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Huang X, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Deng S, He Q, Han H. Transcriptomic and targeted metabolome analyses revealed the regulatory mechanisms of the synthesis of bioactive compounds in Citrus grandis 'tomentosa'. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16881. [PMID: 38410798 PMCID: PMC10896087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exocarpium Citri Grandis is a popular Chinese herbal medicine prepared from Citrus grandis 'tomentosa', and it is rich in several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, coumarins, and volatile oils. However, studies are yet to elucidate the mechanisms of synthesis and regulation of these active components. Therefore, the present study examined the profiles of flavonoids and volatile oil bioactive compounds in plant petals, fruits, and tender leaves, and then performed RNA sequencing on different tissues to identify putative genes involved in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. The results show that the naringin, naringenin, and coumarin contents of the fruitlets were significantly higher than those of the tender leaves and petals, whereas the tender leaves had significantly higher levels of rhoifolin and apigenin. A total of 49 volatile oils, of which 10 were mainly found in flowers, 15 were mainly found in fruits, and 18 were mainly found in leaves, were identified. RNA sequencing identified 9,942 genes that were differentially expressed in different tissues. Further analysis showed that 20, 15, and 74 differentially expressed genes were involved in regulating flavonoid synthesis, regulating coumarin synthesis, and synthesis and regulation of terpenoids, respectively. CHI1 (Cg7g005600) and 1,2Rhat gene (Cg1g023820) may be involved in the regulation of naringin synthesis in C. grandis fruits. The HDR (Cg8g006150) gene, HMGS gene (Cg5g009630) and GGPS (Cg1g003650) may be involved in the regulation and synthesis of volatile oils in C. grandis petals. Overall, the findings of the present study enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolites in C. grandis, which could promote the breeding of C. grandis with desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technique Research Center for Exocarpium Citri Grandis Planting and Processing, Maoming, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Yanqing Zhou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Shiting Deng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Qinqin He
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technique Research Center for Exocarpium Citri Grandis Planting and Processing, Maoming, China
| | - Hanbing Han
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technique Research Center for Exocarpium Citri Grandis Planting and Processing, Maoming, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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Ma S, Zhou H, Ren T, Yu ER, Feng B, Wang J, Zhang C, Zhou C, Li Y. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that HaMYB1 modulates anthocyanin accumulation to deepen sunflower flower color. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:74. [PMID: 38379014 PMCID: PMC10879246 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE HanMYB1 was found to play positive roles in the modulation of anthocyanins metabolism based on the integrative analysis of different color cultivars and the related molecular genetic analyses. As a high value ornamental and edible crop with various colors, sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) provide an ideal system to understand the formation of flower color. Anthocyanins are major pigments in higher plants, which is associated with development of flower colors and ability of oxidation resistance. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of the transcriptome and flavonoid metabolome in five sunflower cultivars with different flower colors. According to differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated flavonoids, these cultivars could be grouped into yellow and red. The results showed that more anthocyanins were accumulated in the red group flowers, especially the chrysanthemin. Some anthocyanins biosynthesis-related genes like UFGT (UDP-glycose flavonoid glycosyltransferase) also expressed more in the red group flowers. A MYB transcriptional factor, HanMYB1, was found to play vital positive roles in the modulation of anthocyanins metabolism by the integrative analysis. Overexpressed HanMYB1 in tobacco could deepen the flower color, increase the accumulation of anthocyanins and directly active the express of UFGT genes. Our findings indicated that the MYB transcriptional factors provide new insight into the dynamic regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in facilitating sunflower color formation and anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- Marine Agriculture Research Center/Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Yichang Key Laboratory of Omics-Based Breeding for Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Marine Agriculture Research Center/Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Er-Ru Yu
- Guizhou Institute of Oil Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Guizhou Institute of Oil Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Juying Wang
- Technical Innovation Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land in Huangsanjiao Agricultural High-Tech, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center/Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Yichang Key Laboratory of Omics-Based Breeding for Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center/Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Transcriptomic and Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Auricularia cornea. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072334. [PMID: 35408732 PMCID: PMC9000485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, which are abundant in plants, are recognized for their antioxidant and anticancer roles in clinical applications. However, little is known about the molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis in fungi. In this study, we found that inclusion of leachate of Korshinsk peashrub (Caragana korshinskii) in the fermentation medium increased the total flavonoid content of the edible fungus Auricularia cornea by 23.6% relative to that grown in a control medium. Combined transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic analysis of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in A. cornea illustrated that there are important metabolites in the phenylpropanoid, coumarin and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, we found that certain homologous genes encode phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) in these biosynthesis pathways. These results, in this study, provide a new line for studying the regulation of flavonoid production in edible fungi.
