Redes de conversação e coordenação de ações de saúde: estudo em um serviço móvel regional de atenção às urgências

Mobile emergency care service: A time-course assessment and characterization of demand

INTRODUCTION

Prehospital care is defined as any medical attention provided outside the hospital environment. This study aims to study the operation of a regional SAMU by assessing electronic records of cases managed and to evaluate demand patterns over time.

METHODS

A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted through an analysis of emergency calls handled between the years of 2009 and 2013 by the SAMU Metropolitan 2 Region mobile emergency care service, located in Niterói, Brazil. Nonparametric tests were used to evaluate differences in the variables of interest between the two halves of the 5-year period of analysis and annually.

RESULTS

The total call volume during the period of analysis was 590,902 (monthly mean [SD], 9848 [3764]; 95%CI = 8875 to 10,820). Analysis of calls over time revealed a significant decline in call volume (p = 0.008), mainly between the year 2009 and subsequent years (p < 0.001). The vast majority of patients were adults with clinical conditions (average = 2311). Predominantly, calls were made to request prehospital assistance at the patient's home, and the most prevalent age range was 41-50 years.

CONCLUSION

The SAMU Metropolitan 2 regional emergency medical service predominantly attended to middle-aged women at their homes. Total call volume has been decreasing, perhaps reflecting a multifactorial phenomenon and improvements in the primary health care network.

[Implementation of the Mobile Emergency Medical Service in Brazil: action strategies and structural dimension]

The Mobile Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) was the first component of the National Policy for Emergency Care implemented in Brazil in the early 2000. The article analyzed the implementation of mobile pre-hospital emergency care in Brazil. The methods included document analysis, interviews with state emergency care coordinators, and an expert panel. The theoretical reference was the strategic conduct analysis from Giddens' Structuration Theory. The results showed uneven implementation of the SAMU between states and regions of Brazil, identifying six patterns of implementation, considering the states' capacity to expand the population coverage and regionalize the service. Structural difficulties included physician retention, poorly equipped dispatch centers, and shortage of ambulances. The North and Northeast were the country's most heavily affected regions. SAMU is formatted as a structuring strategy in the emergency care network, but its performance suffered the impact of limited participation by primary care in the emergency network and especially the lack of hospital beds.

[Evaluation of the Mobile Emergency Care Service in Santa Catarina State, Brazil]

This case study evaluated the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2013/2014. The theoretical log frame and evaluation matrix were validated by expert consensus workshops. Two dimensions were proposed: emergency care management and emergency care, analyzed with 22 indicators. Data collection used interviews, direct observation in the eight regional SAMU dispatches, and a questionnaire sent to the coordinators of the municipal SAMU. The analysis and value judgment according to separate dimensions, sub-dimensions, and indicators allowed identifying strengths and weaknesses amenable to intervention. No regional dispatch performed well in both dimensions; all were classified as "fair" in emergency care and "bad" in emergency management. An important strength was agile communication with callers for help, standardization, and external support for care. The mechanisms for internal and external linkage and communication need to be effectively implemented. The quality of advanced support units requires improvement.

Atenção pré-hospitalar móvel às urgências: análise de implantação no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Resumo O atendimento às urgências tem como componente primordial a atenção pré-hospitalar móvel. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a implantação do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia envolveu análise documental, visitas a seis Centrais de Regulação do SAMU e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 gestores estaduais e locais da área de urgências. O referencial analítico foi a Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens. Observaram-se conflitos intergovernamentais entre estado e municípios e entre municípios. Apesar da insuficiência de leitos, os SAMU do interior do estado estavam mais articulados à rede de atenção às urgências do que os metropolitanos. Os comitês gestores eram pouco ativos e a atuação do estado frágil no financiamento, na gestão e no monitoramento. Conclui-se que o processo de implantação dos SAMU no estado foi marcado por tensões políticas e fragilidades de gestão e coordenação. Em consequência, persistem sérios limites na articulação dos SAMU com os demais serviços e na regionalização da atenção às urgências no estado.

Innovation and communicative action: health management networks and technologies

Abstract: This article discusses elements of a theory of innovation from the perspective of innovation networks and social construction of technology, based on Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action and authors from the Sociology of Innovation. Based on the theoretical framework of the communicative production of scientific facts, we focus on innovation management as a basic dimension that must meet some organizational and methodological requirements in order to power its results. We present and discuss instruments such as Situational Planning, Prospective Analysis, Strategic Portfolio Management, and Networks Management that can help deal with the challenge of innovation and exploration of the future. We conclude that network organizational formats centered on reflexivity of interdisciplinary groups and planning approaches that encourage innovation criteria in assessing the attractiveness of activities and that help anticipate forms of innovation through systematic prospective analysis can potentiate the process of generating innovation as a product of networks.

Emergency Care Units (UPA) 24h: the nurses' perception

This study aimed to describe the nurses' perception regarding the Emergency Care Units. It is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The study participants were 25 nursing professionals from the Emergency Care Unit of a municipality in Santa Catarina who voluntarily accepted to participate in the study. The data were collected through interviews and were submitted to the operative proposal for analysis of qualitative data. The results show the professionals' understanding in relation to the purpose of these units, but indicate the incorrect way that this service is being used by the population; a fact that - added to the lack of materials, standardization of procedures, human resources and training - hinders the work process. It is suggested that continuing education may be used as a means for articulating the team and the search for quality work.

