[National campaign to detect suspected diabetes cases in Brazil: a preliminary report]

Educational strategies for the prevention of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity

Objective:

The main goal of this work was to produce a review of educational strategies to prevent diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.

Method:

PubMed database was consulted using combined descriptors such as [Prevention], [Educational Activities], [Diabetes], [Hypertension], and [Obesity]. Data from randomized trials published between 2002 and 2014 were included in spreadsheets for analysis in duplicate by the reviewers.

Results:

A total of 8,908 articles were found, of which 1,539 were selected about diabetes mellitus (DM, n=369), arterial systemic hypertension (ASH, n=200), and obesity (OBES, n=970). The number of free full text articles available was 1,075 (DM = 276, ASH = 118 and OBES = 681). In most of these studies, demographic characteristics such as gender and age were randomized, and the population mainly composed by students, ethnic groups, family members, pregnant, health or education professionals, patients with chronic diseases (DM, ASH, OBES) or other comorbidities. Group dynamics, physical activity practices, nutritional education, questionnaires, interviews, employment of new technologies, people training and workshops were the main intervention strategies used.

Conclusion:

The most efficient interventions occurred at community level, whenever the intervention was permanent or maintained for long periods, and relied on the continuous education of community health workers that had a constant interference inside the population covered. Many studies focused their actions in children and adolescents, especially on students, because they were more influenced by educational activities of prevention, and the knowledge acquired by them would spread more easily to their family and to society.

Promoção da saúde e diabetes: discutindo a adesão e a motivação de indivíduos diabéticos participantes de programas de saúde

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, por meio de revisão sistemática, informações publicadas sobre a adesão e a motivação de pessoas portadoras de diabetes mellitus (DM) participantes de programas de saúde que visam ao estímulo à adoção de um estilo de vida saudável. Deu-se ênfase à ingestão de dieta adequada e à realização regular de exercícios físicos, enfocando tanto percepções e conhecimentos acerca da doença pelo portador de DM e seus cuidadores quanto a importância da mudança no estilo de vida, evidenciando-se caminhos a se buscar para melhora da qualidade de vida, demonstrando que é possível viver bem mesmo sendo portador de uma doença crônica como o DM. Para a revisão sistemática, consultaram-se publicações das principais bases de dados em saúde pública (Medline, Lilacs e Scielo, dentre outras) no período de 1994 a 2006. Foram selecionados 37 artigos que tratam do assunto saúde e doença versus diabetes nas mais variadas formas. Retrataram-se dificuldades diárias sentidas pelo portador de DM e por seus familiares para o controle da doença. Tais dificuldades podem influenciar diretamente na adesão do portador de DM ao tratamento prescrito. Assim, os fatores comportamentais e emocionais apresentados por paciente devem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de saúde para assistência integral a essa população.

[Economic evaluation of pharmacotherapeutic follow-up in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in community pharmacies]

OBJECTIVE

Assess economics results of Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up (PF) in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in community pharmacies from additional Health system.

METHODS

In a prospective clinic study, 161 patients were divided into two groups, of which only one group received PF for 12 months. From the results, we calculated data of effectiveness and costs. The primary endpoint was the economic evaluation PF by using an indicator of effectiveness (changes in glycated hemoglobin), which was related to the costs of pharmaceutical care. Secondary endpoints were values of blood pressure, waist circumference and body mass index of patients, also related to costs of pharmaceutical care.

RESULTS

A real reduction of 1.3% of HbA1 was observed in the PF group, in comparison to control group. The annual cost of the reduction in 1% in HbA1 values in the PF group patients was $45.15. This feature to improve the control of type 2 diabetic patients can be implemented with annual investments of about $225.76 per patient, using PF and monitoring of blood glucose test.

CONCLUSIONS

It is possible to reduce the HbA1 values to desired levels by using PF. This can be considered an additional resource for the attainment of metabolic control, resulting in this study a cost of $37.62 per patient, per year, to reduce 1% in the HbA1 values.

Tradução para o português e validação do instrumento Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brasil)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do questionário de medida da qualidade de vida em diabetes (DQOL). MÉTODOS: O DQOL foi traduzido ao português segundo protocolo e aplicado em 121 indivíduos (56,2% mulheres), com tempo diagnóstico médio de diabetes melito tipo 2 de 8,1 ± 7,13 anos e na faixa etária de 32 a 89 anos. RESULTADOS: O instrumento apresentou consistência interna total (alfa de Cronbach = 0,92). Todas as questões apresentaram correlação positiva (p < 0,01) com seus domínios e com o escore geral do questionário, exceto as questões 18 e 35, que requereram exclusão da versão traduzida. O instrumento foi capaz de diferenciar pacientes com HbA1c acima e abaixo de 9% (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: O DQOL-Brasil apresenta aspectos de confiabilidade e validade adequados para sua utilização em pacientes adultos com diabetes tipo 2.

[Economic analysis of a screening program for diabetes mellitus in Brazil]

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and costly public health concern and an expressive number of affected individuals have undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. In 2001, the Brazilian Ministry of Health conducted a national diabetes screening campaign. The purpose of this study was to estimate the yield and economic impact of this screening strategy.

METHODS

Based on positive screenees (fasting glucose >100 mg/dL or nonfasting >140 mg/dL) probable new cases of diabetes were estimated and a decision analytic model was built up. Primary and secondary data were used to estimate screening cost (in Brazilian Reais, R$) and yield (new cases of diabetes detected), assuming a single-payer-perspective. Sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Assuming a prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus of 4.8%, probable new cases of diabetes were 518,579 (23 new cases per 1,000 subjects screened), considering that 33% of positive-screening individuals underwent confirmatory glucose testing. The cost per new case of diabetes diagnosed would be R$89. The results were sensitive to percentage of confirmatory tests performed.

CONCLUSIONS

The costs of nationwide community screening in Brazil were significant, however, in absolute terms lower than those described by other countries.