1
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Ganjitabar H, Hadidi R, Garcia GA, Nahon L, Powis I. Analysis of the volatile monoterpene composition of citrus essential oils by photoelectron spectroscopy employing continuously monitored dynamic headspace sampling. Analyst 2023; 148:6228-6240. [PMID: 37987708 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01448g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A new photoelectron spectroscopic method permitting a quantitative analysis of the volatile headspace of several essential oils is presented and discussed. In particular, we focus on the monoterpene compounds, which are known to be the dominant volatile components in many such oils. The photoelectron spectra of the monoterpene constituents may be effectively isolated by accepting for analysis only those electrons that accompany the production of m/z = 136 ions, and by using low photon energies that restrict cation fragmentation. The monoterpene isomers are then identified and quantified by regression modelling using a library of terpene standard spectra. An advantage of this approach is that pre-concentration of the volatile vapour is not required, and all steps are performed at ambient temperature, avoiding the possible deleterious effects (such as isomerisation/decomposition) that may sometimes arise in gas chromatographic (GC) procedures. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, three citrus oils (lemon, lime, bergamot) are analysed with this approach and the results are compared with reported GC composition profiles obtained for these oils. Potential advantages of the methodology that include multiplex detection and real-time, in situ analysis are identified and discussed. Alternative and faster experimental implementations concerning laboratory-based ionization and detection schemes are proposed and considered, as is the possibility of a straightforward extension towards simultaneous determination of enantiomeric excesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ganjitabar
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Rim Hadidi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ivan Powis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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2
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Mazzotta S, Rositano V, Senaldi L, Bernardi A, Allegrini P, Appendino G. Scalemic natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1647-1671. [PMID: 37439042 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2022The area of scalemic natural products is often enigmatic from a mechanistic standpoint, since low optical purity is observed in compounds having multiple contiguous stereogenic centers resulting from mechanistically distinct biogenetic steps. A scalemic state is rarely the result of a sloppy enzymatic activity, rather resulting from the expression of antipodal enzymes/directing proteins or from the erosion of optical purity by enzymatic or spontaneous reactions. Evidence for these processes is critically reviewed, identifying the mechanisms most often associated to the enzymatic generation of scalemic natural products and also discussing analytical exploitations of natural products' scalemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mazzotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rositano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Luca Senaldi
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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3
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Łyczko J, Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz A, Issa-Issa H, Skrzyński M, Galek R, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Szumny A. Chemistry behind Quality-Emission of Volatile Enantiomers from Mentha spp. Plant Tissue in Relationship to Odor Sensory Quality. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102057. [PMID: 37238875 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of food, considering increasing consumer demands and competition among producers, is a highly important issue. Quality concerns are also applicable to the odor quality of herbs and spices (HSs). Meanwhile, HSs commonly are graded based on their essential oils (EOs) content and analysis; but does the instrumental analysis really provide general information about the HSs sensory quality? Three chemotypes of Mentha spp. were used in the present study. From samples diversified by convective drying at different temperatures, EOs were hydrodistillated and analyzed by enantioselective GC-MS; moreover, the source plant material's volatile profile was analyzed by the HS-SPME technique. The instrumental analysis was confronted with the results of the sensory panel. Changes in enantiomeric composition were observed during the drying process, although no clear correlations or trends could be found for individual chiral components. Furthermore, even with significant differences in particular volatiles' contribution to plants' EOs and their volatile profiles, judges were not able to match the sample EOs and plant samples with sufficient effectiveness (~40%). Based on those results, we suggest that volatile enantiomeric distribution does not have an actual influence on odor quality and that the sensory analysis should not be replaced with instrumental analysis, which cannot predict general sensory quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Łyczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz
- Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodity Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Garden of Cosmetic Plants and Raw Materials, Research and Science Innovation Center, 20-819 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanán Issa-Issa
- Research Group 'Food Quality and Safety', Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Mariusz Skrzyński
