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Koueik J, Meisner L, Rocque BG, Moser R, Dempsey RJ. Nongovernmental Organizations in Global Neurosurgery: Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery and Solidarity Bridge. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2024; 35:475-480. [PMID: 39244319 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Health care disparities between high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are well established. The focus of the surgical aspect of health was identified in the early twenty-first century, and efforts to provide safe surgical intervention require the shift of resources from HICs to LMICs with specialized surgeons, anesthesiologists, and equipment. This intervention may make a difference on the short run; however, to achieve a long-term self-sustaining surgical service in the region of need, education and training of local physicians is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Koueik
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Lars Meisner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Brandon G Rocque
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Lowder 400, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Richard Moser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Silva RVD, Pinheiro-Machado R, Sousa ACAD. [Penicillin: from discovery to patenting the large-scale production process]. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2024; 31:e2024021. [PMID: 38775522 PMCID: PMC11100309 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702024000100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This article examines discoveries, inventions, and innovations related to penicillin by sampling activities to solve technological problems which can be traced by the distribution of scientific articles, government reports, innovations, and patents between 1929 and 1945, and proposes reflection on the importance of scientific progress for national security. The analysis highlights the technological trajectory and outcomes in the area of intellectual property, considering US policy implemented to catalyze innovation and provide institutional conditions to meet national defense needs as an important factor, although this did not necessarily imply a unique solution in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Pinheiro-Machado
- Especialista sênior, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial. Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
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Nawsherwan, Liu Z, Le Z, Mubarik S, Sun Y, Naeem S, Li H. The adverse effect of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on maternal-perinatal outcomes among singleton and twin pregnancies: a retrospective cohort study (2011-2019). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1267338. [PMID: 38098860 PMCID: PMC10720659 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are the predominant pregnancy complications among singleton and twin pregnancies worldwide. Our primary objective was to explore the adverse effect of GDM and HDP on maternal-perinatal outcomes compared with non-GDM and non-HDP in singleton and twin pregnancies. The secondary objective was to find the risk of adverse maternal-perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies compared with singleton pregnancies complicated with GDM and HDP in Hubei, China. Methods A tertiary hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Hubei Province, China, from 2011 to 2019. A chi-square test was used to determine the difference in adverse maternal-perinatal outcomes between singleton and twin pregnancies. A multiple binary logistic regression model and a joinpoint regression model were used to determine the association of GDM and HDP with adverse maternal-perinatal outcomes and GDM and HDP temporal trend among singleton and twin pregnancies. Results The trend of HDP [average annual percentage change (AAPC) 15.1% (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 5.3, 25.7)] among singleton pregnancies and GDM [AAPC 50.4% (95%CI: 19.9, 88.7)] among twin pregnancies significantly increased from 2011 to 2019. After adjusting for confounding factors, GDM is associated with an increased risk of C-section (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.5; 95%CI: 1.3, 1.6) and macrosomia (aOR, 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1, 1.6) in singleton and preterm birth (PTB) (aOR, 2.1; 95%CI: 1.2, 3.3) in twin pregnancies compared with non-GDM. HDP was associated with a higher risk of C-section, PTB, perinatal mortality, and low birth weight (LBW) in both singleton and twin pregnancies compared with the non-HDP. Compared with singleton pregnancies complicated with GDM and HDP, twin pregnancies showed higher odds of C-section [(aOR, 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.7), (aOR, 4.6; 95%CI: 2.5, 8.7), respectively], PTB [(aOR, 22.9; 95%CI: 14.1, 37.3), (aOR, 8.1; 95%CI: 5.3, 12.3), respectively], LBW [(aOR, 12.1; 95%CI: 8.2, 18.1), (aOR, 5.1; 95%CI: 3.6, 7.4), respectively], and low Apgar score [(aOR, 8.2; 95%CI: 4.4, 15.1), (aOR, 3.8; 95%CI: 2.4, 5.8), respectively] complicated with GDM and HDP. Conclusion In conclusion, GDM showed an increased risk of a few adverse maternal-perinatal outcomes and HDP is associated with a higher risk of several adverse maternal-perinatal outcomes in singleton and twin pregnancies compared to non-GDM and non-HDP. Moreover, twin pregnancies complicated with GDM and HDP showed higher odds of adverse maternal-neonatal outcomes compared with singleton pregnancies complicated with GDM and HDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawsherwan
