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Ghanbari M, Salkovskiy Y, Carlson MA. The rat as an animal model in chronic wound research: An update. Life Sci 2024; 351:122783. [PMID: 38848945 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of chronic wounds underscores the growing importance of developing effective animal models for their study. This review offers a critical evaluation of the strengths and limitations of rat models frequently employed in chronic wound research and proposes potential improvements. It explores these models in the context of key comorbidities, including diabetes, venous and arterial insufficiency, pressure-induced blood flow obstruction, and infections. Additionally, the review examines important wound factors including age, sex, smoking, and the impact of anesthetic and analgesic drugs, acknowledging their substantial effects on research outcomes. A thorough understanding of these variables is crucial for refining animal models and can provide valuable insights for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Ghanbari
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Yury Salkovskiy
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Mark A Carlson
- Department of Surgery, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Dos Reis Izolan L, Bandiera S, Pulcinelli RR, Nin MS, Almeida FB, Marques D, Fontella FU, de Almeida RF, Leal MB, Gomez R. Low-cost apparatus for cigarette smoke exposure in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109412. [PMID: 34798213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of tobacco smoke on the central nervous system are usually studied with isolated nicotine, ignoring other compounds present in cigarette smoke. The few studies that use in vivo whole-body cigarette smoke exposure are usually performed in expensive commercial apparatus. NEW METHOD We presented a feasible, safe, and low-cost apparatus for cigarette smoke exposure in rodents. RESULTS Rats exposed to cigarette smoke in this apparatus showed cotinine levels similar to human active smokers. Additional results showed that cigarette smoke exposure increased glutamate and aspartic acid levels and decreased leucine, isoleucine, ornithine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Our apparatus is feasible, safe, and costs 67-fold less than a commercial automatized smoking machine. Beyond the low cost, it does not require specialized knowledge for building or maintenance. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that our low-cost apparatus is reliable and reproduces cigarette smoke use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solange Bandiera
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Schüler Nin
- Programa de Pós‑graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Felipe Borges Almeida
- Programa de Pós‑graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas Marques
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernada Urruth Fontella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberto Farina de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Mirna Bainy Leal
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosane Gomez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Okrit F, Chantranuwatana P, Werawatganon D, Chayanupatkul M, Sanguanrungsirikul S. Changes of vitamin D receptors (VDR) and MAPK activation in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions following exposure to cigarette smoke with or without filter in rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05927. [PMID: 33553726 PMCID: PMC7851787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major cause of obstructive lung disease which is associated with significant disability and mortality. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) together with, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs; ERK, JNK and p38) are the cellular transmission signals that mechanistically respond to CS and are recently found to have a role in lung pathogenesis. There are a few in vitro studies on subcellular VDR distribution involved MAPK but in vivo effects of cigarette smoke exposure with and without filter on this complex remain unclear. This study investigated subcellular VDR distribution and MAPK expression at early stages of both types of cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) in a rat model. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into no-filter, filter and control groups. After 7 and 14 days of CSE, lung tissues were obtained to determine histopathology and protein expression. Cytoplasmic and nuclear VDR distribution significantly decreased on both CSE groups and corresponded with immunohistochemistry detection. The ratio of phosphorylated ERK to total ERK significantly increased in cytoplasm of both CSE on day 7. In particular, nuclear ERK MAPK significantly escalated in the filter group on day 14. In consistent with changes in intracellular markers, histopathological examination in both CSE groups showed significant increases in tracheal and peribronchiolar epithelial proliferation, alveolar macrophages and an increased trend of parenchymal infiltration. In summary, the evidence of lung injuries along with VDR depletion and MAPK activation observed in both CSE types indicated that there was no benefit of using cigarette filter to prevent protein damage or protect cells against cigarette smoke exposure in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatist Okrit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Duangporn Werawatganon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Chayanupatkul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Buchaim DV, Bueno PCDS, Andreo JC, Roque DD, Roque JS, Zilio MG, Salatin JA, Kawano N, Furlanette G, Buchaim RL. Action of a deproteinized xenogenic biomaterial in the process of bone repair in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke. Acta Cir Bras 2018; 33:324-332. [PMID: 29768535 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180040000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if the inorganic bovine bone matrix changes the bone formation in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke. METHODS Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Cigarette Clot Group (CCG), which in the inhalation chamber received the smoke of 10 cigarettes, 3 times a day, 10 minutes, for 30 days and had the surgical cavity filled by clot; Cigarette Biomaterial Group (CBG), submitted to the same inhalation technique but with the cavity filled by biomaterial. RESULTS In CCG there was a significant difference of new bone tissue in the analyzed periods (15 and 45 days), and in 15 days, there was 4.8 ± 0.42 of bone formed and 11.73 ± 0.59 (p <0.05) in 45 days. The CBG also showed a significant difference between the periods of 15 to 45 days, being respectively 6.16 ± 0.30 and 11.60 ± 0.61. However, when the groups were compared, within the same analyzed periods, a significant difference was observed only in the period of 15 days, with the new bone percentage being greater in the CBG. CONCLUSION The bone matrix acted as an osteoinductive biomaterial, biocompatible and aided in the repair process, mainly in the initial period of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- PhD, Medical and Dentistry School, Universidade de Marilia (UNIMAR), and Medical School, Centro Universitário de Adamantina (UNIFAI), Brazil. Conception and design of the study, manuscript preparation
| | | | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- PhD, Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru-SP, Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data
| | - Domingos Donizeti Roque
- PhD, Medical School, UNIMAR, Marilia-SP, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study
| | - José Sidney Roque
- PhD, Department of Anatomy, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho-PR, Brazil. Technical procedures
| | - Marcelo Garcia Zilio
- Graduate student, Medical School, UNIMAR, Marilia-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, statistics analysis
| | - Jefferson Augusto Salatin
- Graduate student, Medical School, UNIMAR, Marilia-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, statistics analysis
| | - Natália Kawano
- Graduate student, Medical School, UNIMAR, Marilia-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, statistics analysis
| | - Gabriela Furlanette
- Graduate student, Medical School, UNIMAR, Marilia-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, statistics analysis
| | - Rogério Leone Buchaim
- PhD, Medical and Dentistry School, UNIMAR, Marilia-SP, and USP, Bauru-SP, Brazil. Manuscript preparation and writing, critical revision, final approval
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