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de Oliveira MBL, Valadas LAR, Squassi A, Mendonça JS. Evaluation of total, soluble and ionic fluoride concentration in whitening and desensitizing toothpastes. Int J Dent Hyg 2024. [PMID: 38764223 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSES Due to the popularity and increasing launch of toothpastes with whitening and sensitivity properties on the market, this study aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentrations in these products, since the concentrations of fluoride directly interfere with the anti-caries potential. METHODS This is an experimental, in vitro study, where 37 samples from different batches (n = 3) purchased in different countries, were analysed in duplicate, via the ion-selective electrode technique to verify the concentration (μg/g or ppm F-) of total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and ionic fluoride (IF). For a comparative data analysis, ANOVA was applied followed by a Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. The level of confidence adopted was 95%. RESULTS In the 37 assessed toothpastes, 45.9% contained NaF and 54.1% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). The TF found in the formulations ranged from 902.8 to 1539.4 ppm of F (mean: 1165.2 ± 179.3); fluoride concentration in the TSF fraction ranged from 708.8 to 1306.7 ppm of F (mean: 959.5 ± 162.4); IF results ranged from 101.9 to 1162.3 ppm of F (642.2 ± 294.1). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the concentrations of the 59.5% assessed toothpastes in comparisons between declared and measured total fluoride (TF) concentrations, as well as in 62.2% when total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) were compared. CONCLUSIONS In this study, most of the samples evaluated showed discrepancies when compared to the information declared by the manufacturers. In addition, the soluble concentrations found in half of the samples were lower than total concentrations and this may affect anti-caries effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lídia Audrey Rocha Valadas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontologia, Catedra de Odontologia Preventiva y Comunitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldo Squassi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontologia, Catedra de Odontologia Preventiva y Comunitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Valadas LAR, Sena NJC, Júnior FJG, Lotif MAL, Passos VF, Squassi A. Fluoride content in paediatric dentifrices commercialized in Brazil. Int J Dent Hyg 2023; 21:165-171. [PMID: 36300685 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine the total, soluble and ionic fluoride (IF) concentration in toothpastes for children since there is a lack of information about this data. METHODS Fifteen different brands of toothpastes were purchased in different cities in Brazil. The total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and IF of two samples of each brand were determined (μg/g F). RESULTS The concentration of TF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 324.4 to 1466.2 μg/g F, TSF ranged from 214.6 to 1424.1 μg/g F and IF ranged from 108.3 to 1320.1 μg/g F. TSF ranged between TF and IF. Most toothpastes were formulated with sodium fluoride (NaF), and only one with monofluorophosphate (MFP). The concentrations of TF were below the reported values. TSF and IF were below the TF concentration. CONCLUSIONS The measured TF was less than that declared by the manufacturer in all the products. Most of the evaluated fluoride toothpastes commercialized in Brazil showed concentrations of TF below what was stated on the packaging, but with enough TSF to provide an anti-caries effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Audrey Rocha Valadas
- Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing College, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Squassi
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ramos MCC, Rebelo MAB, Rebelo Vieira JM, Miranda LFB, Tabchoury CPM, Cury JA. Fluoride toothpaste, sanitary surveillance and the SUS: the case of Manaus-AM, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2022; 56:9. [PMID: 35319672 PMCID: PMC8926396 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the anticaries potential of toothpastes distributed by the primary health care public clinics (UBS) of Manaus, AM. METHODS Ninety-nine tubes of toothpaste from four commercial brands were collected from October 7, 2019 to October 11, 2019 in 16 UBS. They were assigned a code by brand and source UBS. According to the information on the packaging, the four brands and their batches were formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) and most (91%) had calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as an abrasive. We determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF = TSF + InsF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF = F ions- or FPO32-), to certify whether they were in compliance with resolution ANVISA RDC No. 530 (maximum of 1,500 ppm TF) and whether they had anticaries potential (minimum of 1,000 ppm TSF). The analyses were performed with a ion- specific electrode. RESULTS The concentrations (ppm F) of TF [mean; standard deviation (SD); n] found in toothpaste brands A (1,502.3; SD = 45.6; n = 33), B (1,135.5; SD = 52.7; n = 48) and D (936.8; SD = 20.5; N = 8) were close to those stated on the