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Zhang Le
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sumaira Mubarik
- PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanmei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shafaq Naeem
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Taixing People Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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Secular trends and age-period-cohort effect on adverse perinatal outcomes in Hubei, China (2011-2019). Sci Rep 2022; 12:22558. [PMID: 36581710 PMCID: PMC9800403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing trend in the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes is a public health concern globally as well as in China. However, the causes of the increasing trend are not well understood. The present tertiary-hospital-based retrospective study (2011-2019) aims to determine the secular trends and age-period-cohort effect on adverse perinatal outcomes in Hubei, China. The age-standardized incidence rates of adverse perinatal outcomes significantly decreased such as preterm births by 22% [AAPC - 3.4% (95% CI - 7.8, - 1.2)], low birth weight (LBW) by 28.5% [AAPC - 4.7% (95% CI - 6.0, - 3.3)], and fetal distress by 64.2% [AAPC - 14.0% (95% CI - 17.8, - 10.0)] during 2011-2019. Both extremes of maternal age groups (18-20 years and 42-44 years) had a higher risk ratio for adverse perinatal outcomes including preterm birth, perinatal mortality, LBW, low ponderal index (LPI), low Apgar score, and congenital defect compared to the reference age group (30-32 years). A higher risk ratio for perinatal mortality, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and fetal distress and a lower risk ratio for preterm births and LBW were observed in the period 2017-2019. Both the young cohort (1997-1999) and the old cohort (1976-1969) had a higher risk ratio for preterm birth, perinatal mortality, macrosomia, and congenital defect compared to the reference cohort (1982-1984). In conclusion, some of the adverse perinatal outcomes incidence significantly decreased in the last 9 years in Hubei. However, extremes of maternal age groups and both young and old cohorts were associated with a higher risk of preterm birth, perinatal mortality, and congenital defect.
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Li H, Nawsherwan, Fan C, Mubarik S, Nabi G, Ping YX. The trend in delayed childbearing and its potential consequences on pregnancy outcomes: a single center 9-years retrospective cohort study in Hubei, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:514. [PMID: 35751047 PMCID: PMC9233367 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the advancement of modern societies, the proportion of women who delay childbearing until or beyond 30 years has dramatically increased in the last three decades and has been linked with adverse maternal-neonatal outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the trend in delayed childbearing and its negative impact on pregnancy outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A tertiary hospital-based retrospective study was conducted in Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Hubei Province, China, during the years 2011-2019. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to find a trend in the delayed childbearing and the multiple binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2019, the trend in advanced maternal age (AMA ≥35 years) increased by 75% [AAPC 7.5% (95% CI: - 10.3, 28.9)]. Based on maternal education and occupation, trend in AMA increased by 130% [AAPC 11.8% (95% CI: 1.1, 23.7)] in women of higher education level, and 112.5% [AAPC 10.1% (95% CI: 9.4, 10.9)] in women of professional services. After adjusting for confounding factors, AMA was significantly associated with increased risk of gestational hypertension (aOR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.1), preeclampsia (aOR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4, 1.9), sever preeclampsia (aOR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.6), placenta previa (aOR 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5, 2.2), gestational diabetes mellitus (aOR 2.5; 95% CI: 2.3, 2.9), preterm births (aOR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4, 1.7), perinatal mortality (aOR 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.3), and low birth weight (aOR 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.4) compared with women aged < 30 years. CONCLUSION Our findings show a marked increase in delayed childbearing and its negative association with pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Taixing People Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nawsherwan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Cuifang Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sumaira Mubarik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Yin Xiao Ping
