Óbitos neonatais precoces: análise de causas múltiplas de morte pelo método Grade of Membership

Morbidity and mortality due to surgical congenital malformations from the perspective of surgical neonatal ICU outside a maternity service: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To describe the characteristics of patients treated at a level III surgical Neonatal Intensive Care Unit outside of a maternity service and analyze possible risk factors for mortality in this population.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study evaluating patients admitted to a level III surgical Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from June/2015 to November/2017. Univariate analysis was performed by the Chi-square test and T-student test or Mann-Whitney test. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression was performed including in the model the variables with a P-value <0.2 in univariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier curve and Log-Rank test were performed using the variables that were statistically associated with death in the multivariate analysis. A significance level of a=5% and an error B=80% were adopted.

RESULTS

During this period, 246 patients were admitted to this service. 58 (23.8%) patients died, with a mean time until death of 18 days. Half of the patients had a clinical diagnosis of sepsis (50.6%), blood culture was positive in 25.2%, and gram-positive bacteria (48.4%) were the main pathogens isolated. The variables that remained in the final model after multivariate analysis were diagnosis of congenital heart disease (OR = 4.5; p = 0.016), clinical diagnosis of sepsis (OR = 8.1; p = 0.000), and isolation of gram-positive bacteria in blood culture (OR = 3.9; p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION

The level III surgical Neonatal Intensive Care Unit outside of a maternity service has a different profile of morbidity and mortality, and death was associated with the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, the clinical diagnosis of sepsis, and the isolation of gram-positive bacteria in the blood culture.

Factors associated with preventable infant death: a multiple logistic regression

OBJECTIVE

To identify and analyze factors associated with preventable child deaths.

METHODS

This analytical cross-sectional study had preventable child mortality as dependent variable. From a population of 34,284 live births, we have selected a systematic sample of 4,402 children who did not die compared to 272 children who died from preventable causes during the period studied. The independent variables were analyzed in four hierarchical blocks: sociodemographic factors, the characteristics of the mother, prenatal and delivery care, and health conditions of the patient and neonatal care. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis and estimated multiple hierarchical logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Approximatelly 35.3% of the deaths could have been prevented with the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases during pregnancy and 26.8% of them could have been prevented with better care conditions for pregnant women.

CONCLUSIONS

The following characteristics of the mother are determinant for the higher mortality of children before the first year of life: living in neighborhoods with an average family income lower than four minimum wages, being aged ≤ 19 years, having one or more alive children, having a child with low APGAR level at the fifth minute of life, and having a child with low birth weight.

Sistema de apoio à avaliação de impactos da poluição sonora sobre a saúde pública

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de apoio à avaliação da poluição sonora, aplicado na zona central de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil. Para isso, dados foram obtidos por meio de medições sonoras e entrevistas com a população, gerando como indicadores o nível sonoro equivalente (Leq ), o índice de ruído de tráfego (LTNI ) e um diagnóstico participativo (Dp ), integrados por intermédio de um sistema de inferência fuzzy (SIF). Como resultado, o sistema proposto permitiu classificar os pontos avaliados quanto ao grau de impacto da poluição sonora sobre a saúde da população (IPS ) na área de estudo, que pode ser considerado significativo em 31,4% dos pontos e muito significativo em 62,9%. A possibilidade de adequar o SIF de acordo com as condições de estudo viabiliza a sua generalização e, desta forma, apoia a avaliação e respectiva gestão do ruído ambiental em outras regiões.

[Mortality in the first 24h of very low birth weight preterm infants in the Northeast of Brazil]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate factors associated with neonatal death within 24 hours after birth in very low birth weight preterm newborns.

METHODS

Prospective cohort of live births with gestational age of 23(0/7)-31(6/7) weeks, birth weight of 500-1499g without malformations, in 19 public maternity hospitals in nine capitals in northeastern Brazil from July to December 2007. The 19 hospitals were assessed in relation to physical resources, equipment, human resources and aiming at quality in care initiatives. Hospital, maternal and neonatal characteristics, neonatal morbidity, neonatal procedures and interventions were compared between preterm newborns that died or survived up to 24 hours of life. The variables associated with death within 24 hours after birth were determined by logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 627 newborns enrolled in the study, 179 (29%) died within 168 hours after birth, of which 59 (33%) up to 24 hours and 97 (54%) up to 48 hours after birth. The variables associated with death <24h were: weight <1000g (2.94; 1.32-6.53), 5(th) minute Apgar <7 (7.17; 3.46-14.88), male gender (2.99; 1.39-6.47). A better hospital structure was a protective factor for early neonatal death (odds ratio: 0.34; 95% confidence interval: 0.17-0.71).