package, 1,500, 1,100 and 1,000 ppm F, respectively. In toothpaste C, we found a mean of 274.1 ppm (SD = 219.7; n = 10) of TF, which diverges from the declared concentration of 1,500 ppm F. In addition, the five tubes of lot no. 11681118 of toothpaste C did not contain fluoride. Regarding TSF, with the exception of toothpaste D (937.9; SD = 40.29), the others had a lower concentration than their respective TF. CONCLUSION We found serious problems of quantity and quality of fluoride in toothpaste distributed by the SUS in Manaus, which shows the need for surveillance of these products and confirms the urgency of revising resolution RDC No. 530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Costa Carneiro Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Faculdade de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia. Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Faculdade de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia. Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Janete Maria Rebelo Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Faculdade de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia. Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Luís Fernando Bandeira Miranda
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba. Departamento de Biociências. Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Jaime Aparecido Cury
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba. Departamento de Biociências. Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Analysis of Fluoride Concentration in Toothpastes in the United Arab Emirates: Closing the Gap between Local Regulation and Practice. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: While there is much scientific evidence supporting the benefits of fluoride for oral health, the concentration of fluoride in over-the-counter fluoride toothpaste should meet United Arab Emirates (UAE) regulations of a fluoride concentration not exceeding 0.15%. Objectives: The current study examines the fluoridated toothpaste products available on the UAE market and aims to quantify their total fluoride content. Methods: A total of 50 toothpaste products were collected and analyzed in this study. Ion Chromatography (IC) conductivity analysis was performed to determine the total fluoride content. Results: Among the 50 products tested, 10 exceeded the recommended concentration of total fluoride of less than 0.15%, while 12 had a total fluoride concentration that was less than was declared on their labels. Moreover, this study has revealed that 22 of the sampled products had a total fluoride concentration below 1000 ppm fluoride. An increased risk of higher total fluoride content was observed in the toothpaste products with monofluorophosphate active ingredients than in products with potassium nitrate/sodium fluoride and sodium fluoride (p = 0.011). Conclusions: There is a need to reassess the effectiveness of current regulations in the UAE to ensure that all fluoridated toothpastes available on the market are safe and effective for the consumer. Specifically, appropriate guidelines should be established on the basis of the risks and benefits inherent in fluoride exposure. Moreover, fluoridated toothpastes need to be subject to stricter monitoring and control regarding their safety and quality through good manufacturing practices (GMPs), education, research, and adverse event reporting.
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Caldas da Rocha DR, Ricomini Filho AP, Cury JA. Soluble fluoride in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpaste as an indicator of systemically bioavailable fluoride. Caries Res 2021; 56:55-63. [PMID: 34814135 DOI: 10.1159/000521068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride chemically soluble in toothpaste is an indicator of fluoride bioavailability when the teeth are brushed and the same should be expected systemically when toothpaste is ingested. A four-phases study was conducted, in which eight participants were subjected in each phase to one of the assigned treatment groups: Group I: fresh sample of a Na2FPO3/CaCO3 toothpaste with 1,334 μg F/g of total soluble fluoride (TSF); groups II-IV: aged samples of toothpaste presenting TSF concentrations of 1,128, 808, and 687 μg F/g, respectively. In all phases, the participants ingested an amount of toothpaste equivalent to 70.0 µg F/kg body weight, as total fluoride (TF). Blood was collected before (baseline) and up to 180 min after toothpaste ingestion as indicator of fluoride bioavailability. Total urine (24 h before and 24 h after ingestion) was collected as indicator of absorbed fluoride that was excreted. F concentration in blood plasma and urine was determined with a fluoride ion-specific electrode. The areas under the curve of F concentration vs. time (AUC=ng F/ml x min) and the peaks of fluoride concentration in blood plasma (Cmax) were calculated. The net amount of fluoride excreted (mg/day) was calculated by subtraction. A significant correlation of the amount (mg) of TSF ingested was found between the AUC (r= 0.76; p<0.01) and Cmax (r= 0.86; p<0.01) in plasma, and the fluoride excreted (r= 0.65; p<0.01). For TF no statistical correlations were found (p>0.05). Data suggest that the concentration of TSF found in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpastes is a useful predictor of how much fluoride will be systemically bioavailable when this type of formulation is ingested.