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Renata Galek
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ángel A Carbonell-Barrachina
- Research Group 'Food Quality and Safety', Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Zhou Y, He Y, Zhu Z. Understanding of formation and change of chiral aroma compounds from tea leaf to tea cup provides essential information for tea quality improvement. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112703. [PMID: 37087269 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Abundant secondary metabolites endow tea with unique quality characteristics, among which aroma is the core component of tea quality. The ratio of chiral isomers of aroma compounds greatly affects the flavor of tea leaves. In this paper, we review the progress of research on chiral aroma compounds in tea. With the well-established GC-MS methods, the formation of, and changes in, the chiral configuration of tea aroma compounds during the whole cycle of tea leaves from the plant to the tea cup has been studied in detail. The ratio of aroma chiral isomers varies among different tea varieties and finished teas. Enzymatic reactions involving tea aroma synthases and glycoside hydrolases participate the formation of aroma compound chiral isomers during tea tree growth and tea processing. Non-enzymatic reactions including environmental factors such as high temperature and microbial fermentation involve in the change of aroma compound chiral isomers during tea processing and storage. In the future, it will be interesting to determine how changes in the proportions of chiral isomers of aroma compounds affect the environmental adaptability of tea trees; and to determine how to improve tea flavor by modifying processing methods or targeting specific genes to alter the ratio of chiral isomers of aroma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Yunchuan He
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zengrong Zhu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
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5
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Citrus Essential Oils in Aromatherapy: Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122374. [PMID: 36552586 PMCID: PMC9774566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus is one of the main fruit crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Approximately half (40-47%) of the fruit mass is inedible and discarded as waste after processing, which causes pollution to the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic compounds found in significant quantities in oil sacs or oil glands present in the leaves, flowers, and fruit peels (mainly the flavedo part). Citrus EO is a complex mixture of ~400 compounds and has been found to be useful in aromatic infusions for personal health care, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, color enhancers in foods and beverages, and aromatherapy. The citrus EOs possess a pleasant scent, and impart relaxing, calming, mood-uplifting, and cheer-enhancing effects. In aromatherapy, it is applied either in message oils or in diffusion sprays for homes and vehicle sittings. The diffusion creates a fresh feeling and enhances relaxation from stress and anxiety and helps uplifting mood and boosting emotional and physical energy. This review presents a comprehensive outlook on the composition, properties, characterization, and mechanism of action of the citrus EOs in various health-related issues, with a focus on its antioxidant properties.
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Dosoky NS, Satyal P, Setzer WN. Authentication of Citrus spp. Cold-Pressed Essential Oils by Their Oxygenated Heterocyclic Components. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196277. [PMID: 36234812 PMCID: PMC9572141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus essential oils are routinely adulterated because of the lack of regulations or reliable authentication methods. Unfortunately, the relatively simple chemical makeup and the tremendous price variations among Citrus varieties encouraged the interspecies adulteration of citrus oils. In this study, a sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 14 coumarins and furanocoumarins is developed and validated. This method was applied to screen the essential oils of 12 different Citrus species. This study, to our knowledge, represents the most comprehensive investigation of coumarin and furanocoumarin profiles across commercial-scale Citrus oils to date. Results show that the lowest amount was detected in calamansi oil. Expressed oil of Italian bergamot showed the highest furanocoumarin content and the highest level of any individual furanocoumarin (bergamottin). Notable differences were observed in the coumarin and furanocoumarin levels among oils of different crop varieties and origins within the same species. Potential correlations were observed between bergapten and xanthotoxin which matches with known biosynthetic pathways. We found patterns in furanocoumarin profiles that line up with known variations among the Citrus ancestral taxa. However, contrary to the literature, we also detected xanthotoxin in sweet orange and members of the mandarin taxon. Using multivariate analysis, we were able to divide the Citrus oils into 5 main groups and correlate them to the coumarin compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura S. Dosoky
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-256-457-0135
| | | | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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7