CONCLUSIONS

The high neonatal mortality on the first day of life in capital cities of Northeast Brazil is associated with biological variables such as weight and gender of the newborn, as well as low vitality at birth and a worse infrastructure of the hospital where the birth occurred.

Estimating outcomes in newborn infants using fuzzy logic

OBJECTIVE:

To build a linguistic model using the properties of fuzzy logic to estimate the risk of death of neonates admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

METHODS:

Computational model using fuzzy logic. The input variables of the model were birth weight, gestational age, 5^th-minute Apgar score and inspired fraction of oxygen in newborn infants admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Taubaté, Southeast Brazil. The output variable was the risk of death, estimated as a percentage. Three membership functions related to birth weight, gestational age and 5^th-minute Apgar score were built, as well as two functions related to the inspired fraction of oxygen; the risk presented five membership functions. The model was developed using the Mandani inference by means of Matlab^(r) software. The model values were compared with those provided by experts and their performance was estimated by ROC curve.

RESULTS:

100 newborns were included, and eight of them died. The model estimated an average possibility of death of 49.7±29.3%, and the possibility of hospital discharge was 24±17.5%. These values are different when compared by Student's t-test (p<0.001). The correlation test revealed r=0.80 and the performance of the model was 81.9%.

CONCLUSIONS:

This predictive, non-invasive and low cost model showed a good accuracy and can be applied in neonatal care, given the easiness of its use.

Insuficiência renal crônica no Brasil segundo enfoque de causas múltiplas de morte

Este estudo investiga a mortalidade por doença renal crônica (DRC) por meio das causas múltiplas de morte no Brasil e apresenta a análise de associação entre as causas de óbitos de pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva (TRS), considerando causas associadas de morbimortalidade e características epidemiológicas e sociodemográficas. Utilizou-se a base nacional em TRS centrada no indivíduo para os anos de 2000 a 2004 e a técnica multivariada Grade of Membership(GoM). Os resultados apontam quatro perfis: doenças transmissíveis, doenças glomerulares e do aparelho digestivo; lesões, envenenamentos e outras consequências de causas externas e reação anormal ou complicação tardia causadas por procedimentos cirúrgicos (hemodiálise); diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares; e perfil residual. Entre os resultados destaca-se que aproximadamente 48% dos óbitos decorreram, provavelmente, de complicações do tratamento (hemodiálise) e 39%, de diabetes, além de uma condição cardiovascular na declaração de óbito. Os achados deste estudo podem contribuir para um atendimento mais adequado dos pacientes com DRC e, principalmente, dos potenciais pacientes no sistema de saúde. A prevenção e o acompanhamento das doenças associadas, especialmente diabetes e hipertensão, têm papel importante na prevenção e progressão da DRC, que é uma doença complexa e exige múltiplas abordagens de tratamento.

A transição de saúde e as mudanças na expectativa de vida saudável da população idosa: possíveis impactos da prevenção de doenças crônicas

O objetivo foi avaliar o impacto da eliminação das doenças crônicas sobre a expectativa de vida livre de incapacidade da população idosa. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando dados oficiais secundários para o Município de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2000, e dados obtidos do Estudo SABE. Tábuas de vida de eliminação de causas foram utilizadas para calcular as probabilidades de morte com a eliminação de doenças. As enfermidades eliminadas que geraram o maior aumento de expectativa de vida livre de incapacidade, para o sexo feminino, foram a doença cardíaca (em primeiro lugar), o diabetes mellitus (em segundo lugar) e a hipertensão arterial (em terceiro lugar). Já para o sexo masculino, as doenças eliminadas que geraram maior aumento de expectativa de vida livre de incapacidade foram a doença cardíaca (em primeiro lugar), a hipertensão arterial (em segundo lugar), a queda (em terceiro lugar aos 60 anos) e a doença pulmonar crônica (em terceiro lugar aos 75 anos). A classificação das doenças crônicas, segundo o impacto na expectativa de vida livre de incapacidade, poderá auxiliar no planejamento de programas de prevenção e promoção da saúde.

[Infant mortality rate in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2005: a comparison between direct calculation and linkage between the live birth and infant mortality databases]

This study aimed to analyze the infant mortality rate (IMR) by linking the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) and the Mortality Information System (SIM) and comparing the result to direct calculation using crude data provided by the same databases. The systems used were SINASC, containing 9,590 certificates of live birth from January 1 to December 31, 2005, and SIM, containing 156 death certificates from the reference population (2005). Of the 156 deaths in the year 2005, 126 (80.8%) were paired by the direct method and 11 (7%) by manual search, totaling 137 deaths (87.8%). The rates found with the linkage method allowed calculating the real IMR (14.2 deaths/1,000 live births) and its components. The IMR using linkage was 17.3% lower than as calculated using crude SIM data. The early neonatal component (7.2 deaths/1,000 live births) accounted for half of the deaths in the first year of life (50.4%).