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Coelho CSS, Cury JA, Tabchoury CPM. Chemically Soluble Fluoride in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-Based Toothpaste as an Indicator of Fluoride Bioavailability in Saliva during and after Toothbrushing. Caries Res 2020; 54:185-193. [PMID: 32213768 DOI: 10.1159/000506439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the concentration of chemically soluble fluoride found in toothpaste and that present in saliva, during and after brushing, was evaluated as an indicator of potentially bioavailable fluoride in toothpaste. Ten adult participants brushed their teeth with the assigned toothpastes: group I: fresh sample of a fluoride toothpaste: Na2FPO3/CaCO3, 1,378 µg F/g of total soluble fluoride (TSF); groups II-IV: aged samples of toothpaste presenting TSF concentrations of 1,160, 900, and 597 µg F/g, respectively; group V: non-F placebo toothpaste. The volunteers brushed their teeth for 1 min with 0.7 g of the toothpaste, all toothbrushing residues (TR) produced were collected, the mouth was rinsed with water, and saliva samples were collected up to 120 min. Total fluoride (TF) and TSF concentrations were determined in TR and in saliva samples using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. TSF concentration (µg F/mL) in TR was determined as an indicator of fluoride bioavailability during toothbrushing and the areas under curves of saliva fluoride concentration versus time (area under the curve, AUC = µg F/mL × min) were calculated as an indicator of fluoride bioavailability after toothbrushing. A significant correlation was found between the TSF concentrations in the toothpastes and the variables TR (r = 0.850; p = 0.0001) and AUC (r = 0.445; p = 0.004). For TF no significant correlation was found for TR (r = -0.099; p = 0.542) and AUC (r = -0.018; p = 0.912). The findings suggest that TSF concentration chemically found in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpaste could estimate how much fluoride would be bioavailable in saliva when the teeth are brushed.
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Gul H, Nayyer M, Gilani M, Aman N, Azad AA, Shah AT, Chaudhry AA, Kaleem M, Khan AS. Comparative Fluoride Release and Antimicrobial Analysis of Commercial and Experimental Bioactive Glass/Nano-Oxide-Based Dentifrices. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:38-44. [PMID: 32018280 PMCID: PMC7069735 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to measure fluoride release and assess the antimicrobial behavior of fluoride-doped nano bioactive glass (F-nBG) and nano zinc oxide (ZnO)-enriched novel dentifrices. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental dentifrices were synthesized by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles and F-nBG (1.5 wt% and 4 wt%) as active ingredients. The fluoride release behavior of suspensions and elutes of samples were analyzed by ion selective electrode. Antimicrobial activity and minimum bactericidal concentration against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei were evaluated. Microbial stability against contamination was also assessed by a challenge test. RESULTS The fluoride release behavior of experimental dentifrices was higher than that of commercial dentifrices and was dependent on filler loading. The fluoride release was more from suspensions than elutes. Zones of inhibition (ZOIs) and minimum bactericidal concentration values for novel dentifrices showed direct proportionality with filler loading, and effectiveness was exhibited against both strains. Experimental dentifrices exhibited effective antibacterial potential, which could possibly be due to release of sufficient fluoride and zinc ions in aqueous media from F-nBG and ZnO present in their formulations. CONCLUSION Combination of F-nBG and ZnO may provide a multi-benefit approach for simultaneously treating early white spot lesions, reducing bacterial growth, and providing core plaque control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Gul
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Nayyer
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Gilani
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Aman
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azad Ali Azad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Tufail Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqif Anwar Chaudhry
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad Khan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Aimée NR, van Wijk AJ, Varjão MM, Paes AB, Lourenço J, Mestrinho HD, Carvalho JC. Changes in Adolescents' Oral Health Status: Responsiveness of the Child Perception Questionnaire11-14. Caries Res 2019; 54:15-23. [PMID: 31362297 DOI: 10.1159/000501587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in oral health status following treatment should be assessed clinically as well as by patients' reported outcomes. This study investigated changes on oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adolescents enrolled in a comprehensive oral health care program for caries and gingival conditions. The sensitivity of the Child Perception Questionnaire11-14 (CPQ11-14) to detect clinical changes, that is, its responsiveness, was assessed. A total of 618 10-15-year adolescents answered the questionnaire before treatment and 560 at follow-up after 1 year. In the follow-up, 2 additional global transition judgment questions were asked. The adolescents were clinically and radiographically examined. At the baseline, 374 adolescents needed only nonoperative treatment, whereas 274 needed non- and operative treatments. After 1 year, the adolescents were regrouped according to the fulfillment of their treatment needs in Group 1 (n = 363) needing/receiving nonoperative treatment only; Group 2 (n = 98) needing/receiving both non- and operative treatments; Group 3 (n = 99) receiving nonoperative treatment only, while needing also operative treatment. The CPQ11-14 total mean change scores by the global transition judgment on self-perceived oral health status indicated significant differences (p < 0.001, ANOVA; internal responsiveness). The effect of the program for the treatment groups was significant (p = 0.014, ANCOVA; external responsiveness). The effect size for the change scores was of moderate magnitude. In conclusion, an overall improvement of adolescents' OHRQoL was observed following 1-year oral health care program for caries and gingival conditions. The CPQ11-14 was internally and externally sensitive to detect substantial clinical changes. The CPQ11-14 seems appropriate for measuring long-term changes on adolescents' OHRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Aimée
