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Rodrigues VS, Trevisan LAC, Cintra BS, Pires RH, Ribeiro AB, Tavares DC, Oberhaus E, Ferreira JC. Effectiveness of photo-ozone therapy against equine Pythium insidiosum. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 134:105030. [PMID: 38342358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and ozone (O3) have been used individually in the treatment of infected wounds. The goals of the study were a) to characterize the antimicrobial action of the photo-ozone therapy (LLLT-O3) against equine Pythium insidiosum, and b) to assess the cytotoxic potential of the LLLT-O3 in keratinocytes. Specimens of pathogen were isolated from 10 horses. After culturing, 120 hyphae plugs were distributed among four groups (n=30 hyphae plugs/group): LLLT (laser irradiation for 160 sec;), O3 (exposition to O3 for 15 min;), LLLT-O3 (LLLT and O3 treatments in sequence) and control (untreated plugs). The hyphae growth was measured during the first 14 days post-treatment. Where there was an absence of hyphae growth, the plug was recultured for an additional 7 days. The cytotoxic potential of the treatments against HaCaT keratinocytes was assessed by colorimetric assays. The LLLT-O3 and O3 treatments inactivated, respectively, 92.3% (28/30) and 30% (9/30) of the samples. No growth was detected after 7 days reculture of inactivated hyphae plugs on new media. Hyphae growth was visualized in 100% of the control and LLLT hyphae plugs. The viability of HaCaT cells was not affected by the isolated treatments (LLLT and O3), while the LLLT-O3 showed slight cytotoxic effect (20%) when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Photo-ozone therapy inactivated equine P. insidiosum hyphae with minimal cytotoxicity in skin cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Rodrigues
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600
| | - L A C Trevisan
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600
| | - B S Cintra
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600
| | - R H Pires
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600
| | - A B Ribeiro
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600
| | - D C Tavares
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600
| | - E Oberhaus
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, 201D Animal & Food Sciences Lab Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 70803
| | - J C Ferreira
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Sciences, University of Franca, 201 Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, Franca, SP, Brazil, 14404-600.
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History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101080. [PMID: 34696188 PMCID: PMC8539095 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus-like microorganism Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using P. insidiosum antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. P. insidiosum crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local P. insidiosum infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available P. insidiosum genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.
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Chechi JL, Rotchanapreeda T, da Paz GS, Prado AC, Oliveira AL, Vieira JCS, Buzalaf MAR, Rodrigues AM, dos Santos LD, Krajaejun T, Bosco SDMG. Prospecting Biomarkers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches in Pythiosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:423. [PMID: 34071174 PMCID: PMC8229905 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis, whose etiological agent is the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, is a life-threatening disease that occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical countries, affecting several animal species. It is frequently found in horses in Brazil and humans in Thailand. The disease is difficult to diagnose because the pathogen's hyphae are often misdiagnosed as mucoromycete fungi in histological sections. Additionally, there is no specific antigen to use for rapid diagnosis, the availability of which could improve the prognosis in different animal species. In this scenario, we investigated which P. insidiosum antigens are recognized by circulating antibodies in horses and humans with pythiosis from Brazil and Thailand, respectively, using 2D immunoblotting followed by mass spectrometry for the identification of antigens. We identified 23 protein spots, 14 recognized by pooled serum from horses and humans. Seven antigens were commonly recognized by both species, such as the heat-shock cognate 70 KDa protein, the heat-shock 70 KDa protein, glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, aconitate hydratase, and 14-3-3 protein epsilon. These results demonstrate that there are common antigens recognized by the immune responses of horses and humans, and these antigens may be studied as biomarkers for improving diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Luana Chechi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (J.C.S.V.)
| | - Tiwa Rotchanapreeda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.R.); (T.K.)
| | - Giselle Souza da Paz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.S.d.P.); (A.L.O.)
| | - Ana Carolina Prado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (J.C.S.V.)
| | - Alana Lucena Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.S.d.P.); (A.L.O.)
| | - José Cavalcante Souza Vieira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (J.C.S.V.)
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil;
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - Lucilene Delazari dos Santos
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.R.); (T.K.)
| | - Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (J.C.S.V.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.S.d.P.); (A.L.O.)
