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Lazzarini E, Gioeni D, Del Prete G, Sala G, Baio M, Carotenuto AM. A comparative analysis of opioid-free and opioid-sparing anaesthesia techniques for laparoscopic ovariectomy in healthy dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:288-297. [PMID: 38553381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the perioperative analgesic effects of an opioid-free (OFA) and an opioid-sparing (OSA) anaesthetic protocol in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. ANIMALS A group of 28 client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs were allocated to one of two groups. The OFA group was administered intramuscular (IM) dexmedetomidine 5 μg kg-1 and ketamine 1 mg kg-1, followed by two intraoperative constant rate infusions (CRIs) of dexmedetomidine (3 μg kg-1 hour-1) and lidocaine (1 mg kg-1 loading dose, 2 mg kg-1 hour-1). The OSA group was administered IM dexmedetomidine 5 μg kg-1, ketamine 1 mg kg-1 and methadone 0.2 mg kg-1, followed by two intraoperative saline CRIs. In both groups, anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol 2 mg kg-1 and diazepam 0.2 mg kg-1 and maintained with isoflurane. Rescue dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg kg-1) was administered IV if there was a 20% increase in cardiovascular variables compared with pre-stimulation values. Ketorolac (0.5 mg kg-1) was administered IV when the surgery ended. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated using the Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and methadone (0.2 mg kg-1) was administered IM if the pain score was ≥ 6/24. Statistical analysis included mixed analysis of variance, Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the intraoperative monitored variables between groups. The OFA group showed a significantly lower intraoperative rescue analgesia requirement (p = 0.016) and lower postoperative pain scores at 3 (p =0.001) and 6 (p < 0.001) hours. No dogs were administered rescue methadone postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although both groups achieved acceptable postoperative pain scores with no need for further intervention, the analgesic efficacy of the OFA protocol was significantly superior to that of the OSA protocol presented and was associated with a lower intraoperative rescue analgesia requirement and early postoperative pain scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Baio
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco, Milano, Italy
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Comparative local anaesthetic activity of lignocaine, lignocaine-adrenaline and water extracts of Annona muricata during castration in dogs. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Marques AEGW, Marques MG, Silveira BCR, Oliveira SP, Ferraz IG, Ventricci ABG, Silva NC, Nagata WB, Floriano BP, Ferreira WL, Santos PSP. Lidocaine administered at a continuous rate infusion does not impair left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy rabbits sedated with midazolam. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100151. [PMID: 33117910 PMCID: PMC7581963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lidocaine is a versatile drug that not only provides local anesthesia, but also reduces anesthetic requirements of other agents and has antiarrhythmic, pro-kinetic, anti-inflammatory, antiendotoxemic and antioxidant effects. As it is a drug commonly used in critically ill patients, its safety from the cardiovascular system should be ensured. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy rabbits sedated with midazolam by use of transthoracic echocardiography. Ten New Zealand healthy rabbits were sedated with intramuscular midazolam (1 mg/kg) and enrolled in two experimental treatments (control or lidocaine). The control treatment (CT) comprised an intravenous bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride (0.05 mL/kg) followed by CRI at 5 mL/h, whereas the lidocaine treatment (LT) comprised a bolus of 2% lidocaine without epinephrine at 1 mg/kg followed by CRI at 50 µg/kg/minute. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were studied. Variables were recorded at baseline (TB) and 20, 40 and 60 minutes following start of CRI (T20, T40 and T60, respectively). No differences were found between treatments. The results of this study demonstrate that a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine at 50 µg/kg/minute does not impair echocardiographic indices of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy rabbits sedated with midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E G W Marques
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - M G Marques
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UniFio), BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - B C R Silveira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - S P Oliveira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - I G Ferraz
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - A B G Ventricci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UniFio), BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - N C Silva
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - W B Nagata
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - B P Floriano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UniFio), BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - W L Ferreira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - P S P Santos
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Sustained Release of Levobupivacaine, Lidocaine, and Acemetacin from Electrosprayed Microparticles: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031093. [PMID: 32041361 PMCID: PMC7037341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the release characteristics of analgesics, namely levobupivacaine, lidocaine, and acemetacin, from electrosprayed poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles. The drug-loaded particles were prepared using electrospraying techniques and evaluated for their morphology, drug release kinetics, and pain relief activity. The morphology of the produced microparticles elucidated by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the optimal parameters for electrospraying were 9 kV, 1 mL/h, and 10 cm for voltage, flow rate, and travel distance, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry indicated that the analgesics had been successfully incorporated into the PLGA microparticles. The analgesic-loaded microparticles possessed low toxicity against human fibroblasts and were able to sustainably elute levobupivacaine, lidocaine, and acemetacin in vitro. Furthermore, electrosprayed microparticles were found to release high levels of lidocaine and acemetacin (well over the minimum therapeutic concentrations) and levobupivacaine at the fracture site of rats for more than 28 days and 12 days, respectively. Analgesic-loaded microparticles demonstrated their effectiveness and sustained performance for pain relief in fracture injuries.
