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Jain P, Mirza MA, Talegaonkar S, Nandy S, Dudeja M, Sharma N, Anwer MK, Alshahrani SM, Iqbal Z. Design and in vitro/ in vivo evaluations of a multiple-drug-containing gingiva disc for periodontotherapy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8530-8538. [PMID: 35497829 PMCID: PMC9049995 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current work, we set out to develop and evaluate a gingiva disc of cellulose acetate phthalate and poloxamer F-127 for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs, namely minocycline, celecoxib, doxycycline hyclate, and simvastatin, to abolish infection, impede inflammation, avert collagen destruction, and promote alveolar bone regeneration, respectively. In vitro release studies revealed the sustained release profiles of the drugs for 12 h and that they were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans. The in vivo bioactivity levels of these drugs were assessed by comparing the number of colony forming units during different phases of a study on Wistar rats, and the results showed a reduction in the number of bacterial colonies with the applied formulation. A mucosal irritation study conducted on Wistar rat gingiva confirmed the non-irritancy of the optimal gingiva disc. Hence, this customized, non-invasive polymeric gingiva disc displaying a sustained release of drugs can be a useful tool to treat acute to moderate stages of periodontitis. A gingiva disc of cellulose acetate phthalate and poloxaner F-127 was developed for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs, including minocycline, to promote alveolar bone regeneration by abolishing infection, impeding inflammation and averting collagen destruction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India +91-9811733016 +91-9213378765
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India +91-9811733016 +91-9213378765
| | - Sushama Talegaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Govt. of NCT of Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Shyamasree Nandy
- Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research New Delhi India
| | - Mridu Dudeja
- Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research New Delhi India
| | - Nilima Sharma
- Department of Dentistry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & HAH Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India +91-9811733016 +91-9213378765
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Levi YLAS, Novais GS, Dias RB, Andraus RAC, Messora MR, Neto HB, Ervolino E, Santinoni CS, Maia LP. Effects of the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide on the experimental periodontitis in rats. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1078-1089. [PMID: 29999540 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of the prebiotic (PREB) mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the progression of the experimental periodontitis (EP) and intestinal morphology in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty rats were randomly allocated into groups (n = 10): C (control), PREB, EP and EP-PREB. Groups PREB and EP-PREB received MOS incorporated into the feed daily. After 30 days, groups EP and EP-PREB received a cotton ligature around their mandibular first molars, kept for 14 days. Morphometrical, histomorphometrical, microcomputed tomography, gene expression analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed. Data were statistically analysed (p < 0.05). RESULTS Group EP-PREB showed less interproximal bone loss, area without bone in the furcation and bone porosity, and greater bone mineral density than group EP (p < 0.05). It was also observed a significant decrease in IL-10 and IFN-γ gene expression, besides a decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β and an increase in TGF-β immunolabeling score for group EP-PREB. Group EP-PREB also presented villous height and crept depth values similar to group C, while group EP presented reduced values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the oral administration of MOS promotes a protective effect against alveolar bone loss caused by EP in rats, modifying histologic and immune-inflammatory parameters, in addition to protecting the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara L A S Levi
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Novais
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raisa B Dias
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A C Andraus
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Londrina, University Pitagoras UNOPAR Parana, Brazil
| | - Michel R Messora
- Departament of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hermann B Neto
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Division of Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Aracatuba, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Santinoni
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Maia
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Dentistry, University Pitagoras UNOPAR, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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Ribeiro DDSF, Freire JMDO, Teixeira AH, Val DRD, Freitas ARD, Gomes FIF, Silva AARE, Bandeira PN, Santos HSD, Santos WPD, Ávila FN, Pereira KMA, Goes P, Pinto VDPT, Cristino-Filho G, Albuquerque MRJR, Chaves HV, Bezerra MM. Tocoyena sellowiana extract decreases bone loss in an experimental model of periodontitis in rats: Putative role for cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-1? inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:863-872. [PMID: 29571257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocoyena sellowiana (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum is one of the most important families of Brazilian medicinal plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tocoyena sellowiana (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum ethanolic extract in a pre-clinical trial of periodontitis and to investigate possible mechanisms underlying such effects. Periodontitis