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Rossato C, Fiss L, Sperotto V, Cardona R, Silva R. Pythiosis with atypical location in the soft palate in a horse in Southern Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Fiss
- Universidade de Cruz Alta, Brazil
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Cardona JA, Vargas-Viloria M, Perdomo S. FRECUENCIA DE PYTHIOSIS CUTÁNEA EN CABALLOS DE PRODUCCIÓN EN EXPLOTACIONES GANADERAS DE CÓRDOBA, COLOMBIA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v61n1.43882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Marcolongo-Pereira C, Sallis ESV, Raffi MB, Pereira DIB, Hinnah FL, Coelho ACB, Schild AL. Epidemiologia da pitiose equina na Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foi realizado um levantamento dos casos de pitiose equina recebidos no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no período de janeiro de 1979 a julho de 2011, com o objetivo de determinar as condições epidemiológicas em que a doença ocorre na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse período foram recebidos 1888 materiais de equinos, dos quais, 435 eram provenientes do sistema tegumentar e 63 (14,5%) corresponderam à pitiose. Os animais afetados eram de ambos os sexos com idades variando entre oito meses e 22 anos. A raça mais frequentemente afetada foi a Crioula. A maioria dos casos de pitiose foi encaminhada ao laboratório entre março e junho. A evolução das lesões de pitiose variou de duas semanas até um ano. Os municípios com maior número de casos de pitiose foram Pelotas (22/63) Santa Vitória do Palmar (15/63) e Rio Grande (8/63). Foi observado que na maioria dos casos, no mês provável de infecção a temperatura máxima foi superior ou próxima a 30°C em pelo menos um dia. A observação de casos em épocas mais frias do ano pode ser devido ao fato da temperatura de águas estagnadas ser mais elevada que a temperatura ambiental o que permite o desenvolvimento das estruturas infectantes de Pythium insidiosum.
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Grecco FB, Schild AL, Quevedo P, Assis-Brasil ND, Kommers GD, Marcolongo-Pereira C, Soares MP. Pitiose cutânea em bovinos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009001100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Descreve-se a ocorrência de pitiose cutânea em bovinos de corte na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais foram introduzidos em área alagada e desenvolveram lesões cutâneas ulcerativas e úmidas, de tamanhos variados, localizadas na região distal dos membros e no chanfro nasal. Histologicamente, as lesões eram caracterizadas por múltiplos granulomas com hifas intralesionais, melhor observadas pela coloração de metenamina nitrato de prata de Gomori, e circundadas por abundante tecido conjuntivo fibroso. O diagnóstico foi realizado com base na epidemiologia, lesões macroscópicas e histológicas e pela reação imuno-histoquímica positiva com anticorpo policlonal anti-Pythium insidiosum. A morbidade foi de 23,8% e os animais adoeceram 15-90 dias após a introdução na área alagada. Em todos os casos as lesões evoluíram para a cura sem tratamento. Sugere-se que a doença possa ser mais frequente em bovinos do que se supõe, principalmente em áreas alagadas da região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul.
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Trost ME, Gabriel AL, Masuda EK, Fighera RA, Irigoyen LF, Kommers GD. Aspectos clínicos, morfológicos e imuno-histoquímicos da pitiose gastrintestinal canina. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009000800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Através de um estudo retrospectivo dos casos de biópsias e necropsias de cães recebidos no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, constatou-se a ocorrência de dois casos confirmados e de quatro casos suspeitos de pitiose gastrintestinal canina. Os dois casos diagnosticados e publicados tiveram a etiologia confirmada através da cultura e indução de zoosporogênese ou por nested-PCR. Neste estudo utilizou-se a técnica de imuno-histoquímica com anticorpo policlonal anti-Pythium insidiosum para confirmação da etiologia dos quatro casos suspeitos. A epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, características histoquímicas e imuno-histoquímicas e diagnósticos diferenciais são relatados e discutidos.
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De Moraes Gimenes Bosco S, De Moraes Gimenes Bosco S, Martins Reis G, Cordeiro Theodoro R, Assis Da Graça Macoris S, Alencar Marques S, Da Graça Macoris D, Bagagli E. Morphological and molecular characterization of an equine isolate ofPythium insidiosumand comparison with the first human isolate from the same geographic region. Med Mycol 2008; 46:557-65. [DOI: 10.1080/13693780801975014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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