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St. James ML, Kosanovich DL, Snyder LB, Zhao Q, Jones BG, Johnson RA. Effects of acupuncture at Pericardium-6 and Stomach-36 on nausea, sedation and gastrointestinal motility in healthy dogs administered intravenous lidocaine infusions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226065. [PMID: 31805134 PMCID: PMC6894766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess gastrointestinal transit times, sedation, and signs of nausea associated with intravenous lidocaine infusions in dogs following targeted acupuncture at Pericardium-6 (PC6) and Stomach-36 (ST36). In a randomized, blind crossover design, 6 healthy, adult Beagles were fed thirty 1.5 mm barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS), then were subject to 30 minutes of: 1) no acupuncture, 2) bilateral targeted acupuncture at PC6 and ST36, or 3) bilateral non-target acupuncture at Lung-5 (LU5) and Bladder-55 (BL55). Lidocaine was immediately administered at 1 mg/kg intravenously followed by 50 μg/kg/min. BIPS were tracked radiographically; sedation and nausea were scored at baseline (Time 0) and for 11 hours during lidocaine infusions. Transit times and sedation and nausea scores were analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model; the number of BIPS at defined time points was analyzed with a piecewise linear mixed-effects model. All P values were two-sided and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Sedation and nausea scores did not differ between treatments at any time point (all P > 0.05). However, nausea scores in all groups were significantly greater at Times 5 through 7 and at Time 11 compared to Time 0 whereas sedation scores in all groups were significantly greater at Times 2 through 11 compared to Time 0 (all P < 0.05). The number of BIPs found out of the stomach, the number found in the large intestine, gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit times did not differ between treatments (all P > 0.05). Acupuncture at PC6 and ST36 did not alleviate nausea and sedation associated with lidocaine infusions in clinically normal animals or affect gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko L. St. James
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - DeAnna L. Kosanovich
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lindsey B. Snyder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Jones
- Antech Imaging Services, Fountain Valley, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Johnson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thengchaisri N, Mahidol C. Evaluating the effects of continuous intravenous infusions of tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and entropy values in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:682-688. [PMID: 30880302 PMCID: PMC6541834 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sparing effects of tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in dogs as well as the entropy indices were investigated.
Anesthesia was induced in eight young, healthy German shepherds weighing 27.6 ± 3.2 kg (mean ± SD) and maintained with sevoflurane. A standard tail-clamp technique was used to determine
sevoflurane MAC during infusion with: sevoflurane alone to measure baseline MAC (MACB); tramadol (intravenous loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg and constant rate infusion [CRI] of 2.6
mg/kg/hr; MACT); and tramadol-lidocaine (tramadol CRI of 2.6 mg/kg/hr; and lidocaine intravenous loading dose of 1.0 mg/kg and CRI of 6 mg/kg/hr; MACTL). The state
entropy (SE), response entropy (RE), and RE-SE difference were recorded 5 min prior to and during tail clamping. MACB was 2.4 ± 0.2%. Tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine CRI decreased
MAC to 2.2 ± 0.3% and 1.7 ± 0.3%, respectively. The MAC-sparing effect of tramadol-lidocaine was greater than that of tramadol alone (8.2 ± 8.9% vs. 30.1 ± 10.7%;
P<0.01). SE and RE in all subjects, and RE-SE difference in most subjects, were increased (all P<0.05) when they responded purposefully to noxious
stimulation. A tramadol-lidocaine combination infusion can reduce anesthetic requirements to a higher degree than tramadol alone. Furthermore, MACentropy, MAC required to prevent increased
entropy in response to a painful stimulation, and MAC of sevoflurane were similar in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Bradbrook C, Clark L. State of the art analgesia-Recent developments pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats: Part 2. Vet J 2018; 236:62-67. [PMID: 29871752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the area of acute pain management over recent years, focusing on pain assessment, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The evidence base for our clinical decision making and treatment of patients is ever increasing and becoming more robust. There is still a tendency to base some aspects of pain management on poor quality evidence and this requires further input in years to come. With new literature come new ideas and this review will detail the current knowledge base behind pharmacological management of acute pain in dogs and cats. The known mechanisms of action of each analgesic and its evidence will be considered. The second part of this review will consider the non-traditional analgesics, describing their component drugs individually, thereby focusing on their mechanisms of action and the current evidence for their use in acute pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Clark
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Herts, SG5 3HR, UK