was induced in Wistar rats by placing a nylon thread ligature around second upper left molars for 11 days. Rats received (per os) Tocoyena sellowiana (0.1, 1 or 10?mg?kg) or vehicle 1?h before ligature and daily until day 11. Macroscopic, histopathological, and COX-2 immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the periodontium. The gingival tissue was used to quantify the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and interleukin (IL)-1? levels by ELISA. Blood samples were collected to evaluate bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), the dosage of creatinine, aspartate and alanine transaminases. The liver, kidneys, spleen, and body mass variations were also evaluated. Tocoyena sellowiana decreased bone loss, reduced MPO, IL-1? levels as well as COX-2 immunostaining, and increased BALP activity. Moreover, Tocoyena sellowiana did not alter organs nor body weight. Tocoyena sellowiana reduced bone loss in rats and its efficacy was at least partially dependent upon both IL-1? and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alrieta Henrique Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology - RENORBIO - Ph.D. Program, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rocha do Val
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology - RENORBIO - Ph.D. Program, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio Alfredo Rodrigues E Silva
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceara, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nogueira Bandeira
- Department of Chemistry, State University Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Karuza Maria Alves Pereira
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paula Goes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vicente de Paulo Teixeira Pinto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Cristino-Filho
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Hellíada Vasconcelos Chaves
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceara, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mirna Marques Bezerra
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
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Lopes DEM, Jabr CL, Dejani NN, Saraiva AC, de Aquino SG, Medeiros AI, Rossa Junior C. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase attenuates inflammation and BONE resorption in lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2017; 89:235-245. [PMID: 29381190 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity and increased leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production have been implicated in various inflammatory conditions. Increased production of leukotrienes has been associated with periodontal diseases; however, their relative contribution to tissue destruction is unknown. In this study, an orally active specific 5-LO inhibitor is used to assess its role in inflammation and bone resorption in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontal disease. METHODS Periodontal disease was induced in Balb/c mice by direct injections of LPS into the palatal gingival tissues adjacent to the maxillary first molars three times per week for 4 weeks. Animals were treated with biochemical inhibitor (2 mg/kg/daily) or the same volume of the vehicle by oral gavage. Microcomputed tomography analysis was used to assess bone resorption. Enzyme immunoassay determined LTB4, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantified tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 in gingival tissues. Histologic sections were used for the morphometric analysis (number of neutrophils and mononuclear cells). Osteoclasts were counted in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections. RESULTS Administration of 5-LO inhibitor effectively reduced production of LTB4 (23.7% decrease) and significantly reduced TNF and IL-12 levels in gingival tissues. Moreover, reduction of LTB4 levels in gingival tissues was associated with a significant decrease in bone resorption and a marked reduction in number of osteoclasts and inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION 5-LO activity plays a relevant role in inflammation and bone resorption associated with the LPS model of experimental periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora E M Lopes
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila L Jabr
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara N Dejani
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Amanda C Saraiva
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Sabrina G de Aquino
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Carlos Rossa Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Efficacy and safety of loxoprofen hydrogel patch versus loxoprofen tablet in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 35:165-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Prakash G, Umar M, Ajay S, Bali D, Upadhyay R, Gupta KK, Dixit J, Mittal B. COX-2 gene polymorphisms and risk of chronic periodontitis: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 2013; 21:38-45. [PMID: 24267395 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is a major mediator of inflammation in periodontitis, leading to loss of gingival tissues and alveolar bone supporting the teeth. Previous studies have explored the role of COX-2 polymorphisms with the risk of periodontitis in different ethnic groups; however, findings are inconsistent. So, we aimed to investigate the association of COX-2 polymorphisms (rs20417, rs689466, and rs5275) in susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (CP) in northern Indian population. Meta-analysis was also carried out to precisely estimate the effect of COX-2 polymorphisms in CP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genotyping of COX-2 polymorphisms was carried out through PCR-RFLP in 200 CP cases and 200 controls. For risk estimation, binary logistic regression was applied using SPSS, version 15.0, while meta-analysis was carried using MIX 2.0 software. RESULTS None of the COX-2 polymorphisms independently were associated with the risk of CP. Meta-analysis suggested a significant reduced risk of CP with rs5275+8473 C allele and rs20417 in Chinese population. CONCLUSIONS No association was observed in any of the studied COX-2 polymorphisms with CP in North India. But, the study should be replicated in larger sample size to arrive at a definitive conclusion. Meta-analysis suggested a role of rs5275 COX-2 polymorphisms in susceptibility to overall CP, and on ethnic basis, rs20417 showed reduced risk of CP in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prakash