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Cucinotta L, De Grazia G, Micalizzi G, Bontempo L, Camin F, Mondello L, Sciarrone D. Simultaneous evaluation of the enantiomeric and carbon isotopic ratios of Cannabis sativa L. essential oils by multidimensional gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5643-5656. [PMID: 35389094 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent times have witnessed an upsurge of interest in hemp and hemp-derived products, as driven by the scientific findings specific to the pharmacological properties of Cannabis sativa L. and its constituents. There has been evidence that the terpene profile, along with the cannabinoid content, produces in humans the effects associated with different strains, beyond fragrance perception. A great deal of effort has been put into developing analytical approaches to strengthen the scientific knowledge on cannabis essential oil composition and provide effective tools for ascertaining the authenticity of commercial cannabis samples. For this concern, enantio-selective-GC-C-IRMS has proven to be effective for assessing the ranges characteristic of the genuine samples and detecting any fraudulent additions. This research aimed at providing for the first time the enantiomeric and isotopic ratios of target terpenes in cannabis essential oils, obtained from microwave-assisted hydro-distillation from the fresh and dried inflorescences of different cannabis varieties. Implementing multidimensional gas chromatography separation was mandatory prior to detection, in order to obtain accurate δ13C values and enantiomeric data from completely separated peaks. For this purpose, a heart-cut method was developed, based on the coupling of an apolar first dimension column to a secondary chiral cyclodextrin-based stationary phase. Afterwards, the data gathered from enantio-selective-MDGC-C-IRMS/qMS analysis of a set of genuine samples were used to evaluate the quality of nineteen commercial cannabis essential oils purchased from local stores. Remarkably, the data in some cases evidenced enantiomeric ratios and δ13C values outside the typical ranges of genuine oils. Such findings suggest the usefulness of the method developed to ascertain the genuineness and quality of cannabis essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, via Mach 1, 38098, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Gemma De Grazia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, via Mach 1, 38098, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, via Mach 1, 38098, Trento, TN, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele All'Adige, Via Mach 1, 38010, Trento, TN, Italy
- Vienna International Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.R.L., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
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8
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Aribi-Zouioueche L, Couic-Marinier F. Huiles essentielles et chiralité moléculaire. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Cuchet A, Anchisi A, Schiets F, Clément Y, Lantéri P, Bonnefoy C, Jame P, Carénini E, Casabianca H. Determination of enantiomeric and stable isotope ratio fingerprints of active secondary metabolites in neroli (Citrus aurantium L.) essential oils for authentication by multidimensional gas chromatography and GC-C/P-IRMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1185:123003. [PMID: 34731745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neroli essential oil (EO), extracted from bitter orange blossoms, is one of the most expensive natural products on the market due to its poor yield and its use in fragrance compositions, such as cologne. Multiple adulterations of neroli EO are found on the market, and several authentication strategies, such as enantioselective gas chromatography (GC) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), have been developed in the last few years. However, neroli EO adulteration is becoming increasingly sophisticated, and analytical improvements are needed to increase precision. Enantiomeric and compound-specific isotopic profiling of numerous metabolites using multidimensional GC and GC-C/P-IRMS was carried out. These analyses proved to be efficient for geographical tracing, especially to distinguish neroli EO of Egyptian origin. In addition, δ2H values and enantioselective ratios can identify an addition of 10% of petitgrain EO. These results demonstrate that enantioselective and stable isotopic metabolite fingerprint determination is currently a necessity to control EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Cuchet
- Albert Vieille SAS, 629 Route de Grasse, 06220 Vallauris, France; Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anthony Anchisi
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Schiets
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yohann Clément
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Lantéri
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christelle Bonnefoy
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Jame
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elise Carénini
- Albert Vieille SAS, 629 Route de Grasse, 06220 Vallauris, France
| | - Hervé Casabianca
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Kvittingen L, Sjursnes BJ. Demonstrating Basic Properties and Application of Polarimetry Using a Self-Constructed Polarimeter. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2020; 97:2196-2202. [PMID: 32905174 PMCID: PMC7467646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An easily constructed and inexpensive polarimeter with an optical rotation angle resolution of about 0.5° is presented. It is made from small pieces of polarizing film, 2 LEDs, a protractor, and a few wires, all held in place with plastic interlocking toy bricks, such as Lego bricks. The instrument was used to demonstrate the optical rotation of plane polarized light as a function of concentration, path length, temperature, and wavelength, and to determine enantiomeric excess in solutions of arabinose, the amount of limonene in citrus ski wax remover, and optical rotations of various types of honeys and essential oils. Results were comparable to values obtained on a commercial scientific instrument, and with literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Kvittingen