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Kaka U, Rahman NA, Abubakar AA, Goh YM, Fakurazi S, Omar MA, Chen HC. Pre-emptive multimodal analgesia with tramadol and ketamine-lidocaine infusion for suppression of central sensitization in a dog model of ovariohysterectomy. J Pain Res 2018; 11:743-752. [PMID: 29695926 PMCID: PMC5905489 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s152475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The effects of pre-emptive infusion of ketamine-lidocaine with tramadol on the suppression of central sensitization were investigated in a dog ovariohysterectomy model. Patients and methods Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to two groups: ketamine-lidocaine-tramadol (KLT) and tramadol (T) groups. Both groups received intravenous tramadol 4 mg/kg body weight as premedication. Immediately after induction, the KLT group received ketamine and lidocaine at 0.5 and 2 mg/kg loading dose, followed by continuous rate infusion of 50 and 100 µg/kg/min, respectively, for 2 hours. Dogs in T group received saline bolus and continuous rate infusion at equi-volume. Intraoperatively, hemodynamic responses to surgical stimulation were recorded, whereas postoperative pain was evaluated using an algometer and short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale. Results Intraoperatively, hemodynamic responses to surgical stimulation were obtunded to a greater degree in KLT compared to T group. Postoperatively, the pain scores increased only for the first hour in KLT group, compared to 12 hours in T group. Mechanical thresholds at the abdomen decreased postoperatively between 12 and 60 hours in KLT group versus the entire 72 hours in T group. Thresholds at tibia and radius in both groups increased in the immediate 1 hour postoperatively, but decreased thereafter. Significant decrement of thresholds from baseline were detected in the tibia at 24, 42, and 60 hours in KLT group compared to 24-72 hours in T group, and in the radius between 36 and 48 hours in T group, but none in KLT group. Conclusion Addition of pre-emptive ketamine-lidocaine infusion to single intravenous dose of tramadol enhanced attenuation of central sensitization and improved intra- and postoperative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor-Alimah Rahman
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Adamu Abdul Abubakar
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.,Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience.,Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ariff Omar
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hui Cheng Chen
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
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Johnson RA, Kierski KR, Jones BG. Evaluation of gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, sedation score, and nausea score associated with intravenous constant rate infusion of lidocaine hydrochloride in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:550-557. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.5.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Sousa ELD, Wouk AFPDF, Malafaia O, Ribas-Filho JM, Noronha L, Cirio SM, PimpãoVII CT, Marinho CH, Torres MF, Graça YLSDS, Ferrarin DD. Immediate postoperative evaluation of enteric anastomosis after the use of meloxicam in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:320-6. [PMID: 27275853 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160050000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare ileal anastomoses in the immediate postoperative healing period after meloxicam use. METHODS Forty two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups of 21, COX and control group. To COX meloxicam in combination with morphine was given in 3 days period. Control group received only morphine during the same period. Each group was divided into three sub-groups of 7, which were euthanized at 5, 10, and 21 days postoperatively. Comparison was based in histological evaluation of collagen type I and III using sirius red, immunohistochemical through vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9. RESULTS Healing process in scheduled periods did not show significant differences (p>0.05) between the COX and control groups during any of the periods. CONCLUSION The use of meloxicam in the postoperative period following ileal anastomosis did not affect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Luiz de Sousa
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Animal Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript writing., Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Antônio Felipe Paulino de Figueiredo Wouk
- PhD, Full Professor, Postgraduate Program in Animal Sciences, PUCPR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, critical revision., Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, PUCPR, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Malafaia
- PhD, Full Professor, Postgraduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná (FEPAR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Critical revision, final approval the version to be published., Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Jurandir Marcondes Ribas-Filho
- PhD, Full Professor, Postgraduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná (FEPAR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Critical revision, final approval the version to be published., Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Lucia Noronha
- PhD, Full Professor. Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PUCPR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, critical revision., Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, PUCPR, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Silvana Maris Cirio
- PhD, Assistant Professor, FEPAR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, critical revision., FEPAR, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Claudia Turra PimpãoVII
- PhD, Full Professor. Postgraduate Program in Animal Sciences, PUCPR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, statistical analyses, critical revision, final approval the version to be published., Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, PUCPR, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Carlos Hespanha Marinho
- Fellow Postdoc degree, Postgraduate Program in Principles of Surgery, FEPAR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Technical procedures., FEPAR, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Torres
- PhD, Full Professor, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, critical revision., Universidade Federal do Paraná, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Yorgos Luiz Santos de Salles Graça
- Graduate student, School of Medicine, FEPAR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Technical procedures., School of Medicine, FEPAR, Curitiba PR , Brazil
| | - Daniel Dantas Ferrarin
- MD, Gastrointestinal Surgeon, Hospital Angelina Caron, Campina Grande do Sul-PR, Brazil. Technical procedures., Hospital Angelina Caron, Campina Grande do Sul PR , Brazil
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