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Use of polyphenols in periodontal inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kayal RA. The role of osteoimmunology in periodontal disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:639368. [PMID: 24151615 PMCID: PMC3789307 DOI: 10.1155/2013/639368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a pathological condition that involves inflammation of the tooth supporting structures. It occurs in response to the presence of bacterial plaque on the tooth structure. The host defense system, including innate and adaptive immunity, is responsible for combating the pathologic bacteria invading the periodontal tissue. Failure to eradicate the invading pathogens will result in a continuous state of inflammation where inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, PMNs, and macrophages will continue to produce inflammatory mediators in an effort to destroy the invaders. Unfortunately, these inflammatory mediators have a deleterious effect on the host tissue as well as foreign microbes. One of the effects of these mediators on the host is the induction of matrix degradation and bone resorption through activation of proteases and other inflammatory mediators that activate osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan A. Kayal
- Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Science, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, P.O. Box 3738, Jeddah 21481, Saudi Arabia
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Lindroth AM, Park YJ. Epigenetic biomarkers: a step forward for understanding periodontitis. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:111-20. [PMID: 23837125 PMCID: PMC3701832 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common oral disease that is characterized by infection and inflammation of the tooth supporting tissues. While its incidence is highly associated with outgrowth of the pathogenic microbiome, some patients show signs of predisposition and quickly fall into recurrence after treatment. Recent research using genetic associations of candidates as well as genome-wide analysis highlights that variations in genes related to the inflammatory response are associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Intriguingly, some of the genes are regulated by epigenetic modifications, supposedly established and reprogrammed in response to environmental stimuli. In addition, the treatment with epigenetic drugs improves treatment of periodontitis in a mouse model. In this review, we highlight some of the recent progress identifying genetic factors associated with periodontitis and point to promising approaches in epigenetic research that may contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms involving different responses in individuals and the early detection of predispositions that may guide in future oral treatment and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Lindroth
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Alani A, Seymour R. Aggressive periodontitis: how does an understanding of the pathogenesis affect treatment? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 38:511-2, 514-8, 521. [PMID: 22128629 DOI: 10.12968/denu.2011.38.8.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aggressive periodontitis is a relatively rare periodontal condition that can result in significant attachment loss over a short period of time. As the disease is difficult to manage, owing to its rapid progression and severity, a variety of adjuncts have been advocated in its management. The authors outline concepts of the aetiology and pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis and how the different treatment regimens relate to the current understanding of the disease process. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There is a wide variety of treatment regimens advocated for the treatment of aggressive periodontitis. General dental practitioners and specialists should be aware of the relative advantages and disadvantages of these and how they relate to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws Alani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Newcastle Dental Hospital, Newcastle, UK
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Guzeldemir E, Toygar HU, Boga C, Cilasun U. Dental and periodontal health status of subjects with sickle cell disease. J Dent Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Abstract
Periodontal disease is mainly associated with the activity of bacteria which adhere to the tooth surface and form specific structure of bacterial biofilm. Periodontal bacteria cause inflammation of the gums and aggressive immune response, affecting the periodontium. The first phase of initial therapy - mechanical removal of dental plaque and calculus - is necessary. If this non-surgical therapy has proved to be unsuccessful, an alternative treatment with antimicrobial agents is then considered. Pharmacotherapy is based on systemic or local antibiotics and/or antiseptics, which are applied according to the severity of the disease. A number of recent periodontal studies present some of the pharmacological agents, that are directed against bacteria or a host immune response, are often chosen as an adjunct treatment option, but none of these antimicrobials were established as 'a gold standard' in the periodontal treatment. This review provides some present recommendation of pharmacological strategies, with particular emphasis on systemic and local antimicrobial therapy of periodontal disease.