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing People Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Li H, Nawsherwan, Fan C, Yin S, Haq IU, Mubarik S, Nabi G, Khan S, Hua L. Changes in adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with advanced maternal age (AMA) after the enactment of China's universal two-child policy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5048. [PMID: 35322808 PMCID: PMC8943149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal two-child policy (TCP; 2016) in China has affected many aspects of maternal-neonatal health. A tertiary hospital-based retrospective study (2011–2019) was used to find the association of these policy changes with maternal age and pregnancy outcomes in women with AMA (≥ 35 years) in the Hubei Province, China. The proportion of neonatal births to women with AMA increased by 68.8% from 12.5% in the one-child policy (OCP) period to 21.1% in the universal TCP period [aOR 1.76 (95% CI: 1.60, 1.93)]. In the univariate analysis, the proportion of preterm births (29.4% to 24.1%), low birth weight (LBW) (20.9% to 15.9%), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (11.5% to 9.2%) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in women with AMA from the OCP period to universal TCP period. However, the proportion of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (0.2% to 0.7%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (1.7% to 15.6%) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased over the policy changes. After adjusting for confounding factors, only the risk of GDM increased [aOR 10.91 (95% CI: 6.05, 19.67)] in women with AMA from the OCP period to the universal TCP period. In conclusion, the risk of GDM increased in women with AMA from the OCP period to the universal TCP period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Taixing People Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nawsherwan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Cuifang Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Henan Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ijaz Ul Haq
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Mubarik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Suliman Khan
- Advanced Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Linlin Hua
- Advanced Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Blanco LF, Sacramento J. Pós-pandemia ou a “endemização do (extra)ordinário”? Uma análise comparativa entre as experiências com a fome, Zika vírus e Covid-19 no Brasil. HORIZONTES ANTROPOLÓGICOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-71832021000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Passado um ano da “chegada” do novo coronavírus no Brasil, apesar dos números de infecção não apresentarem declínio, iniciou-se um processo de retomada das atividades e adaptação ao “novo normal”. É o objetivo deste artigo mostrar como uma epidemia é construída enquanto uma emergência sanitária, quais os marcadores de sua temporalidade e, principalmente, como ela se produz em um processo de obliteração e externalização de fatores que muitas vezes são inerentes aos seus efeitos. Para tanto, recuperamos a trajetória de duas experiências “epidêmicas” anteriores, vivenciadas em território brasileiro, a fome e o Zika vírus. Mostraremos, a partir dessa comparação, que a epidemia de Covid-19 deve ser entendida levando em consideração que sua trajetória é produzida conjuntamente com outras experiências de saúde e doença. Se os significados do “novo normal” estão sendo disputados, é importante trazer à luz os processos que reproduzem cotidianamente o “normal de novo”.
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Alvarenga AA, Rocha EMS, Filippon J, Andrade MAC. Challenges for the Brazilian State from the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of paradiplomacy in the state of Maranhão. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 36:e00155720. [PMID: 33440419 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00155720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide in 2020, populations, authorities, and local and global health governance institutions have been affected differently. Global Health Diplomacy and "paradiplomacy" have become relevant instruments and arenas for the challenges raised by the pandemic, especially for non-State or subnational actors. This Essay analyzes the case of the Brazilian state of Maranhão during the pandemic, which used a "wartime operation" to purchase more than a hundred mechanical ventilators on the international market, over the Federal Government's head, at a moment of fierce international competition for medical supplies and equipment. The Essay examines the principal aspects, contexts, reasons, factors, actors, and actions that contextualize the operation conducted by the state of Maranhão as an activity in paradiplomacy and Global Health Diplomacy by a subnational government in Brazil. We analyzed these concepts in light of the literature on the topic and studied the action by Maranhão based on cross-analysis of data from documents, statements, and news coverage. We conclude that the case of Maranhão illustrates the capacity of subnational bodies to respond to global emergencies, mainly in contexts of inefficacy or absence of the Federal executive, legitimizing independent action aimed at saving lives.
