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Luevitoonvechakij N, Buranapim N, Suriyasathaporn W, Bansiddhi P, Warrit K, Punyapornwithaya V, Suriyasathaporn W. Cadaveric Study on Comparison of Neck Extension Angles for Endotracheal Intubation in Rabbits Using a Rigid and Flexible Endoscope. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1270. [PMID: 38731275 PMCID: PMC11083616 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Endotracheal intubation in rabbits is always challenging due to the unique anatomical conformation. To improve endotracheal intubation success, this study determined the relationship between head placement angles guided by endoscope-assisted visualization techniques and the endotracheal intubation success rate. Thirty-two rabbit cadavers were used in the study. Six veterinary practitioners who had no experience with rabbit endotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to intubate rabbit cadavers using the guidance of either a rigid endoscope (RE) or flexible endoscope (FE), with the head placement angles with an ascending neck at 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130 degrees. The endotracheal intubation completed in 90 s was determined to be a success. The success rates using RE and FE were 97.2% and 95.9%, respectively. The means and standard error of means (SEM) of endotracheal intubation times guided by RE and FE were 53.7 ± 4.68 and 55.2 ± 4.24 s, respectively. Results from survival time analysis show that the five veterinarians successfully intubated the rabbit within 90 s, regardless of the different types of endoscopes. Angle was the only significant factor that affected the endotracheal intubation success. The head placement angle at 110 and 120 degrees had the highest success rate of endotracheal intubation compared to 90 degrees (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, for inexperienced veterinarians, the success of endotracheal intubation in rabbits, guided by endoscope-assisted visualized techniques regardless of rigid endoscope or flexible endoscope guidance, is improved when the head extension is 110 and 120 degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicharee Luevitoonvechakij
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Nithidol Buranapim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Kanawee Warrit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Wanna Suriyasathaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Lambertini C, Grandis A, De Silva M, Cassano IA, Checcacci Carboni S, Romagnoli N. The Spritztube: A New Device for the Extraglottic Intubation of Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010156. [PMID: 36611764 PMCID: PMC9817887 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spritztube (ST) is an extraglottic airway device developed for humans. The aim of the study was to design an ST for rabbits and to evaluate its feasibility. The study was divided into two phases. Phase I: anatomical study on 12 rabbit cadavers to design 2 STs (8 and 10 Ch, external diameter) for rabbits. Phase II: fourteen privately owned rabbits were anaesthetised, and intubation was attempted using a ST. Tube size, the method for confirming the correct positioning, the number of attempts, the time needed for the correct positioning of the ST and complications were recorded. The ST placement was feasible in all rabbits. The positioning of the ST was completed in 2.1 ± 1 attempts in 43 ± 21.4 s. A correct placement was confirmed by the visualisation of the proximal cuff at visual inspection of the oral cavity (14/14), by the detection of the airflow (9/14 rabbits) and by the visualisation of a capnographic wave (14/14 rabbits). Only one rabbit developed respiratory distress after the ST placement. The results of the present study allowed designing a ST specific for rabbits which was used a supraglottic airway device for the maintenance of isoflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Fusco A, Douglas H, Barba A, Hopster K, Stefanovski D, Sinder B, Cahill PJ, Snyder B, Schaer TP. V-Gel ® Guided Endotracheal Intubation in Rabbits. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:684624. [PMID: 34447802 PMCID: PMC8383107 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.684624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: General anesthesia in rabbits is associated with higher morbidity and mortality relative to other mammalian species commonly anesthetized. Unique challenges related to endotracheal intubation (ETI) in rabbits contribute to this risk. Objective: To improve the safety of ETI in rabbits, we developed two new ETI methods using a supraglottic airway device (v-gel®) to facilitate ETI and compared them to traditional "blind" technique. We hypothesized that relative to blind ETI, v-gel® guided ETI provides more successful placement of the endotracheal tube (ETT) in a shorter time. Outcomes included number of intubation attempts, time for achievement of ETI, endoscopic findings, and serial arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. Study Design: Prospective, randomized, and crossover study. Methods: Ten female, New Zealand White rabbits aged 1-2 years old, weighing 4.3 ± 0.4 kg, were anesthetized four times. Each time, ETI was performed with one of the following techniques: Method 1: v-gel® guided, polypropylene catheter facilitated, intubation using a cuffed ETT; Method 2: v-gel® guided intubation using an uncuffed ETT directly inserted through the device airway channel; Method 3 and 4: Blind intubation with uncuffed or cuffed ETT. Upper airway endoscopy was performed before intubation attempts and after extubation. Serial ABG analysis was performed during the peri-intubation process. Results: V-gel® guided techniques allowed successful ETI on the initial attempt for 9/10 subjects using Method 1 and 10/10 using Method 2. Relative to the v-gel® guided techniques, the blind techniques required more intubation attempts. A median of 2 attempts (range 1-4, p < 0.007) were required for the uncuffed ETT, and a median of 4 (range 1-4, p < 0.001) attempts were performed for the cuffed ETT. The time to perform successful ETI was positively correlated with the number of attempts (ρ = 0.82), while successful ETI was negatively correlated with number of attempts (ρ = -0.82). Endoscopic findings showed mild to moderate laryngeal trauma. In the absence of oxygen supplementation, ABG analysis demonstrated low PaO2, while PaCO2 remained consistent. Conclusions: Facilitated ETI using the v-gel® guided techniques allows for the rapid establishment of a secure airway to provide ventilatory support for rabbits undergoing general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Hope Douglas