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Arjen J van Wijk
- Department of Social Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magmara M Varjão
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana B Paes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Agustina F, Sofro ZM, Partadiredja G. Subchronic Administration of High-Dose Sodium Fluoride Causes Deficits in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells But Not Motor Coordination of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:424-433. [PMID: 29951727 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is frequently added to drinking water supplies, various food products, toothpaste, and mouth rinses to prevent tooth damage. However, at high concentrations, fluoride can cause fluorosis and damage to the brain tissue due to its excitotoxicity and oxidative stress effects. The damage of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum can lead to motor coordination disorders. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of sodium fluoride on the motor coordination and the number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, namely a control group which received reverse osmosis distilled water and three treated groups which received sodium fluoride at doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg bw. The treatment lasted for 30 days. The motor coordination of the rats was examined using a rotarod prior and subsequent to the treatments. The number of Purkinje cells was estimated using physical fractionator design. The numbers of Purkinje cells of the F10 and F20 groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. No significant differences in the results of the motor coordination test were found. The administration of sodium fluoride at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg bw caused a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitriani Agustina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Al-Ma'arif Nursing Academy, Baturaja, South Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Zaenal Muttaqien Sofro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
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Fernández CE, Carrera CA, Muñoz-Sandoval C, Cury JA, Giacaman RA. Stability of chemically available fluoride in Chilean toothpastes. Int J Paediatr Dent 2017; 27:496-505. [PMID: 28134464 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Storage time may reduce the amount of soluble fluoride (F) in toothpastes. Although we previously studied the type and concentration of F in fresh samples of commercial Chilean toothpastes, their stability was not determined. AIM To evaluate the stability of soluble F in Chilean toothpastes after 1 year of storage. DESIGN All the toothpastes (n = 30) previously used were re-analyzed after 1 year of storage time at room temperature (±22°C). Total F (TF = soluble F + insoluble F) and total soluble F (TSF = F ion + MFP ion) were assessed using an ion-specific electrode, through a validated methodology. Data were expressed in ppm of F (mg F/kg). RESULTS Mean (±SD; n = 30) TF and TSF concentrations after storage were 1049 ± 427 and 987 ± 411 ppm F, respectively. Five toothpastes showed between 30% and 50% of insoluble F, four of them formulated with MFP/calcium-based abrasive. In two products, there was a reduction in TSF below the evidence-based anticaries effectiveness threshold of 1000 ppm F. CONCLUSIONS Although most of the toothpastes tested kept their original TSF content after 1 year of storage, some products evidenced an important reduction, which may compromise their anticaries efficacy. Reductions in TSF may be explained by an incorrect F salt-abrasive formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Fernández
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Jaime A Cury
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
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de Araújo Silva TF, Feitosa JL, Medeiros Dantas RM, Dantas de Medeiros FDC, Cavalcanti Lima IP, Guerra Seabra EJ. [Experimental model of tooth decay as an educational tool for school-age children]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2017; 18:1-290. [PMID: 28453040 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v18n2.34321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This work consisted of the construction of an educational in vitro model of dental caries that started with an adaptation of Miller's classic experiment. Methods In a sterilized and sealed glass jar, a sample paste of human saliva was collected and a substrate of manufactured sugar (sucrose) was added. In addition, a human tooth with healthy dental crown extracted in dental treatment but otherwise healthy was added. Research phase I had the negative control sample test (tooth + saliva without added) and the others were opened after 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of incubation. This phase was essential for the next experimental time development. In phase II, two saliva donors with poor levels of oral health habits were recruited. The incubation time (defined by phase I) was 2 and 3 months for each donor. Results This research data gives the possibility of building educational materials about the etiology of tooth decay and its clinical evolution. It also makes possible the production of an explanatory sheet about how to reproduce this experimental model to be used by school children in secondary education. Conclusions Doing this kind of work together at school can help reduce inequities in oral health, especially since there is an approximation toward the discourses, facilitating the process of information dissemination.