[Incorporating variability in the process of identification of the global maximum model in Grade of Membership (GoM): methodological considerations.]

The availability of increasingly complex and multidimensional datasets is one of the main causes for the increase in studies employing multivariate analyses based on fuzzy sets. Even though the Grade of Membership method has been widely used in Brazil for empirical studies in health and social sciences, issues regarding identifiability and stability of the final parameters estimated by GoM 3.4 software have not been thoroughly examined. Given the relevance of unique and stable parameters, Guedes et al. (2010) proposed an empirical method to locate a global maximum (GM) with stable parameters. However, the GM locator does not incorporate variability. In the present article, this limitation is circumvented by employing a weighted statistic - weight global maximum (WGM) - similar to the variation coefficient. This indicator does not affect disproportionately situations with very low mean deviations. The WGM locator is shown to decrease the distance of the identified model from the real structure, when compared with the GM locator.

[Health profile of the elderly in Brazil: analysis of the 2003 National Household Sample Survey using the Grade of Membership method]

The aim of this study was to identify functional disability and health profiles of the elderly in Brazil, as well as their prevalence rates, based on the National Household Sample Survey for 2003. The sample size was 33,786 elderly individuals. Grade of Membership was used to define the profiles: "healthy elderly" (Profile 1), whose pure types had a lower probability of disability and chronic illness; "elderly with mild functional disability" (Profile 2), whose pure types had mainly hypertension and lower back problems and were independent in activities of daily living, although with high difficulty in mobility; and "elderly with severe disability" (Profile 3), with higher probability of chronic illness, high difficulty with activities of daily living, and high dependency in terms of mobility. In conclusion, the profiles indicate that a consistent approach to functional disability is essential for promoting the health of the elderly.

Perfis de mortalidade neonatal precoce: um estudo para uma Maternidade Pública de Belo Horizonte (MG), 2001-2006

Trata-se de estudo seccional, com base em dados secundários, com o objetivo de traçar o perfil dos óbitos neonatais precoces ocorridos em uma Maternidade Pública de referência no Estado de Minas Gerais (Maternidade Odete Valadares), Belo Horizonte, no período de 2001 a 2006. Foram utilizadas variáveis relacionadas ao recém-nascido (período de ocorrência do óbito, idade ao óbito, sexo, idade gestacional e peso ao nascer), à mãe (tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto, idade, parturição e número de nascidos mortos), bem como causas múltiplas de mortalidade categorizadas. Obtiveram-se três perfis de óbitos neonatais precoces por meio do método Grade of Membership, que possibilitou também encontrar a prevalência destes perfis. O Perfil 1 foi caracterizado por óbitos de difícil redução e teve prevalência de 41,4%; o Perfil 2, pelos óbitos passíveis de redução (prevalência de 28,3%); e o Perfil 3, pelos óbitos redutíveis (prevalência de 30,4%). Estes perfis possibilitaram a compreensão da mortalidade neonatal precoce na Maternidade Odete Valadares e a análise da sua relação com a história reprodutiva e obstétrica materna, bem como com as condições do recém-nascido. Chama a atenção a elevada prevalência de óbitos evitáveis, realidade que deve ser enfrentada pelos profissionais e pela rede pública de saúde.

Avaliação da qualidade das informações em declarações de óbitos infantis

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a qualidade das informações nas declarações de óbitos infantis e a confiabilidade da causa básica do óbito em menores de um ano de idade. MÉTODOS: Foram investigadas todas as declarações de óbitos de menores de um ano ocorridos de 2002 a 2005, cujas mães informavam residência em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, na ocasião do óbito. Para verificar a confiabilidade da causa básica do óbito, foram selecionadas as declarações de óbitos infantis registrados em 2004 e uma certidão de óbito nova foi preenchida (DO Nova) para comparação com a original (DO Original) com base nos registros hospitalares. O teste de kappa foi usado para comparar o nível de concordância. RESULTADOS: verificou-se elevada proporção de dados faltosos nas declarações de óbitos infantis. Observou-se que a confiabilidade da causa básica do óbito somente foi considerada excelente para o grupo das malformações congênitas (kappa=0,83). Havia concordância moderada para o grupo mais comum, de causas relacionadas com a prematuridade (kappa=0,57). A concordância foi baixa para o grupo das causas infecciosas (kappa=0,24). CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se a necessidade de melhoria da qualidade do preenchimento da declaração do óbito infantil.