- Department
of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Wang L. Investigation of Stereoisomer Distribution and Thermochemical Conversion of Eight Terpene Alcohols Derived from Different Varieties of Chinese Hops (Humulus lupulus L.). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1739507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zechang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Mahato N, Sharma K, Sinha M, Baral ER, Koteswararao R, Dhyani A, Hwan Cho M, Cho S. Bio-sorbents, industrially important chemicals and novel materials from citrus processing waste as a sustainable and renewable bioresource: A review. J Adv Res 2020; 23:61-82. [PMID: 32082624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus waste includes peels, pulp and membrane residue and seeds, constituting approximately 40-60% of the whole fruit. This amount exceeds ~110-120 million tons annually worldwide. Recent investigations have been focused on developing newer techniques to explore various applications of the chemicals obtained from the citrus wastes. The organic acids obtained from citrus waste can be utilized in developing biodegradable polymers and functional materials for food processing, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The peel microstructures have been investigated to create bio-inspired materials. The peel residue can be processed to produce fibers and fabrics, 3D printed materials, carbon nanodots for bio-imaging, energy storage materials and nanostructured materials for various applications so as to leave no waste at all. The article reviews recent advances in scientific investigations to produce valuable products from citrus wastes and possibilities of innovating future materials and promote zero remaining waste for a cleaner environment for future generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Mahato
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kavita Sharma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello 83209, ID, USA
| | - Mukty Sinha
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Palej, Gandhinagar 382 355, India
| | - Ek Raj Baral
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakoti Koteswararao
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Palej, Gandhinagar 382 355, India
| | - Archana Dhyani
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Moo Hwan Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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14
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Guadayol M, Guadayol JM, Vendrell E, Collgrós F, Caixach J. Relationship between the terpene enantiomeric distribution and the growth cycle of lemon fruit and comparison of two extraction methods. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2018.1435427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guadayol
- Functional Food Research Department, Dallant, S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Guadayol
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Vendrell
- Functional Food Research Department, Dallant, S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Collgrós
- Functional Food Research Department, Dallant, S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry/Organic Pollutants Laboratory, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Mahato N, Sharma K, Koteswararao R, Sinha M, Baral E, Cho MH. Citrus essential oils: Extraction, authentication and application in food preservation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:611-625. [PMID: 28956626 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1384716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrus EOs is an economic, eco-friendly and natural alternatives to chemical preservatives and other synthetic antioxidants, such as sodium nitrites, nitrates or benzoates, commonly utilized in food preservation. Citrus based EOs is obtained mainly from the peels of citrus fruits which are largely discarded as wastes and cause environmental problems. The extraction of citrus oils from the waste peels not only saves environment but can be used in various applications including food preservation. The present article presents elaborated viewpoints on the nature and chemical composition of different EOs present in main citrus varieties widely grown across the globe; extraction, characterization and authentication techniques/methods of the citrus EOs; and reviews the recent advances in the application of citrus EOs for the preservation of fruits, vegetables, meat, fish and processed food stuffs. The probable reaction mechanism of the EOs based thin films formation with biodegradable polymers is presented. Other formulation, viz., EOs microencapsulation incorporating biodegradable polymers, nanoemulsion coatings, spray applications and antibacterial action mechanism of the active compounds present in the EOs have been elaborated. Extensive research is required on overcoming the challenges regarding allergies and obtaining safer dosage limits. Shift towards greener technologies indicate optimistic future towards safer utilization of citrus based EOs in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Mahato
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongsanbuk-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Kavita Sharma
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongsanbuk-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Rakoti Koteswararao
- b Department of Medical Devices , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Ahmedabad , Palej , Gandhinagar , India
| | - Mukty Sinha
- b Department of Medical Devices , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Ahmedabad , Palej , Gandhinagar , India