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Dental caries, fluorosis, oral health determinants, and quality of life in adolescents. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1811-1820. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ortiz ADC, Tenuta LMA, Tabchoury CPM, Cury JA. Anticaries Potential of Low Fluoride Dentifrices Found in The Brazilian Market. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:298-302. [PMID: 27224563 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-fluoride (F) dentifrices (<600 µg F/g) are widely available worldwide, but evidence to recommend the use of such dentifrices, with either regular or improved formulations, is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anticaries potential of low-F dentifrices found in the Brazilian market, using a validated and tested pH-cycling model. Enamel blocks were selected by surface hardness (SH) and randomized into four treatment groups (n=12): non-F dentifrice (negative control), low-F dentifrice (500 μg F/g), low-F acidulated dentifrice (550 μg F/g) and 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice (positive control). The blocks were subjected to pH-cycling regimen for 8 days and were treated 2x/day with dentifrice slurries prepared in water (1:3, w/v). The pH of the slurries was checked, and only the acidulated one had low pH. After the pH cycling, SH was again determined and the percentage of surface hardness loss was calculated as indicator of demineralization. Loosely- and firmly-bound F concentrations in enamel were also determined. The 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice was more effective than the low-F ones to reduce enamel demineralization and was the only one that differed from the non-F (p<0.05). All F dentifrices formed higher concentration of loosely-bound F on enamel than the non-F (p<0.05), but the 1,100 μg F/g was the only one that differed from the non-F in the ability to form firmly-bound F. The findings suggest that the low-F dentifrices available in the Brazilian market, irrespective of their formulation, do not have anticaries potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana de Cássia Ortiz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba SP , Brazil
| | - Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba SP , Brazil
| | - Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba SP , Brazil
| | - Jaime Aparecido Cury
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba SP , Brazil
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Matias JB, Azevedo CS, do Vale HF, Rebelo MAB, Cohen-Carneiro F. Fluoride stability in dentifrices stored in schools in a town of northern Brazil. Braz Oral Res 2016; 29:S1806-83242015000100304. [PMID: 26892352 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze fluoride stability in dentifrices stored during nine months in schools from Careiro da Várzea, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Analysis of total fluoride concentration, total soluble fluoride, and ionic fluoride in the dentifrice samples was performed in four different time periods: at the time of purchase (baseline); after three months, after six months, and after nine months of storage. Fluoride concentration was determined using a specific electrode (Orion 96-09) connected to an ion analyzer (Orion A-720) and calibrated with fluoride standard solutions containing 2.0 to 32.0 ppm F. The results obtained during the measurements were analyzed by analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), followed by Tukey's test for comparison of the means. After nine months of storage, total soluble fluoride, the active form of fluoride, decreased by 21.9%. As total soluble fluoride was below the minimum required for anticaries efficacy (1,000 ppm F) in the fourth analysis, it may be concluded that anticaries potential decreased with storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Felipe do Vale
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Sebastian ST, Siddanna S. Total and Free Fluoride Concentration in Various Brands of Toothpaste Marketed in India. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC09-12. [PMID: 26557607 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13382.6578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For fluoridated toothpaste to be effective in controlling dental caries, an adequate concentration of soluble fluoride must be available in the oral cavity. AIM To determine the total and free fluoride concentration in various brands of toothpaste marketed in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three samples of 12 different toothpastes were purchased from supermarkets in Mysore city, Karnataka, India. Toothpastes were analysed in duplicate using a fluoride ion-specific electrode. The concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) were determined. RESULTS Measured TF was consistent with that declared by the manufacturer in five products. Four toothpastes showed lower TF and two higher TF than declared. Most toothpastes exhibited TSF concentrations similar to the TF content except four samples that displayed considerably lower TSF than TF. CONCLUSION The measurement of total and free fluoride concentrations of toothpastes available in India showed inhomogenities. Therefore there is a need for stringent regulatory control measures for the determination of fluoride content in toothpastes in developing country like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibu Thomas Sebastian
