Abnormalities of digestive tract innervation in rat fetus treated with ethylenethiourea

Preexisting neural factors that contribute to dysmotility in esophageal atresia: a systematic review

Esophageal dysmotility in esophageal atresia (EA) relates to abnormal development of esophageal innervation and musculature and to the esophageal repair. Few studies have investigated the preexisting dysmotility in EA, present prior to surgery. This systematic review aims to summarize the literature on neuronal studies in EA, to understand the causative factors for esophageal dysmotility. We performed a systematic review (PubMed, EMBASE, EBM, CINAHL databases; January 1947-February 2021) in accordance with PRISMA (PROSPERO number CRD42020171014). Fourteen studies were identified (eleven human, 187 EA patients; three animal, 64 EA rat specimens). Neural factors affecting esophageal dysmotility in human and animal studies included proteins, enzymes, growth factors, and genes, which play a role in the nervous system or neuroendocrine system, some of which have functions as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters. This systematic review has identified neural factors that affect esophageal dysmotility and contributes toward our understanding of the underlying dysmotility in patients with EA. The studies identified are important and essential for successful translation of basic science knowledge to impact clinical practice and understanding. Level of evidence: III.

Effect of folic acid in a modified experimental model of anorectal malformations adriamycin-induced in rats

PURPOSE

To determine the effect of a single dose of adriamycin (ADR) to induce anorectal malformations (ARMs) and determine the effect of folic acid (FA) in this model.

METHODS

Ten female Wistar rats were divided randomly in two groups. Group A - ADR; Group B - FA+ADR. Dams from group B received daily, since two weeks before the pregnancy to the end of pregnancy, FA (50mg/kg) by gavage. Dams from both groups received ADR (6mk/kg) by intraperitoneal injection on gestational day (GD) 8. Their fetuses were harvested by cesarean section on GD21 and were examined looking for ARMs. The thickness of anal stratified squamous epithelium (ASSE) and intestinal epithelium (IE) were analyzed. p≤0.05*.

RESULTS

81 fetuses were harvested. The number of fetuses; number of ARMs; mean (∆%) (± SD) were determined to be, respectively: ADR - 41[29;65%(±37%)] versus FA+ADR - 40[04;16%(±36%)] (p=0.05). AMRs were significantly lower in FA+ADR group than in ADR group (p=0.05). The thickness (µm) of ASSE (± SD) and IE (± SD) were measured, respectively: ADR - [25.98(±0.74) and 19.48(±1.68)] versus FA+ADR - [24.74(±0.91) and 24.80(±0.81)] (p<0.005). The thickness of IE was significantly enlarged when FA was given (p<0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Single dose of adriamycin on D8 was able to induce anorectal malformations. Folic acid reduces the number and enlarged the IE of ARMs ADR-induced.

Is it possible folic acid reduce anorectal malformations ethylenethiourea induced in rats?

PURPOSE

To investigate the effect of folic acid (FA) in an experimental model of anorectal malformations (ARMs) ethylenethiourea (ETU) induced.

METHODS

Eight female Wistar rats were divided randomly in two groups. Group A - ETU; Group B - FA+ETU; Dams from group B received daily, since two weeks before pregnancy to the end of pregnancy, FA (50mg/kg) by gavage. Dams from groups A and B, received 1% ETU (125 mk/kg) by gavage on gestational day (GD) 11. Their fetuses were harvested by cesarean section on GD21 and were examined looking for ARMs. The thickness of anal stratified squamous epithelium (ASSE) and intestinal epithelium (IE) were analyzed. p < 0.05*.

RESULTS

One hundred and one embryos were harvested. The number of embryos; number of ARMs; mean statistical % (± SD) were determined to be, respectively: ETU - 49 [30;65% (± 24%)] versus FA+ETU - 52 [1;02% (± 3%)] (p = 0.025). AMRs were significantly lower in FA+ETU group than in ETU group (p = 0.025). The thickness (µm) of ASSE (± SD) and IE (± SD) were measured, respectively: ETU - [27.75 (± 0.56) and 18.88 (± 0.93)] versus FA+ETU - [28.88 (± 0.61) and 21.11 (± 0.16)] (p = 0.001). The thickness of IE was significantly enlarged when FA was given (p=0.001).

CONCLUSION

Folic acid reduces the number and enlarged the IE of ARMs ETU-induced.

Hepatic damage in newborns from female rats exposed to the pesticide derivative ethylenethiourea

PURPOSE: To evaluate hepatic morphological-histological abnormalities in newborns from female rats exposed to ethylenethiourea. METHODS: A randomized study was conducted on fifty-five newborn Wistar rats were studied: 34 in the experimental group, whose mothers had been exposed to 1% ethylenethiourea; and 21 in the control group, whose mothers had received 0.9% physiological solution. The solution was administered via gavage on the 11th day of gestation. Cesarean section was performed on the 20th day of gestation. The newborns' livers were examined and any morphological-histological abnormalities were registered. The presence of megakaryocytes was quantified in 50 microscope fields, as the total number of these cells per mm². RESULTS: The entire experimental group presented abnormalities of embryonic formation, with musculoskeletal anomalies, digestive system anomalies, hepatic congestion and friability, hydrops and delayed intrauterine growth. The histopathological analysis showed that morphological-histological hepatic destructuring had occurred in all entire experimental with removal of the hepatic trabeculae and severe hepatic megakaryocytosis. The mean megakaryocyte density ranged from 107.9 to 114.2 per mm², and it was eight times greater than in the control group, thus characterizing a situation of extramedullary hematopoiesis. CONCLUSION: The fetal exposure to ethylenethiourea caused hepatic damage characterized by severe extramedullary hematopoiesis.