Estudo de base populacional da subutilização de medicamentos por motivos financeiros entre idosos na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market and its geographical distribution from 2014 to 2020.

METHODS

National data from the Brazilian National System of Controlled Product Management were used, regarding sales of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine from January 2014 to December 2020. Sales data were used as a proxy for drug consumption and expressed as defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitants/year at national, regional, federative unit and microregion levels.

RESULTS

Drug consumption went from 5,000 defined daily doses/1,000 inhabitants, in 2014, to more than 16,000/1,000 inhabitants, in 2020, and all federative units showed positive variation. The Brazilian Northeast had the highest cumulative consumption in the period but displayed microregional disparities while the North region had the lowest consumption. Donepezil and memantine were the most consumed drugs, with the highest growth in consumption from 2014 to 2020.

CONCLUSION

The consumption of medicines indicated to treat Alzheimer's disease tripled in Brazil between 2014 and 2020, which may relate to the increase in the prevalence of the disease in the country, greater access to health services, and inappropriate use. This challenges managers and healthcare providers due to population aging and the increased prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases.

Access to high-priced medicines: inequalities in the organization and the results among Brazilian states

This case study aimed to characterize the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Services (CEAF) organization in four Brazilian states from diverse regions of the country. Data were collected with representatives of CEAF management from states in different regions, who answered a 21-question questionnaire on scope, organization, financing, hurdles, and facilitators. This information was complemented with data from national health surveys, DataSUS, the applied resources, and socioeconomic indicators. Differences were observed between states on issues such as the proportion of users and the decentralization of services. These characteristics seem to be related to the level of development concerning the socioeconomic indicators used. Advances in access to medicines were highlighted, despite the difficulties complying with the CEAF's objectives, such as insufficient resources, the qualification of human resources, and the provision of necessary visits and exams. The results point to advances, different forms of organization and highlight the need for more in-depth studies on the clinical and economic outcomes achieved as a strategy to outline solutions to achieve the comprehensive and equal care for users.

Knowledge of prescribed drugs among primary care patients: findings from Prover Project

Background Evidence on patient medication knowledge and associated factors within primary care patients is limited, especially in developing countries. Objective To estimate the prevalence and investigate the role of individual and contextual factors on insufficient medication knowledge among primary care patients. Setting Public community pharmacies in a health pole city (234,937 inhab.) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Methods Exit-survey conducted with a representative sample of 1221 patients (≥ 18 years) interviewed after dispensing. Data collected for medicines included its name, therapeutic indication, dosage, time of administration, treatment duration, side effects and warnings. Information were compared to the prescription and official guidelines. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were applied. Main outcome measure Insufficient patient medication knowledge. Results Prevalence of insufficient medication knowledge was 30.1%. Side effects (96.3%) and warnings (71.1%) had the highest percentage of misses. Musculoskeletal system drugs presented the lowest knowledge score (mean = 5.9; SD = 1.9). Significant determinants of insufficient medication knowledge with respective odds ratio (OR) were: level of education (≤ 3 years, OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.06-2.11 and 4-7 years, OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.02-1.84), number of comorbidities (≤ 2, OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.04-1.77), use of prescription drugs in the last 15 days (no, OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.31-3.76) and number of people able to lend money (no person, OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.04-1.74). Conclusion Counselling and monitoring practices should be tailored to patients with less schooling, that are initiating treatment and with low disease burden. Equally important is the need to implement strategies to increase the patient's level of social capital to improve treatment knowledge.

Medicines' private costs among elderly and the impairment of family income in a medium-sized municipality in the state of São Paulo

INTRODUCTION

The acquisition of medicines accounts for a significant proportion of private health expenditures. The objective of this study was to analyse the private spending with the purchase of medicines and the commitment of the family income, by the elderly.

METHODS

Population survey conducted in Praia Grande, São Paulo, Brazil. The monthly expenditure and the per capita family income commitment with the purchase of medicines were calculated from the information obtained in the interviews. The variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies and the hypothesis test was Pearson's χ2, Student's t and Anova, with a significance level of 5%.

RESULTS

The prevalence of drug use was 61.2%. The average monthly expenditure per capita was R$ 34.59, with significantly higher income impairment for individuals with higher levels of education, without chronic diseases and health plan beneficiaries.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of drug use was low. The cost generated by the purchase of medicines is one of the ways in which inequality can manifest in society. The expansion of free drug provision would be necessary to expand access and avoid spending, especially those who have private health plans but cannot afford drug treatment.

Use of antihypertensive and antidiabetic medications in Brazil: an analysis of socioeconomic differences. National Health Survey, 2013

OBJECTIVES

To analyze the socioeconomic and demographic differences in medication use to control hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Brazil.