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences , Tiruvalla, India
| | - Sunitha Siddanna
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital , Mysore, India
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Cury JA, Caldarelli PG, Tenuta LMA. Necessity to review the Brazilian regulation about fluoride toothpastes. Rev Saude Publica 2015; 49:S0034-89102015000100407. [PMID: 26487295 PMCID: PMC4603267 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of the Brazilian legislation about fluoride toothpaste. A search was conducted in LILACS, Medline and SciELO databases about the fluoride concentration found in Brazilians toothpastes, using descriptors on health. Publications since 1981 have shown that some Brazilian toothpastes are not able to maintain, during their expiration time, a minimum of 1,000 ppm F of soluble fluoride in the formulation. However, the Brazilian regulation (ANVISA, Resolution 79, August 28, 2000) only sets the maximum total fluoride (0.15%; 1,500 ppm F) that a toothpaste may contain but not the minimum concentration of soluble fluoride that it should contain to have anticaries potential, which according to systematic reviews should be 1,000 ppm F. Therefore, the Brazilian regulation on fluoride toothpastes needs to be revised to assure the efficacy of those products for caries control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Aparecido Cury
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Brito ACM, Dantas LR, De Brito ALF, Muniz ACS, Ramos IA, Cardoso AMR, Xavier AFC, Cavalcanti AL. Loss on drying, calcium concentration and pH of fluoride dentifrices. Contemp Clin Dent 2015; 6:S72-6. [PMID: 25821380 PMCID: PMC4374324 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.152962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fluoride dentifrices containing calcium carbonate have advantages such as control of dental plaque and progression of dental caries, also contributing to oral hygiene, represent most dentifrices marketed in Brazil. Aim: To evaluate the physicochemical properties of seven fluoride dentifrices containing calcium carbonate in relation to hydrogen potential (pH), loss on drying and calcium concentration. Materials and Methods: Data collection was performed using the potentiometric method for pH ranges, gravimetric analysis for loss on drying and atomic absorption spectrometry for the concentration of calcium ions. All tests were performed in triplicate and the analysis was performed entirely at random according to one-way analysis of variance at 5% significance level. Results: The pH values were alkaline and ranged from 8.67 (Oral-B 123®) to 10.03 (Colgate Máxima Proteção Anticáries®). The results of loss on drying ranged from 33.81% (Oral-B 123®) to 61.13% (Close Up®), with significant differences between brands tested. In relation to the calcium content, the highest and lowest concentrations were found in dentifrices Even® (155.55 g/kg) and Colgate Ultra Branco® (129 g/kg), respectively, with significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Fluoride dentifrices analyzed showed alkaline pH and high levels of loss on drying and calcium concentration. However, these physicochemical characteristics differed according to the different brands tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Cristina Silva Muniz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Ianny Alves Ramos
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
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Narvai PC, Antunes JLF, Frias AC, Soares MDC, Marques RADA, Teixeira DSDC, Frazão P. [Dental fluorosis in children from São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, 1998-2010]. Rev Saude Publica 2014; 47 Suppl 3:148-53. [PMID: 24626591 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the trend of dental fluorosis prevalence in 12-year-old children, in the context of exposure to multiple sources of fluoride. METHODS An analysis was carried out of the trends in prevalence of dental fluorosis in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 1998 and 2010. The rates of prevalence were calculated for different years (1998, 2002, 2008 and 2010) using secondary data obtained from epidemiological surveys of representative samples of 12-year-old children. Occurrence of fluorosis was assessed in natural light using the Dean index, recommended by the World Health Organization and categorized into normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate and severe. In 1998, 125 children were examined, 249 in 2002, 4,085 in 2008 and 231 in 2010. RESULTS In 1998 the prevalence of fluorosis was 43.8% (95%CI 35.6;52.8) in 2002 it was 33.7% (95%CI 28.2;39.8), it was 40.3% (95%CI 38.8;41.8) in 2008 and 38.1% (95%CI 32.1;44.5) in 2010.The categories very mild + mild totaled 38.4% (95%CI 30.3;47.6) in 1998, 32.1% (95%CI 26.6;38.2) in 2002, 38.0% (95%CI 36.5;39.5) in 2008 and 36.4% (95%CI 30.4;42.7) in 2010. Severe fluorosis was not observed, with statistical significance, in the analyzed period. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children from São Paulo can be classified as stationary between 1998 and 2010, both when considering all categories, and when considering only the categories very mild + mild.