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Graves DT, Oates T, Garlet GP. Review of osteoimmunology and the host response in endodontic and periodontal lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2011; 3. [PMID: 21547019 PMCID: PMC3087239 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both lesions of endodontic origin and periodontal diseases involve the host response to bacteria and the formation of osteolytic lesions. Important for both is the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that initiate and sustain the inflammatory response. Also important are chemokines that induce recruitment of leukocyte subsets and bone-resorptive factors that are largely produced by recruited inflammatory cells. However, there are differences also. Lesions of endodontic origin pose a particular challenge since that bacteria persist in a protected reservoir that is not readily accessible to the immune defenses. Thus, experiments in which the host response is inhibited in endodontic lesions tend to aggravate the formation of osteolytic lesions. In contrast, bacteria that invade the periodontium appear to be less problematic so that blocking arms of the host response tend to reduce the disease process. Interestingly, both lesions of endodontic origin and periodontitis exhibit inflammation that appears to inhibit bone formation. In periodontitis, the spatial location of the inflammation is likely to be important so that a host response that is restricted to a subepithelial space is associated with gingivitis, while a host response closer to bone is linked to bone resorption and periodontitis. However, the persistence of inflammation is also thought to be important in periodontitis since inflammation present during coupled bone formation may limit the capacity to repair the resorbed bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Loo WTY, Jin L, Cheung MNB, Wang M, Chow LWC. Epigenetic change in E-cadherin and COX-2 to predict chronic periodontitis. J Transl Med 2010; 8:110. [PMID: 21047437 PMCID: PMC2998472 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation of certain genes frequently occurs in neoplastic cells. Although the cause remains unknown, many genes have been identified with such atypical methylation in neoplastic cells. The hypermethylation of E-Cadherin and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in chronic inflammation such as chronic periodontitis may demonstrate mild lesion/mutation epigenetic level. This study compares the hypermethylation status of E-Cadherin and COX-2 genes which are often found in breast cancer patients with that in chronic periodontitis. Methods Total DNA was extracted from the blood samples of 108 systemically healthy non-periodontitis subjects, and the gingival tissues and blood samples of 110 chronic periodontitis patient as well as neoplastic tissues of 106 breast cancer patients. Methylation-specific PCR for E-Cadherin and COX-2 was performed on these samples and the PCR products were analyzed on 2% agarose gel. Results Hypermethylation of E-Cadherin and COX-2 was observed in 38% and 35% of the breast cancer samples, respectively. In chronic periodontitis patients the detection rate was 25% and 19% respectively, and none was found in the systemically healthy non-periodontitis control subjects. The hypermethylation status was shown to be correlated among the three groups with statistical significance (p < 0.0001). The methylation of CpG islands in E-Cadherin and COX-2 genes in periodontitis patients occurs more frequently in periodontitis patients than in the control subjects, but occurs less frequently than in the breast cancer patients. Conclusions This set of data shows that the epigenetic change in E-Cadherin and Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with chronic periodontitis. The epigenetic changes presented in chronic inflammation patients might demonstrate an irreversible destruction in the tissues or organs similar to the effects of cancer. Chronic periodontitis to some extent might be associated with DNA hypermethylation which is related to cancer risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wings T Y Loo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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