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Adriana Barba
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Klaus Hopster
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin Sinder
- Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick J Cahill
- Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Snyder
- Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
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Comparison of blind intubation and a smartphone-based endoscope-assisted intubation in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:826-834. [PMID: 32981837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare between blind and smartphone-based endoscope-assisted techniques for endotracheal intubation in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 34 rabbits. METHODS Rabbits were assigned to four groups: intubation by a veterinary anesthesiologist (VA) or an exotic pet medicine specialist (EPS) using blind or endoscope-assisted techniques. Propofol dose, number of attempts until successful intubation, total time for intubation, duration of the successful attempt and occurrence of lingual cyanosis/laryngeal lesions were recorded. Data were analyzed by t test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test. Pearson correlation for body weight was performed. RESULTS The success rate of blind intubation was 88.9% and 77.8% for VA and EPS, respectively. Propofol dose, total and median number of attempts, total time for intubation and duration of the successful attempt were 3.1 (0-6.2) mg kg-1, 19, 2 (1-5), 79 ± 65 and 30 ± 20 seconds for VA and 1.5 (0-4.5) mg kg-1, 24, 3 (1-5), 136 ± 92 and 38 ± 16 seconds for EPS. The success rate of endoscope-assisted intubation was 87.5% for both operators. Propofol dose, total and median number of attempts, total time for intubation and duration of the successful attempt were 2.5 (1.3-7.4) mg kg-1, 22, 3 (1-5), 170 (65-368) and 46 (22-150) seconds for VA and 3.2 (0-6) mg kg-1, 11, 1 (1-4), 56 (27-432) and 55 (26-79) seconds for EPS. VA performed blind intubation more quickly, propofol dose was lower and cyanosis was less frequent than in the endoscope-assisted group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both techniques were reliable for rabbit endotracheal intubation. Best results were achieved when the operator was experienced in the technique. The smartphone-based endoscope is a useful aid for rabbit intubation.
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Thompson KL, Meier TR, Scholz JA. Endotracheal Intubation of Rabbits Using a Polypropylene Guide Catheter. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155771 PMCID: PMC5755377 DOI: 10.3791/56369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotracheal intubation in rabbits can be challenging due to their unusual anatomy. Achieving a patent airway during anesthesia is critical for the avoidance of airway obstruction, prevention of gastric tympany, and to allow ventilatory support. Due to the difficulty of intubation, alternative methods such as the use of laryngeal mask airways or laryngeal tubes have been explored. However, these methods do not result in direct access to the trachea and thus may present a risk for development of complications. In addition, lack of direct intubation of the trachea can result in personnel exposure to waste anesthetic gases. Numerous methods for endotracheal intubation have been described, including blind placement, use of a fiberoptic laryngoscope or endoscope, and cricoid placement. Despite these numerous publications, many still struggle to achieve success. Here we provide a detailed description of an intubation technique that can be taught with minimal training with a short time to proficiency. Briefly, after administration of injectable anesthesia and proper positioning of the rabbit, a polypropylene catheter is placed into the trachea by direct visualization using a laryngoscope. The catheter is then used as a guide to direct the endotracheal tube into the trachea. This method allows for intubation without the need for expensive equipment and can be performed by a single individual without the need for an assistant. In conclusion, this technique can be easily taught and performed at very little cost in any clinical or research setting.
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Felzemburgh VA, Cettolin QDC, Machado KM, Campos JHO. Comparison between the anesthetic induction times in the first and second surgery in rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:482-6. [PMID: 22760834 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the anesthetic induction time (IT) in the first and second surgery in rabbits. METHODS Eighteen rabbits, weighing between 1.825 and 2.980 kg. The anesthetic protocol consisted of premedication of ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly. The rabbits were anesthetized and the induction time was evaluated by compressing the animal's ear every 30 seconds. The IT was measure and than a saphenous vein surgery was made on the rabbit. Seven days after the first procedure, the same anesthetic protocol was performed and measuring the second IT. RESULTS It was observed an increase of 50 seconds on the average value of second IT in relation to the average value of first. The IT variation between the first and second anesthetic procedure was between 0 and eight minutes for each animal. In 94.4% of the animals, there was variation greater than 30 seconds between the IT. CONCLUSION There was difference between the first and second induction time in almost animals. There was an increase on the average value of second IT in relation to the average value of first.
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