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Meng H, Zhang T, Liu W, Wang H, Wang C, Zhao Z, Liu N, Wang W. Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis through the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in primary cultured rat chondrocytes. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:351-8. [PMID: 24317498 PMCID: PMC3896455 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that sodium fluoride (NaF) suppresses the proliferation and induces apoptosis of chondrocytes. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the effect have not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of the effects of NaF on primary cultured rat chondrocytes in vitro. Chondrocytes were treated with NaF at concentrations of 0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mM. Cell viability decreased and the rate of apoptotic cells increased significantly with the gradient concentration of NaF in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic, organelle and nuclear alterations in the ultrastructure of chondrocytes exposed to various NaF concentrations. The cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the results indicated that NaF induced G2 cell cycle arrest. Western blotting was used to detect the apoptotic pathways. Downregulation of the Bcl-2 protein and upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-9, -12 and -3 proteins suggested that NaF was capable of inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways. The results also showed that the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), sex determining region Y box gene 9 (Sox9) and the collagen II (Col II) protein of the NaF groups were lower compared to those of the control groups. Thus, NaF may induce apoptosis through the downregulation of HIF-1α and disrupt the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) through the downregulation of HIF-1α via the Sox9 pathway in primary cultured rat chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
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Estimated fluoride doses from toothpastes should be based on total soluble fluoride. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5726-36. [PMID: 24189183 PMCID: PMC3863868 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fluoride dose ingested by young children may be overestimated if based on levels of total fluoride (TF) rather than levels of bioavailable fluoride (total soluble fluoride—TSF) in toothpaste. The aim of the present study was to compare doses of fluoride intake based on TF and TSF. Fluoride intake in 158 Brazilian children aged three and four years was determined after tooth brushing with their usual toothpaste (either family toothpaste (n = 80) or children’s toothpaste (n = 78)). The estimated dose (mg F/day/Kg of body weight) of TF or TSF ingested was calculated from the chemical analysis of the toothpastes. Although the ingested dose of TF from the family toothpastes was higher than that from the children’s toothpastes (0.074 ± 0.007 and 0.039 ± 0.003 mg F/day/Kg, respectively; p < 0.05), no difference between types of toothpaste was found regarding the ingested dose based on TSF (0.039 ± 0.005 and 0.039 ± 0.005 mg F/day/Kg, respectively; p > 0.05). The fluoride dose ingested by children from toothpastes may be overestimated if based on the TF of the product. This finding suggests that the ingested dose should be calculated based on TSF. Dose of TSF ingested by children is similar whether family or children’s toothpaste is used.
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do Nascimento HAR, Soares Ferreira JM, Granville-Garcia AF, de Brito Costa EMM, Almeida Cavalcante AL, Sampaio FC. Estimation of toothpaste fluoride intake in preschool children. Braz Dent J 2013; 24:142-6. [PMID: 23780358 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the intake of toothpaste fluoride used by children aged 2 to 6 years (n=87) treated at a hospital of a medium-sized city (Campina Grande, PB) in the Northeastern region of Brazil. Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics of families and children's toothbrushing were collected from questionnaire-based interviews with parents/guardians, and the amount of fluoride used during toothbrushing was estimated using a precision scale for assessment of the risk of dental fluorosis, considering a cutoff value of 0.07 mgF/kg body weight/day. Fluoride content in the toothpastes was analyzed using a specific fluoride electrode. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α=0.05). Considering the use of the derice, the risk of fluorosis in the children was 19.5%. There was significant association (p<0.05) between the risk of fluorosis, brushing frequency, type of derice and who performed the child's oral hygiene. It was concluded that a high percentage of children in the studied sample used toothpaste inappropriately and were at risk of developing dental fluorosis.
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Magnus L, Maltz M, Bavaresco C, F. Bastos L, N. Hashizume L. Biochemical composition of carious dentin and different layers of sound dentin. J Oral Sci 2013; 55:133-7. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Falcão A, Tenuta L, Cury J. Fluoride Gastrointestinal Absorption from Na2FPO3/CaCO3- and NaF/SiO2-Based Toothpastes. Caries Res 2013; 47:226-33. [DOI: 10.1159/000346006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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