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Benchimol JL. Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:95-122. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702020000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The first autochthonous cases of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas were described in 1909, but visceral leishmaniasis only erupted as a public health problem in the region in 1934. Today Brazil is the country with the most cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, and alongside India has the highest incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. Knowledge production and efforts to control these diseases have mobilized health professionals, government agencies and institutions, international agencies, and rural and urban populations. My research addresses the exchange and cooperation networks they established, and uncertainties and controversial aspects when notable changes were made in the approach to the New World leishmaniases.
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Stávale MCDM, Leal MDLF, Freire MDS. A evolução regulatória e os desafios na perspectiva dos laboratórios públicos produtores de vacinas no Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36Suppl 2:e00202219. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00202219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A regulamentação para produtos biológicos vem evoluindo rapidamente ao longo dos últimos anos, seja motivada por questões de qualidade com impacto na vida das pessoas, seja pelo advento de novas tecnologias. As mudanças nas regulamentações que ditam como um produto deve ser registrado, produzido e monitorado são constantes. A responsabilidade de reguladores e fabricantes na garantia da qualidade, segurança e eficácia das vacinas torna-se ainda mais crítica, uma vez que essas substâncias são utilizadas, em sua maioria, em crianças e em pacientes saudáveis. Diante desse cenário, fabricantes precisam criar estratégias para manter seus produtos e instalações adequadas e um sistema da qualidade atualizado e operante. Por outro lado, as agências reguladoras têm o papel de garantir que os produtos que estão em uso atendam aos critérios estabelecidos, sem comprometer o fornecimento de medicamentos para a população.
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Lima J, Dallari S. A estratégia global sobre saúde pública, inovação e propriedade intelectual: estabelecimento de uma ordem de prioridade das necessidades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento no Brasil. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902020181162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A aprovação da Estratégia Global e do Plano de Ação sobre Saúde Pública, Inovação e Propriedade Intelectual (GSPOA, do inglês Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property), no âmbito da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), está baseada na percepção da necessidade de melhoria nas condições de acesso dos países em desenvolvimento a medicamentos e outros produtos que atendam às suas necessidades específicas de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, o escopo desta consiste em perscrutar a implementação, no Brasil, do primeiro elemento da GSPOA, que se refere ao estabelecimento de uma ordem de prioridade das necessidades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Trata-se de estudo de caso, enquanto método de investigação qualitativa. Partindo de uma perspectiva crítica e de marcos teóricos consagrados, buscou-se situar a GSPOA num contexto de saúde transnacional em uma era de globalização e pontuar os desafios para implementar mais completamente um direito à saúde que transcenda os medicamentos e as exigências individuais. Conclui-se que, para o período de 2008 a 2015, o Brasil logrou êxito em desenvolver metodologias e mecanismos para identificar e divulgar as lacunas nas pesquisas de doenças de maior incidência no país e suas consequências na saúde pública, orientando o desenvolvimento de produtos terapeuticamente viáveis e a preços acessíveis.
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Rocha CMF, Martins MDR, Farias MAD. Saúde para todos: a participação da sociedade civil na governança global em saúde. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-11042020s114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Os movimentos sociais, elementos fundamentais na luta pela implementação e manutenção de sistemas de saúde universais e na defesa do direito à saúde para todos, têm sua atuação ampliada no contexto da crise econômica mundial. A globalização traz um desafio à sociedade civil, o de engajar atores na formulação de políticas cujo alcance vai além do âmbito local. Este trabalho analisa as possibilidades de influência da sociedade civil nos processos decisórios da governança global na Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), através da abordagem do Observatório da OMS (WHO Watch), iniciativa do Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos (MSP), que se propõe a estimular a democratização dos processos decisórios da OMS. Como subsídio para as reflexões, são utilizadas as experiências do WHO Watch em três ocasiões: a 67ª Assembleia Mundial de Saúde, a 53ª Reunião do Conselho Diretor da Organização Pan-americana da Saúde e a 136ª Reunião do Conselho Executivo da OMS. Conclui-se que os movimentos sociais trazem uma visão crítica sobre as discussões realizadas por esses órgãos intergovernamentais, promovendo a divulgação desses debates e de seus desdobramentos para além dos espaços governamentais.