METHOD

Data from the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS) performed in Brazil in 2013 with a representative sample of the population aged 18years old or older were analyzed. The use of medications for hypertension and diabetes according to income, education, race, possession of a private health insurance plan and region of household were estimated. Theprevalence ratios adjusted for sex and age were also estimated using Poisson regression.

RESULTS

81.4% of the hypertensive population used medication to control the disease. The use was higher among females, white/Caucasian individuals and those with a private health plan. In the case of diabetes mellitus, 80.2% of the population used medication to control the disease and the use was higher in elderly patients, patients with a higher level of education, patients with a private health plan, and patients in the Southeast region. Inequalities according to income and health plan were small even in the strata of sex, age and geographic region analyzed.

CONCLUSION

We found a high use of medication to control hypertension and diabetes. Socioeconomic inequalities in use were not expressive, probably due to medication policies that promote greater and equitable access to medicines in Brazil.

Cost-related underuse of medications in older adults: ELSI-Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with cost-related underuse of medications in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged 50 years and over.

METHODS

Among the 9,412 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), 6,014 reported using at least one medication on regular basis and were included in the analysis. Underuse of medications was by stopping taking or reducing the number of tablets or the dose of any prescribed medication for financial reasons. The theoretical framework used for the selection of the exploratory variables included predisposing factors, enabling factors, and factors of need. Associations were tested by Poisson regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of underuse of medications was 10.6%. After adjustments for relevant covariables, positive and statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with the outcome were found for females [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.39], sufficiency of the family income for expenses (PR = 1.74 for sometimes and PR 2.42 for never), frequency with which the physician explains about the disease and treatment (PR = 1.31 for rarely or never), number of medications used (PR = 1.39 for 2-4 and 1.53 for 5 or more), fair (PR = 2.02) and poor or very poor self-rated health (PR = 2.92), and a previous medical diagnosis of depression (PR = 1.69). Negative associations were observed for the age groups of 60-79 years (PR = 0.75) and 80 years and over (PR = 0.43), socioeconomic status of the household (PR = 0.70, 0.79, and 0.60 for the second, third, and fourth quartile, respectively), and private health plan coverage (PR = 0.79). There were no associations between hypertension and self-reported diabetes and underuse of medications.

CONCLUSIONS

Cost-related underuse of medications is multidimensional and complex, and it covers socio-demographic characteristics, health conditions, and the use of health services. The explanation about the disease and its treatment to the patient and the expansion of the universal access to pharmaceutical care can minimize the risks of underuse.

Sources for obtaining drugs for hypertension in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey, 2013

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the sociodemographic differences among adults with hypertension regarding the sources for obtaining drugs for hypertension treatment in Brazil.

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of data from the National Health Survey 2013; the outcomes considered for the analysis were the sources for obtaining drugs for treating high blood pressure.

RESULTS

The great majority (74%) of patients with hypertension taking drugs use a single source for obtaining them, 7.3% (95%CI 6.4 - 8.4) reported getting all the drugs through private health plans, 22.7% (95%CI 21.0 - 24.4) by pharmacies of the public health system, 21.8% (95%CI 20.2 - 23.4) by the Popular Pharmacy Program, and about one-third (29.5%; 95%CI 27.7 - 31.4) exclusively by commercial pharmacies. Having the public health system as the single source for obtaining the drugs was found to decrease with age, was lower in white people, decreased strongly with increase in education, and was lower for residents in the North region. Exclusive obtainment through the Popular Pharmacy Program was lower for people with higher education. Obtainment in commercial pharmacies was positively associated with being male, with higher education level, being older, and having white skin color. Obtainment using more than one source was positively associated with increasing age and inversely associated with higher education levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The results allowed the identification of a trajectory of patients in obtaining drugs for the treatment of hypertension, aiming at explaining how the drugs are obtained and the impact of public policies in this sector in the country.

Uso de psicofármacos entre idosos residentes em comunidade: prevalência e fatores associados