| | - EkRaj Baral
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongsanbuk-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Hwan Cho
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongsanbuk-do , Republic of Korea
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Schipilliti L, Bonaccorsi IL, Occhiuto C, Dugo P, Mondello L. Authentication of citrus volatiles based on carbon isotope ratios. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2017.1377123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Schipilliti
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ivana Lidia Bonaccorsi
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Hong JH, Khan N, Jamila N, Hong YS, Nho EY, Choi JY, Lee CM, Kim KS. Determination of Volatile Flavour Profiles of Citrus spp. Fruits by SDE-GC-MS and Enantiomeric Composition of Chiral Compounds by MDGC-MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:392-403. [PMID: 28444796 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Citrus fruits are known to have characteristic enantiomeric key compounds biosynthesised by highly stereoselective enzymatic mechanisms. In the past, evaluation of the enantiomeric ratios of chiral compounds in fruits has been applied as an effective indicator of adulteration by the addition of synthetic compounds or natural components of different botanical origin. OBJECTIVE To analyse the volatile flavour compounds of Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka (yuzu), Citrus limon BURM. f. (lemon) and Citrus aurantifolia Christm. Swingle (lime), and determine the enantiomeric ratios of their chiral compounds for discrimination and authentication of extracted oils. METHODOLOGY Volatile flavour compounds of the fruits of the three Citrus species were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The enantiomeric composition (ee%) of chiral camphene, sabinene, limonene and β-phellandrene was analysed by heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Sixty-seven (C. junos), 77 (C. limon) and 110 (C. aurantifolia) volatile compounds were identified with limonene, γ-terpinene and linalool as the major compounds. Stereochemical analysis (ee%) revealed 1S,4R-(-) camphene (94.74, 98.67, 98.82), R-(+)-limonene (90.53, 92.97, 99.85) and S-(+)-β-phellandrene (98.69, 97.15, 92.13) in oil samples from all three species; R-(+)-sabinene (88.08) in C. junos; and S-(-)-sabinene (81.99, 79.74) in C. limon and C. aurantifolia, respectively. CONCLUSION The enantiomeric composition and excess ratios of the chiral compounds could be used as reliable indicators of genuineness and quality assurance of the oils derived from the Citrus fruit species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Hong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa, Pakistan
| | - Nargis Jamila
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Women University Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Young Shin Hong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeong Nho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong Mi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
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Zhu Y, Shao CY, Lv HP, Zhang Y, Dai WD, Guo L, Tan JF, Peng QH, Lin Z. Enantiomeric and quantitative analysis of volatile terpenoids in different teas (Camellia sinensis). J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:177-190. [PMID: 28216091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile terpenoids play important roles in the formation of tea aroma quality due to their pleasant scents and low odor thresholds. Most volatile terpenoids contain stereogenic centers, which results in various stereo distributions of their enantiomers and diastereoisomers in different types of tea. However, the distribution characteristics of terpenoid enantiomers in teas were still unclear, which poses an obstacle to the scientific understanding of tea aroma. In this work, a new and efficient analysis approach based on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established to analyze 12 pairs of familiar terpenoid enantiomers in different teas. The extraction efficiency of the HS-SPME method to extract volatile terpenoids in teas was the greatest when using CAR-DVB-PDMS (50/30μm) fibers and 1:10 proportions between tea and boiling water at a 50°C extraction temperature for 40min, and the stability observation of enantiomeric ratios of the terpenoids well proved the feasibility of the extraction method. The favorable limits of detection, limits of quantitation, repeatability, linearity, and concentration ranges of each terpenoid enantiomer demonstrated the repeatability and reliability of the analytical approach. The enantiomeric and quantitative analyses indicated that S-limonene, S-linalool, (2S, 5S)-linalool oxide A, (2S, 5R)-linalool oxide B, R-4-terpineol, (2S, 5R)-linalool oxide C, (2S, 5S)-linalool oxide D, S-α-terpineol, R-α-ionone, peak 1 of theaspirane A and peak 2 of theaspirane B were the major terpenoid components in most Chinese teas; instead, higher proportions of the opposite enantiomers of the above terpenoids were frequently detected in black teas with large leaf origin and Indonesia white teas. Besides, great diversities of enantiomeric ratios and concentrations among different teas were observed. Furthermore, partial least-squares discriminant analyses were performed to distinguish the concentration differences of the terpenoid enantiomers among different teas; the analysis results indicated that highly significant concentration differences existed between large and small leaf origins of black teas, and significant differences of the concentrations of linalool oxides A-C were observed between green, white and dark teas. The successful application of this chiral analysis technique of tea aroma will lay a scientific foundation for further quality assessment, botanical origin determination