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Sacramento J. Chronicle of a consolidated success: smallpox eradication policies in Brazil (1962-1973). Salud Colect 2019; 15:e2167. [PMID: 31664341 DOI: 10.18294/sc.2019.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to understand actions taken towards smallpox eradication in Brazil, in the framework of the Smallpox Eradication campaign that took place in the 1960s and 1970s. The article argues that, in addition to the bifurcated needle and the lyophilized vaccine, epidemiological surveillance - based on the construction of instruments and protocols for health surveillance - was the third key element that guaranteed the eradication of the disease. The hypothesis is that the actions taken towards the control and eradication of smallpox contributed to the construction of new health institutions within Brazil. As an exercise of socio-historical analysis, this research was based on documentary sources (reports, newsletters and legislation), interviews with professionals directly involved in the eradication of smallpox, and part of the intellectual production on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Sacramento
- Estudiante de Doctorado, Programa de Pós-Graduación en Ciências Sociais, Instituto de Filosofia y Ciências Humanas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, San Pablo, Brasil.
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Bueno FTC. Vigilância e resposta em saúde no plano regional: um estudo preliminar do caso da febre do Zika vírus. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2017; 22:2305-2314. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232017227.07012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Apesar de ser conhecido desde os anos 50, o Zika vírus não havia despertado interesse da comunidade internacional. Entre 2015 e 2016, o vírus se alastrou pelo Brasil com a suspeita de que o aumento de casos de distúrbios neurológicos poderia ter vínculos com a infecção, configurando uma Emergência Nacional de Saúde Pública em novembro de 2015. Em 1º de fevereiro de 2016, a OMS declarou esta suspeita como uma Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Internacional (ESPII), deflagrando resposta conforme o Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (2005). O Zika está presente também em quase todos os países da América do Sul. Nesse sentido, organizações internacionais como a OPAS/OMS, Unasul e Mercosul estão desenvolvendo ações de resposta à epidemia. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar criticamente as respostas regional sul-americana e brasileira de fevereiro a setembro de 2016 com relação à esta declaração de ESPII, utilizando metodologia qualitativa, por meio do levantamento bibliográfico e análise documental. Nesse contexto, a OPAS/OMS teve atuação destacada em relação às demais organizações. Além disso, a conjuntura política da região parece ter papel importante na instabilidade do Mercosul e da Unasul, o que pode afetar sua capacidade e efetividade de resposta.
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Faria M, Giovanella L, Bermudez L. A Unasul na Assembleia Mundial da Saúde: posicionamentos comuns do Conselho de Saúde Sul-Americano. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-110420151070230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A União de Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul), criada em 2008, pretende fortalecer a identidade sul-americana e reduzir inequidades regionais. Com a criação de conselho específico, a saúde ganha destaque como área estratégica. O artigo discute a atuação do Conselho de Saúde da Unasul na Assembleia Mundial da Saúde (AMS), a partir da análise dos posicionamentos comuns do bloco de 2010 a 2014. No período analisado, a Unasul apresentou posições comuns referentes a 26 Resoluções. A atuação da Unasul na AMS ao longo dos últimos cinco anos dá visibilidade ao processo de integração regional na América do Sul e fortalece a própria Unasul como um player na agenda global da saúde.
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Andrade PA, Carvalho DBBD. International cooperation for science and technology development: a way forward for equity in health. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2015; 22:49-67. [PMID: 25742099 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702015000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, international organizations have been increasingly involved in building an international sub-regime for research, development and innovation in health. This article analyzes the priorities of developing countries in health since the 1990s. It is a descriptive and analytical study that investigates the literature and contributions of key informants. Calling for the end of global inequities in the support for science and technology in health, international organizations recommend that developing countries focus their efforts on neglected diseases and operational research, an insufficient agenda for science and technology cooperation to effectively overcome the vulnerabilities between countries.