RESUMO: Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de psicofármacos entre idosos. Métodos: O estudo, realizado em 2003, baseou-se no Inquérito de Saúde da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Participaram do estudo 1.635 idosos (60 anos ou mais) residentes nos municípios da RMBH, selecionados por meio de amostra probabilística complexa. Modelos de regressão logística foram utilizados para identificar os fatores associados ao uso de psicofármacos, considerando o nível de significância de 5,0%. Resultados: A prevalência de uso de psicofármacos foi de 13,4%, sendo 8,3% para uso de benzodiazepínicos e 5,0% para antidepressivos. Os fatores independentemente associados ao uso de psicofármacos foram sexo feminino (OR = 2,20; IC95% 1,49 - 3,27), relato de diagnóstico médico para depressão (OR = 6,42; IC95% 4,31 - 9,55), ter realizado 5 ou mais consultas médicas nos últimos 12 meses (OR = 2,15; IC95% 1,32 - 3,53) e afiliação a plano de privado saúde (OR = 2,69; IC95% 1,86 - 3,88). Conclusão: A prevalência observada foi semelhante ao verificado entre idosos brasileiros e o padrão de associações detectado foi consistente com o observado em populações idosas de países de maior renda, sendo o relato de diagnóstico médico para depressão o fator mais fortemente associado ao uso de psicofármacos.

Prevalence of and factors associated with polypharmacy among elderly persons resident in the community

Abstract Objective: to verify the prevalence of and factors associated with polypharmacy among elderly residents of the city of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso. Method: a cross-sectional study of 573 people aged 60 and over was performed. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more medications. To investigate the association between polypharmacy and sociodemographic variables, health and access to medication, the Mantel Haenszel chi square test was used in bivariate analysis and Poisson regression was used in multivariate analysis. The significance level adopted was 5%. Result: the prevalence of polypharmacy was 10.30%. Statistically significant associations were found between polypharmacy and living with others, describing suffering from circulatory, endocrine, nutritional and digestive tract diseases, and referring to financial difficulties for the purchase of medicines. Conclusion: some social and health condition factors play an important role in the use of multiple medications among the elderly.

Free access to medicines for the treatment of chronic diseases in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the free access to medicines for the treatment of chronic diseases in the Brazilian population, according to demographic and socioeconomic factors. We also analyzed the most used pharmacological groups, according to funding source: free-of-charge or out-of-pocket paid.

METHODS

Analysis of data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), a population-based household survey, of cross-sectional design, based on probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population. We analyzed as outcome the prevalence of free access (free-of-charge) to all medicines for treatment of the reported chronic diseases, in the last 30 days. We studied the following independent variables: sex, age group, education in complete years of school, economic class, health plan, and geographical region of residence. We estimated the prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and applied the Pearson's Chi-squared test to assess the differences between the groups, considering a 5% significance level.

RESULTS

About half of adults and older adults who have had full access to the treatment of chronic diseases in Brazil obtained all needed medicines for free (47.5%; 95%CI 45.1-50.0). The prevalences of free access were higher among men (51.4%; 95%CI 48.1-54.8), age group of 40-59 years (51.1%; 95%CI 48.1-54.2), and in the poorest social classes (53.9%; 95%CI 50.2-57.7). The majority of medicines that act on the cardiovascular system, such as diuretics (C03) (78.0%; 95%CI 75.2-80.5), beta-blockers (C07) (62.7%; 95%CI 59.4-65.8), and the agents that work in the renin-angiotensin system (C09) (73.4%; 95%CI 70.8-75.8), were obtained for free. Medicines that act on the respiratory system, such as agents against obstructive airway diseases (R03) (60.0%; 95%CI 52.7-66.9) were mostly paid with own resources.

CONCLUSIONS

Free access to medicines for treatment of chronic diseases occurs to a considerable portion of the Brazilian population, especially for the poorest ones, indicating decreased socioeconomic inequalities, but with differences between regions and between some classes of medicines.

OBJETIVO

Analisar o acesso gratuito ao tratamento medicamentoso para doenças crônicas na população brasileira, segundo fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos. Analisaram-se também os grupos farmacológicos mais utilizados, segundo fonte de financiamento: gratuito ou pago do próprio bolso.

MÉTODOS

Análise de dados oriundos da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), inquérito domiciliar de base populacional, de delineamento transversal, baseado em amostra probabilística da população brasileira. O desfecho analisado foi a prevalência de acesso gratuito (sem pagamento) a todos os medicamentos para tratamento das doenças crônicas referidas, nos últimos 30 dias. As variáveis independentes investigadas foram: sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade em anos completos de estudo, classe econômica, plano de saúde e região geográfica de residência. Foram estimadas as prevalências e calculados intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) e aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para avaliação das diferenças entre os grupos, considerando nível de significância de 5%.

