um questionário para verificar seus conhecimentos em relação ao flúor. RESULTADO: Dos acadêmicos entrevistados, 58,16% consideraram o alto risco à cárie e a hipersensibilidade dentinária como os principais fatores para a indicação do flúor. Para 64,29%, o gel foi o produto fluoretado mais indicado na sua prática diária, e 67,35% indicaram o dentifrício fluoretado para crianças com idade superior a seis anos. Parte significativa da amostra afirmou saber sobre a presença de flúor em alimentos industrializados (91,84%) e reconhecer que o flúor é tóxico (93,88%). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar das informações sobre flúor adquiridas no decorrer do curso, expressiva parte dos alunos ainda não possui domínio sobre o assunto e mostrou-se insegura para poder recomendá-lo na sua prática clínica diária.

[Methodological discussion about prevalence of the dental fluorosis on dental health surveys]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the limitations of studying dental fluorosis in cross-sectional studies.

METHODS

Data from the Oral Health of the Brazilian Population (SBBrasil 2003) and the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) were used. Epidemiological trends for fluorosis in 12-year-old Brazilians, aspects of the reliability of the data as well as the accuracy of the estimates are assessed for these two studies. The distribution of prevalence of fluorosis was carried out according to the domains of the study (state capitals and regions) and the year in which the study took place. The confidence intervals (95%CI) were also shown for simple prevalence (without taking into account level of severity).

RESULTS

The prevalence of dental fluorosis showed considerable variation, between 0% and 61% in 2003 and 0% and 59% in 2010. Inconsistencies were observed in the data in individual terms (for year and for domain) and in the behavior of the trend. Considering the expected prevalence and the data available in the two studies, the minimum sample size should be 1,500 individuals in order to obtain 3.4% and 6.6% confidence intervals, considering the minimum coefficient of variation to be 15%. Given the subjectivity in its classification, examinations for dental fluorosis may show more variation than those for other oral health conditions. The power to establish differences between the domains of the study with the sample of the SBBrasil 2010 is quite limited.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the 2003 and 2010 studies, it was not possible to analyze patterns of dental fluorosis in Brazil; these data are merely exploratory indicators of the prevalence of dental fluorosis. It was impossible to make comparisons due to different analysis models being used in the two surveys. Investigating dental fluorosis in population-based surveys is not even an economically viable technique, using localized epidemiological studies with a sampling plan would be more suitable [corrected].

[Dental fluorosis in children from São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, 1998-2010]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the trend of dental fluorosis prevalence in 12-year-old children, in the context of exposure to multiple sources of fluoride.

METHODS

An analysis was carried out of the trends in prevalence of dental fluorosis in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 1998 and 2010. The rates of prevalence were calculated for different years (1998, 2002, 2008 and 2010) using secondary data obtained from epidemiological surveys of representative samples of 12-year-old children. Occurrence of fluorosis was assessed in natural light using the Dean index, recommended by the World Health Organization and categorized into normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate and severe. In 1998, 125 children were examined, 249 in 2002, 4,085 in 2008 and 231 in 2010.

RESULTS

In 1998 the prevalence of fluorosis was 43.8% (95%CI 35.6;52.8) in 2002 it was 33.7% (95%CI 28.2;39.8), it was 40.3% (95%CI 38.8;41.8) in 2008 and 38.1% (95%CI 32.1;44.5) in 2010.The categories very mild + mild totaled 38.4% (95%CI 30.3;47.6) in 1998, 32.1% (95%CI 26.6;38.2) in 2002, 38.0% (95%CI 36.5;39.5) in 2008 and 36.4% (95%CI 30.4;42.7) in 2010. Severe fluorosis was not observed, with statistical significance, in the analyzed period.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children from São Paulo can be classified as stationary between 1998 and 2010, both when considering all categories, and when considering only the categories very mild + mild.

External control of the public water supply in 29 Brazilian cities

The fluoridation of public water supplies is considered the most efficient public health measure for dental caries prevention. However, fluoride levels in the public water supply must be kept constant and adequate for the population to gain preventive benefit. The aim of this study was to analyze fluoride levels in the public water supply of 29 Brazilian municipalities during a 48-month period from November 2004 to October 2008. Three collection sites were defined for each source of municipal public water supply. Water samples were collected monthly and analyzed at the Research Laboratory of the Nucleus for Public Health (NEPESCO), Public Health Postgraduate Program, Araçatuba Dental School (UNESP). Of the 6862 samples analyzed, the fluoride levels of 53.5% (n = 3671) were within the recommended parameters, those of 30.4% (n = 2084) were below these parameters, and those of 16.1% (n = 1107) were above recommended values. Samples from the same collection site showed temporal variability in fluoride levels. Variation was also observed among samples from collection sites with different sources within the same municipality. Although 53.5% of the samples contained the recommended fluoride levels, these findings reinforce the importance of monitoring to minimize the risk of dental fluorosis and to achieve the maximum benefit in the prevention of dental caries.

Estudo da prevalência de fluorose dentária em Aracaju

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de fluorose dentária em Aracaju (SE), 196 escolares foram submetidos a exame clínico bucal, utilizando o índice de Dean. Pôde ser concluído que a prevalência de fluorose dentária em escolares de cinco a quinze anos do município de Aracaju (SE) foi de 8,16%, não implicando risco à saúde pública. Porém, estudos semelhantes devem ser realizados com periodicidade regular, além de orientação aos órgãos responsáveis pela fluoretação da água, para que os níveis considerados ótimos para essa região sejam respeitados, prevenindo assim o surgimento de tal ocorrência.