Adaptação da versão saúde bucal do instrumento de diagnóstico do estágio de desenvolvimento da rede de atenção à saúde

A implantação de redes de atenção à saúde bucal é um processo recente e necessita de ser avaliado. Este estudo objetivou descrever as etapas de adaptação da versão saúde bucal de um instrumento para avaliar o estágio de desenvolvimento da rede de atenção à saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. O instrumento original, denominado Instrumento de Diagnóstico do Estágio de Desenvolvimento da Rede de Atenção à Saúde, foi desenvolvido por Mendes (2011). Foi realizada a avaliação formal dos significados geral e referencial do instrumento original, chegando-se à versão adaptada. Para isso, o instrumento foi analisado por um comitê de especialistas da área em questão. A compreensão da versão adaptada foi avaliada em um pré-teste aplicado para 20 coordenadores municipais de saúde bucal de Minas Gerais. Constatou-se uma boa equivalência conceitual, funcional, de itens, semântica e operacional entre os instrumentos. A versão saúde bucal foi bem compreendida, apresentando-se adequada para ser testada quanto às suas propriedades psicométricas. Essa etapa se encontra em fase de conclusão.

Cuidado integral e atenção às urgências: o serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência do estado do Rio de Janeiro

O inadequado atendimento às urgências é motivo de insatisfação da população e de aumento de morbidade e mortalidade. Para responder ao problema, o Estado implantou o Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), o primeiro componente da Política Nacional de Urgências que propõe o atendimento integral às urgências. Com o objetivo de analisar a prática de integralidade no SAMU, analisamos a regulação nos SAMU do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia baseou-se na análise da conduta estratégica (Giddens, 1984) relacionando as estratégias de ação dos agentes com as dimensões estruturais. A categorização da análise do resultado destacou: o SAMU bem sucedido, com práticas de integralidade no seu componente individual e de acesso aos serviços; sua função de observatório de rede, que indicou restrição no acesso à atenção básica e ao hospital; a insuficiência de recursos e o uso inadequado de ambulâncias; e demandas não reconhecidas, em que casos foram recusados. O campo confirmou a potência do SAMU como observatório de saúde. Entretanto, a mobilização de recursos autoritativos e alocativos mostrou-se insuficiente para um sistema integrado de atenção às urgências.

The current scenario of emergency care policies in Brazil

BACKGROUND

The regulation of emergency care has featured prominently in Brazil's federal health agenda since the 2000s. The aim of this study was to review up to the present day the implementation of the National Emergency Care Policy.

METHODS

The methods employed were documental review, analysis of official data and 11 interviews conducted with federal, state and local managers. The results were analyzed using Giddens' Structuration Theory, relating the cognitive abilities of the agents to their action strategies, in view of the structural dimensions, rules and resources provided by the federal administration.

RESULTS

Federal policy for emergency care in Brazil can be divided into three stages: from 1998 to 2003, the initial regulation; from 2004 to 2008, the expansion of the Mobile Emergency Medical Services (SAMU, in Brazil); and from 2009 onwards, the implementation of stationary pre-hospital care facilities, known as Emergency Care Units (UPA). The structuration elements identified for the emergency care policy were the public health system guidelines, legislation, standards and federal financing. Significant restrictions were found such as lack of hospital beds and intensive care treatment, gaps in the information system for producing evidence for management, ineffective Management Committees, as well as a low degree of commitment among physicians to the services.

CONCLUSION

Considering the financial constraints imposed on the SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System), emergency care was identified as a political priority with financial support. The individual actions by emergency care workers and governmental agents typified the first period of the policy, structuring the basis and producing changes in the circumstances of action. Federal strategies can be equated to the rules and resources provided to support the implementation process of the policy.

[Communication management of collaborative networks of science, technology and innovation in health]

The objective of the article was to propose a model of communication management of networks for the Health Innovation System in Brazil. The health production complex and its relationship with the nation's development are addressed and some suggestions for operationalization of the proposed model are also presented. The discussion is based on Habermas' theory and similar cases from other countries. Communication strategies and approaches to commitment dialogue for concerted actions and consensus-building based on critical reasoning may help strengthen democratic networks.

Mobile Emergency Care Service: analysis of Brazilian policy

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the configuration of mobile emergency health care policy in Brazil.

METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

The study was based on public policy analysis. Bibliographic and document review, analysis of official data and interviews with federal administrators related to formulation and implementation of the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) in Brazil in the 2000s were performed.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

Priority was given to SAMU at the federal level since 2003. During the first years of implementation, municipal level services predominated; in 2008, services with regional scope became more significant. Estimated coverage reached 53.9% of the population in 2009, in 20.5% of Brazilian municipalities. Implementation varied between States, and there were less advanced support ambulances than recommended, both nationally and in several States.

CONCLUSIONS

SAMU was adopted nationwide since 2003 upon development of federal norms. Implementation of the policy involves challenges, including adequate investment, integration of the service into an established urgent care network, arrangement of appropriate information systems and personnel capacity. Addressing these challenges will allow SAMU to become a key health care strategy in the unified health system.

Planejamento e gestão em saúde: histórico e tendências com base numa visão comunicativa

Este artigo tem por objetivos apresentar uma visão condensada das principais tendências no Brasil, estabelecer uma taxonomia geral dos modelos de planejamento e gestão em saúde, tendo como base o cenário internacional e fundamentar a proposta de um planejamento comunicativo. Em um contexto de democratização, argumenta a favor de uma concepção pluralista e conclui que as diversas correntes, embora com diferentes perspectivas e encaminhamentos teórico-metodológicos, dialogam num processo de troca mútua e de aprendizagem.