RESULTADOS

Cerca de metade dos adultos e idosos que tiveram acesso total ao tratamento de doenças crônicas no Brasil obtiveram todos os medicamentos que necessitavam gratuitamente (47,5%; IC95% 45,1-50,0). As prevalências de acesso gratuito foram maiores entre os homens (51,4%; IC95% 48,1-54,8), na faixa etária de 40-59 anos (51,1%; IC95% 48,1-54,2) e nas classes sociais mais pobres (53,9%; IC95% 50,2-57,7). Grande parte dos medicamentos que atuam no sistema cardiovascular, como os diuréticos (C03) (78,0%; IC95% 75,2-80,5), betabloqueadores (C07) (62,7%; IC95% 59,4-65,8) e os agentes que atuam no sistema renina-angiotensina (C09) (73,4%; IC95% 70,8-75,8) foram obtidos de forma gratuita. Os medicamentos que atuam no sistema respiratório como os agentes contra doenças obstrutivas das vias aéreas (R03) (60,0%; IC95% 52,7-66,9) foram na sua maioria pagos do próprio bolso.

CONCLUSÕES

O acesso gratuito aos medicamentos para tratamento das doenças crônicas ocorre para uma considerável parcela da população brasileira, principalmente para os mais pobres, indicando diminuição das desigualdades socioeconômicas, mas com diferenças regionais e entre algumas classes de medicamentos.

Prevalence of medication therapy adherence in the elderly and related factors

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a prevalência de adesão à terapêutica medicamentosa entre idosos em atendimento ambulatorial e se há associação entre tal adesão e fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e condições de saúde. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo, transversal, quantitativo, realizado nos ambulatórios de um hospital universitário no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Participaram 107 idosos, selecionados por conveniência, que responderam a três instrumentos de coleta de dados. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: a prevalência de adesão foi de 86,9%. Houve associação estatisticamente significante entre a variável adesão e receber orientações do médico sobre como fazer uso dos medicamentos e apresentar reação adversa. Conclusão: é importante que os enfermeiros conheçam a prevalência de adesão aos medicamentos e os fatores a ela relacionados para melhor planejamento de intervenções que promovam o sucesso terapêutico.

Access to continued-use medication among older adults, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and associated access factors for all continued-use prescription drugs and the ways in which they can be obtained. METHODS Data was obtained from the 2008 Household National Survey. The sample comprised 27,333 individuals above 60 years who reported that they used continued-use prescription drugs. A descriptive analysis and binary and multiple multinomial logistic regressions were performed. RESULTS 86.0% of the older adults had access to all the medication they needed, and among them, 50.7% purchased said medication. Those who obtained medication from the public health system were younger (60-64 years), did not have health insurance plans, and belonged to the lower income groups. It is remarkable that 14.0% of the subjects still had no access to any continued-use medication, and for those with more than four chronic diseases, this amount reached 22.0%. Those with a greater number of chronic diseases ran a higher risk of not having access to all the medication they needed. CONCLUSIONS There are some groups of older adults with an increased risk of not obtaining all the medication they need and of purchasing it. The results of this study are expected to contribute to guide programs and plans for access to medication in Brazil.

Segurança do paciente no uso de medicamentos após a alta hospitalar: estudo exploratório1

No Brasil, são escassos os estudos sobre estratégias para a segurança do paciente no processo de uso de medicamentos após a alta hospitalar, o que dificulta o conhecimento sobre a atuação de hospitais brasileiros nessa área. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender a dinâmica e os desafios do cuidado fornecido ao paciente pela equipe hospitalar, visando à segurança no processo de uso de medicamentos após a alta hospitalar. Realizou-se pesquisa exploratória por meio de entrevistas com médicos, enfermeiros, farmacêuticos e assistentes sociais do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram pesquisadas as atividades de cuidado com a farmacoterapia durante e após a hospitalização, incluindo o acesso a medicamentos após alta, a existência de articulação do hospital com outros serviços de saúde, e barreiras para desenvolver essas atividades. A principal estratégia adotada é a orientação de alta, realizada de forma estruturada, principalmente para cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos. Em situações específicas, ocorre mobilização da equipe para viabilização do acesso a medicamentos prescritos na alta. Reconciliação medicamentosa está em fase de implantação, e visita domiciliar é realizada apenas para pacientes críticos com problemas de locomoção. As principais barreiras identificadas foram insuficiência de recursos humanos e falta de tecnologias de informação. Conclui-se que são desenvolvidas algumas estratégias, porém com limitações e sem articulação adequada com outros serviços de saúde para a continuidade do cuidado. Isto sugere a necessidade de concentração de esforços para transpor as barreiras identificadas, contribuindo para a segurança do paciente na interface entre hospital, atenção básica e domicílio.