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Espinosa M. [The Caribbean origins of the National Public Health System in the USA: a global approach to the history of medicine and public health in Latin America]. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2015; 22:241-253. [PMID: 25742109 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702015000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article defines global history in relation to the history of medicine and public health. It argues that a global approach to history opens up a space for examining the reverberations transmitted from the geographic periphery towards western regions, which have traditionally dominated modern historiography. It analyzes two medical interventions in the Caribbean in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, showing how these events had profound consequences in the USA. The successes achieved in the Caribbean in terms of yellow fever and ancylostoma control, as well as providing a model for health campaigns in the southern USA, inspired the centralization of public health in North America under the centralizing control of the federal government.
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Coupet S, Del Valle J. A case for an international health elective training program during residency: a four-points call for action. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2013; 25:266-271. [PMID: 23848335 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2013.797347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International Health Electives (IHE) are becoming more popular among graduate training programs. This is likely due to the high demands from graduating medical students who are seeking to have an international health experience during their post-graduate training. Despite the important educational experiences associated with an IHE, this opportunity does not exist in all graduate medical programs and fewer have formal established programs. SUMMARY We are suggesting that graduate training programs are in a unique position to provide such experiences to our future physicians, in turn creating immediate benefits to host nations as well as long-term impacts on our society in the United States. We are proposing Four Points for stakeholders involved in training future physicians to use as they consider designing such opportunities for future trainees. The four points include: residents are capable of providing service to host nations, improve the quality of care to communities in the U.S., foster graduating medical students' global health interests and increase global health mentorship. CONCLUSIONS We hope that addressing these four points will reemphasize the importance of establishing an IHE in all graduate training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Coupet
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Kruk ME. Globalisation and global health governance: Implications for public health. Glob Public Health 2012; 7 Suppl 1:S54-62. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2012.689313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Maio MC, Pires-Alves FA, Paiva CHA, Magalhães RCDS. Cooperação internacional e políticas de ação afirmativa: o papel da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2010; 26:1273-82. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2010000700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O artigo analisa o processo de formulação, legitimação e implementação de uma política de recorte racial no âmbito da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). O trabalho compreende a emergência do tema no interior da organização internacional, a dinâmica institucional em torno da questão e as propostas centradas na população negra na América Latina. Essas são abordadas com base nas interações estabelecidas entre a OPAS e um conjunto de agências intergovernamentais e organizações privadas com atuação relevante no domínio da saúde internacional. O envolvimento da OPAS com a temática étnico-racial fornece elementos para entendimento do duplo papel desempenhado por organizações intergovernamentais no novo cenário global: como atores sociais e arenas. Como ator social importante no campo da saúde internacional, a OPAS produziu e disseminou valores e enunciados prescritivos relacionados com a temática étnico-racial. Como arena, a organização mostrou-se permeável a interesses de origens variadas, com sua burocracia interna procurando movimentar-se em sintonia com os mesmos.
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Pires-Alves F, Paiva CHA, Hochman G. História, saúde e seus trabalhadores: da agenda internacional às políticas brasileiras. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2008; 13:819-29. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232008000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O artigo discute, em perspectiva histórica, as agendas dirigidas para a formação de trabalhadores e para a gestão do trabalho em saúde no Brasil, em especial as suas relações com os programas desenvolvidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Na primeira seção, discute-se o papel da história no campo da saúde coletiva. A priorização do tema do trabalho em saúde na agenda internacional parece apontar para uma potencial renovação das relações entre história e saúde. Na segunda seção, realiza-se um balanço histórico a respeito das agendas da OMS em torno do tema recursos humanos. Na terceira parte, constrói-se balanço similar a respeito das ações da OPAS. Na quarta parte, discute-se - a partir da experiência do Programa de Preparação Estratégica de Pessoal de Saúde (PPREPS) - a relação da agenda de trabalho nacional com a internacional em torno do desenvolvimento de recursos humanos, bem como se aponta para um conjunto de respostas adaptadas e soluções originais aos problemas da formação de pessoal de saúde dadas pelos técnicos brasileiros. Ao final, são levantadas algumas questões para discussão sobre a articulação entre história e as agendas de recursos humanos para a saúde discutida ao longo do artigo.
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