and authenticity assessment of teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chen-Yang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Peng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Wei-Dong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jun-Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qun-Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations. Foods 2016; 5:foods5040070. [PMID: 28231164 PMCID: PMC5302419 DOI: 10.3390/foods5040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is a commonly used flavoring agent and medicinal herb. Several chemotypes of thyme, based on essential oil compositions, have been established, including (1) linalool; (2) borneol; (3) geraniol; (4) sabinene hydrate; (5) thymol; (6) carvacrol, as well as a number of multiple-component chemotypes. In this work, two different T. vulgaris essential oils were obtained from France and two were obtained from Serbia. The chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In addition, chiral gas chromatography was used to determine the enantiomeric compositions of several monoterpenoid components. The T. vulgaris oil from Nyons, France was of the linalool chemotype (linalool, 76.2%; linalyl acetate, 14.3%); the oil sample from Jablanicki, Serbia was of the geraniol chemotype (geraniol, 59.8%; geranyl acetate, 16.7%); the sample from Pomoravje District, Serbia was of the sabinene hydrate chemotype (cis-sabinene hydrate, 30.8%; trans-sabinene hydrate, 5.0%); and the essential oil from Richerenches, France was of the thymol chemotype (thymol, 47.1%; p-cymene, 20.1%). A cluster analysis based on the compositions of these essential oils as well as 81 additional T. vulgaris essential oils reported in the literature revealed 20 different chemotypes. This work represents the first chiral analysis of T. vulgaris monoterpenoids and a comprehensive description of the different chemotypes of T. vulgaris.
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Schipilliti L, Bonaccorsi I, Cotroneo A, Dugo P, Mondello L. Evaluation of gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) for the quality assessment of citrus liqueurs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1661-1670. [PMID: 23101544 DOI: 10.1021/jf3028073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus liqueurs are alcoholic beverages obtained by maceration. The European Parliament protects these alcoholic beverages, forbidding the addition of nature-identical flavoring substances. However, for economical and technological reasons, producers often add natural and/or synthetic flavors to the alcoholic syrup, obtaining artificial spirit drinks. The aim of this study is to investigate the authenticity of Italian liqueurs, of lemon, bergamot, and mandarin (locally known as "limoncello", "bargamino", and "mandarinetto"), comparing the carbon isotope ratios with values determined in genuine cold-pressed peel oils. Authenticity assessment was performed using headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Additional analyses were performed by direct enantioselective gas chromatography to determine the enantiomeric distribution of selected chiral volatiles and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the qualitative analyses of the samples. The method allowed confirmation of genuineness. Enantioselective gas chromatography analyses confirmed the results, demonstrating the reliability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Schipilliti
- Diaprtimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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Tranchida PQ, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L, Dugo G. Analysis of Citrus essential oils: state of the art and future perspectives. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
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Bonaccorsi I, Sciarrone D, Schipilliti L, Dugo P, Mondello L, Dugo G. Multidimensional enantio gas chromtography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-combustion-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry for the authenticity assessment of lime essential oils (C. aurantifolia Swingle and C. latifolia Tanaka). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1226:87-95. [PMID: 22088669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the genuineness assessment of Lime oils (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle and C. latifolia Tanaka), by Multi Dimensional Gas Chromatography (MDGC) to determine the enantiomeric distribution of α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol and by gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) to determine the isotopic ratios of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, α-terpineol, neral, geranial, β-caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, germacrene B. To the author's knowledge this is the first attempt to assess the authenticity and differentiate Persian Lime from Key lime oils by GC-C-IRMS. The results of the two analytical approaches were compared. The simultaneous use of the two techniques provides more reliable capability to detect adulteration in Citrus essential oils. In fact, in some circumstance only one of the two techniques allows to discriminate adulterated or contaminated oils. In cases where only small anomalies are detected by the two techniques due to subtle adulterations, their synergic use allows to express judgments. The advantage of both techniques is the low number of components the analyst must evaluate, reducing the complexity of the data necessary to deal with. Moreover, the conventional analytical approach based on the evaluation of the whole volatile fraction can fail to reveal the quality of the oils, if the adulteration is extremely subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168-Messina, Italy.
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