Social capital and under-utilization of medication for financial reasons among elderly women: evidence from two Brazilian health surveys

This cross-sectional study assesses the prevalence and examines the role of social and demographic factors, health conditions, health system characteristics and contextual factors of under-utilization of medication for financial reasons among elderly women. Participants in the Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte Health Survey (GMBH) and the eleventh phase of the Bambuí Cohort Study of the Elderly were assessed. Among elderly women in the GMBH, the prevalence of under-utilization was 11.4%, and in Bambuí, the rate was 5.4%. Self-perception of health (OR, 3.46; 95%CI, 1.32_9.10); daily life limitations (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.31-5.78) and perception of help (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.07-5.25) had independent associations with under-utilization among GMBH residents. A poor perception of both cohesion in the neighborhood (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.02-5.56) and the physical environment (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.10-6.03) significantly increased the likelihood of under-utilization among Bambuí residents. These results provide important clues to identifying possible risk factors for under-utilization, highlighting the need to develop strategies targeting the amplification of the involvement between elderly women and their community to reduce the extent of under-utilization in later life.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao acesso a medicamentos pela população idosa em uma capital do sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional

O presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever a prevalência, fatores associados e a forma de acesso aos medicamentos prescritos aos idosos residentes na área urbana do Município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foi realizado estudo transversal populacional de base domiciliar em amostra de 1.469 indivíduos (taxa não-resposta 10,8%). Os dados foram analisados, por meio de regressão de Poisson, sob duas perspectivas: do acesso a medicamentos em geral e do acesso a medicamentos pelo SUS. Os resultados foram, respectivamente, 95,8% (IC95%: 94,7-96,8) e 50,3% (IC95%: 47,7-52,8). Observou-se que ocorre menor acesso a medicamentos quanto maior a dependência funcional, maior o número de doenças crônicas e quando há realização de consulta médica. Acessam mais medicamentos pelo SUS indivíduos de cor da pele parda ou negra, menor idade, pior escolaridade, pior renda, maior número de doenças crônicas, ausência de plano de saúde privado e consulta médica nos últimos três meses. Estes resultados mostram que o SUS vem cumprindo seu papel na universalização do acesso aos medicamentos em Florianópolis.

Desigualdades socioeconômicas nos gastos e comprometimento da renda com medicamentos no Sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Descrever as desigualdades socioeconômicas referentes ao uso, gastos e comprometimento de renda com a compra de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 1.720 adultos de área urbana de Florianópolis, SC, em 2009. Realizou-se a seleção da amostra por conglomerados e as unidades primárias foram os setores censitários. Investigou-se o uso de medicamentos e os gastos com sua compra nos 30 dias anteriores, por meio de entrevista. Uso, gasto e comprometimento de renda devido a medicamentos foram analisados segundo a renda familiar per capita, a cor da pele auto-referida, idade e o sexo dos indivíduos, ajustado para amostra complexa. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 76,5% (IC95%: 73,8;79,3), maior entre as mulheres e naqueles com maior idade. A média de gastos com medicamentos foi igual a R$ 46,70, com valores mais elevados entre as mulheres, os brancos, os com idade mais elevada e entre os mais ricos. Enquanto 3,1% dos mais ricos comprometeram mais de 15% de seus rendimentos na compra de medicamentos, esse valor chegou a 9,6% nos mais pobres. A proporção de pessoas que tiveram de comprar medicamentos após tentativa fracassada de obtenção pelo Sistema Único de Saúde foi maior entre os mais pobres (11,0%), mulheres (10,2%) e naqueles com maior idade (11,1%). Grande parte dos adultos comprou medicamentos contidos na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (19,9%) ou na Relação Municipal de Medicamentos Essenciais (28,6%), com diferenças significativas segundo sexo, idade e renda. CONCLUSÕES: Existe desigualdade socioeconômica, de idade e de gênero no comprometimento de renda com a compra de medicamentos, com piores condições para os mais pobres, os de maior idade e para as mulheres.

Perceptions of social capital and cost-related non-adherence to medication among the elderly

The aim of this study was to examine the association between social capital and cost-related non-adherence (CRN) in an elderly population, using data from 1,134 respondents to the Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte Health Survey. CRN was lower for those elderly with a better perception of attachment to their neighbourhoods (PR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.50-0.94), with more social contacts (one to five, PR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.30-0.80 and more than five, PR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.26-0.67), and with private health insurance coverage (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.45-0.93). Meanwhile, CRN was significantly higher for those with fair to poor self-rated health (PR =1.66; 95%CI: 0.95-2.90 and PR = 2.62; 95%CI: 1.46-4.71 respectively), with multiple comorbidities (two, PR = 3.45; 95%CI: 1.38-8.62 and three or more, PR = 4.42; 95%CI: 1.74-11.25), and with a lower frequency of physician-patient dialogue about health/treatment (rarely/never, PR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.16-3.13). These findings highlight the need to take into account the social context in future research on CRN.