Dez anos de heterocontrole da fluoretação de águas em Chapecó, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a concentração de flúor na água de abastecimento público em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, no período de 1995 a 2005 e, adicionalmente, avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção ocorrida em 2003 na qualidade da fluoretação. Foram analisadas 989 amostras de água. Para adequação da concentração de flúor as amostras foram classificadas obedecendo a três critérios utilizados no Brasil. Uma intervenção político-jurídica foi realizada pela municipalidade no ano de 2003. A fim de avaliar a tendência da fluoretação ao longo de todo período e antes e depois da intervenção, utilizou-se o procedimento de Prais-Winsten. Nos dez anos analisados, o sistema de fluoretação de águas apresentou 46%, 32% e 43% de amostras adequadas, dependendo do critério adotado. Previamente à intervenção municipal, a proporção de amostras adequadas foi de 40%, 26% e 36%, aumentando para 63%, 49% e 61% após intervenção, segundo os diferentes critérios de análise. Verificou-se uma melhora na adequação da concentração de flúor após a intervenção municipal. Recomenda-se a continuidade da vigilância da fluoretação de águas, considerando-a processual e de caráter permanente.

[Relationship between fluoride levels in the public water supply and dental fluorosis]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis among schoolchildren subjected to different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply of their cities.

METHODS

The sample comprised 386 seven-year-old schoolchildren living in two municipalities in the State of São Paulo that practiced external control over the fluoridation of the water from 1998 to 2002: one with homogenous fluoride concentration and the other with oscillating concentration. Dental fluorosis was determined by dry examination of the upper permanent incisors using Dean's index. Scores classified as questionable were considered to represent fluorosis. Sociodemographic variables and questions regarding oral health were assessed using a structured questionnaire sent to the children's parents or the adults responsible for these children. Correlates of fluorosis were assessed using multivariate logistic regression (p<0.05).

RESULTS

Both municipalities presented a mild degree of fluorosis. The prevalence of fluorosis in the municipality with oscillating fluoride content in the water was 31.4%, and it was 79.9% in the municipality with homogenous fluoride content. The prevalence of fluorosis was associated with the municipality with homogeneous fluoride levels in the water (OR=8.33, 95% CI: 5.15;13.45) and with not owning a car (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.27;3.49).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of dental fluorosis was higher in the city with better control of fluoride levels in the water supply, however, this higher prevalence was not related with children's satisfaction with the appearance of their teeth.

Dental fluorosis in Brazil: a systematic review from 1993 to 2004

The current article proposes a reflection on several aspect pertaining to dental fluorosis in Brazil, based on a systematic review of epidemiological surveys. The authors assess the prevalence and degrees of severity found in different studies and show that in methodological terms, there is a need for progress in procedures for population-based studies on fluorosis. Despite the different data collection approaches, there is some consensus among the different studies as to the limited severity of fluorosis in Brazil, as well as its association with the independent variables age and socioeconomic status. The authors also highlight the importance of adding subjective aspects to the normative diagnosis as a contribution to public health policy decisions, since the use of exclusively clinical criteria gives dental fluorosis more space than society ascribes to it. There is a lack of empirical evidence to reassess the fluoride content in public water supplies, a method that is known to be necessary to improve dental caries epidemiological indicators.

Fluorose dentária em escolares de 12 e 15 anos de idade. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, nos anos 2001 e 2004

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os resultados de dois estudos populacionais, conduzidos em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, sobre a prevalência e severidade da fluorose dentária nas idades de 12 e 15 anos. Discutiram-se as metodologias dos estudos em relação ao processo amostral, calibração dos examinadores, sistemática de coleta, comparando-se as diferenças obtidas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e intervalo de confiança (95%), obtidas pelo índice de Dean. Foram examinados 3.313 adolescentes de 12 e 15 anos, em 2001, e 1.032, em 2004. Nos dois períodos, procedeu-se à calibração dos examinadores, e as amostras foram de base populacional. No segundo estudo, houve maior proporção de alunos de escolas públicas nas duas idades em relação ao ano de 2001 (p < 0,001). Não existiu diferença na ocorrência da fluorose aos 12 anos, com uma prevalência de 32,64%, em 2004, e 31,4%, em 2001. Já aos 15 anos, em 2004 observou-se uma prevalência inferior a do ano de 2001 16,83% e 27,6%, respectivamente. Não pode se observar, neste período, tendência de incremento da prevalência ou severidade da fluorose em Salvador.

Prevalência de fluorose dentária em escolares de 12 anos de idade, Ouro Preto/MG - 2003

OBJETIVO: verificar a prevalência da fluorose dentária em escolares de 12 anos de idade em Ouro Preto. METODOLOGIA: estudo seccional incluindo 248 crianças selecionadas aleatoriamente em 11 escolas do município. A amostra foi calculada de acordo com a metodologia descrita no Projeto SB2000. Os exames foram realizados por cirurgião-dentista treinado e calibrado. Os índices utilizados para medir a fluorose foram: índice de Dean e índice comunitário de fluorose. RESULTADOS: De 248 crianças selecionadas, 159 (64,1%) participaram deste estudo. A prevalência de fluorose (índice de Dean) encontrada foi de 11,4%, sendo composta pela condição muito leve (10,1%) e leve (1,3%). A condição moderada e severa de fluorose não foi encontrada. Os dentes mais acometidos por fluorose foram os pré-molares, molares, incisivos e caninos. Não houve diferença entre os sexos quanto ao grau de fluorose, e o índice comunitário de fluorose foi de 0,29. CONCLUSÃO: a fluorose em crianças de 12 anos não é um problema de saúde pública em Ouro Preto, dado que a prevalência não é alta e quase todos os casos encontrados são muito leves.