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Mohd Afandi NS, Habib MAH, Ismail MN. Recent insights on gene expression studies on Hevea Brasiliensis fatal leaf fall diseases. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:471-484. [PMID: 35400887 PMCID: PMC8943083 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hevea brasiliensis is one of the most important agricultural commodities globally, heavily cultivated in Southeast Asia. Fatal leaf fall diseases cause aggressive leaf defoliation, linked to lower latex yield and death of crops before maturity. Due to the significant consequences of the disease to H. brasiliensis, the recent gene expression studies from four fall leaf diseases of H. brasiliensis were gathered; South American leaf blight, powdery mildew, Corynespora cassiicola and Phytophthora leaf fall disease. The differential analysis observed the pattern of commonly expressed genes upon fungi triggers using RT-PCR, DDRT-PCR, Real-time qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq. We have observed that RNA-Seq is the best tool to seek novel genes. Among the identified genes with defence-against fungi were pathogenesis-related genes such as β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase, the reactive oxygen species, and the phytoalexin biosynthesis. This manuscript also provided functional elaboration on the responsive genes and predicted possible biosynthetic pathways to identify and characterise novel genes in the future. At the end of the manuscript, the PCR methods and proteomic approaches were presented for future molecular and biochemical studies in the related diseases to H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syafiqah Mohd Afandi
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Afiq Hazlami Habib
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
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Matvieieva NA, Morgun BV, Lakhneko OR, Duplij VP, Shakhovsky AM, Ratushnyak YI, Sidorenko M, Mickevicius S, Yevtushenko DP. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation enhances the antioxidant potential of Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:177-183. [PMID: 32422534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genus Artemisia L. have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. These aromatic plants produce and accumulate a wide range of potent secondary metabolites, many of which have shown antioxidant, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer activities. Enhanced biosynthesis of these compounds is a prerequisite for comprehensive studies of their therapeutic properties and cost-efficient use. Transformation of plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes native root locus (rol) genes is a promising approach to increase the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation on the flavonoid contents in hairy roots of medicinal herb A. tilesii Ledeb. Transgenic A. tilesii hairy root lines were analyzed for stable integration of the rolB and rolC transgenes into the plant genome, total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities of extracts, and the spatiotemporal expression of two flavonoid biosynthetic genes, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS). The flavonoid contents of A. tilesii directly correlated with the antiradical activity and reducing power of their respective lines, with the greatest antioxidant activity found in the plants with the highest level of total flavonoids. Furthermore, all hairy root lines demonstrated altered expression of plant native PAL and CHS genes. Most importantly, A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation enhanced the biosynthesis of natural antioxidants in A. tilesii, producing almost twice the amount of flavonoids than controls. These findings provide an opportunity for the identification of the bioactive molecules in A. tilesii extracts and their potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiia A Matvieieva
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Bogdan V Morgun
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Olha R Lakhneko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr P Duplij
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Anatolij M Shakhovsky
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Yakiv I Ratushnyak
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Dmytro P Yevtushenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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Zhao C, Wang F, Lian Y, Xiao H, Zheng J. Biosynthesis of citrus flavonoids and their health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:566-583. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1544885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Lian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pandey A, Alok A, Lakhwani D, Singh J, Asif MH, Trivedi PK. Genome-wide Expression Analysis and Metabolite Profiling Elucidate Transcriptional Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Modulation under Abiotic Stresses in Banana. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31361. [PMID: 27539368 PMCID: PMC4990921 DOI: 10.1038/srep31361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid biosynthesis is largely regulated at the transcriptional level due to the modulated expression of genes related to the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants. Although accumulation of different flavonoids has been reported in banana, a staple fruit crop, no detailed information is available on regulation of the biosynthesis in this important plant. We carried out genome-wide analysis of banana (Musa acuminata, AAA genome) and identified 28 genes belonging to 9 gene families associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Expression analysis suggested spatial and temporal regulation of the identified genes in different tissues of banana. Analysis revealed enhanced expression of genes related to flavonol and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in peel and pulp at the early developmental stages of fruit. Genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were highly expressed during banana fruit ripening. In general, higher accumulation of metabolites was observed in the peel as compared to pulp tissue. A correlation between expression of genes and metabolite content was observed at the early stage of fruit development. Furthermore, this study also suggests regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, at transcriptional level, under light and dark exposures as well as methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment in banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, INDIA.,National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Anshu Alok
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Deepika Lakhwani
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, INDIA
| | - Jagdeep Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Mehar H Asif
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, INDIA
| | - Prabodh K Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, INDIA
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Dilshad E, Ismail H, Haq IU, Cusido RM, Palazon J, Ramirez-Estrada K, Mirza B. Rol genes enhance the biosynthesis of antioxidants in Artemisia carvifolia Buch. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:125. [PMID: 27251864 PMCID: PMC4890517 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secondary metabolites of the Artemisia genus are well known for their important therapeutic properties. This genus is one of the valuable sources of flavonoids and other polyphenols, but due to the low contents of these important metabolites, there is a need to either enhance their concentration in the original plant or seek alternative sources for them. The aim of the current study was to detect and enhance the yield of antioxidant compounds of Artemisia carvifolia Buch. HPLC analysis was performed to detect the antioxidants. With the aim of increasing flavonoid content, Rol gene transgenics of A. carvifolia were established. Two genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, were studied by real time qPCR. Antioxidant potential was determined by performing different antioxidant assays. RESULTS HPLC analysis of wild-type A. carvifolia revealed the presence of flavonoids such as caffeic acid (30 μg/g DW), quercetin (10 μg/g DW), isoquercetin (400 μg/g DW) and rutin (300 μg/g DW). Compared to the untransformed plants, flavonoid levels increased 1.9-6-fold and 1.6-4-fold in rol B and rol C transgenics, respectively. RT qPCR analysis showed a variable expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes, including those encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, which were found to be relatively more expressed in transformed than wild-type plants, thus correlating with the metabolite concentration. Methanolic extracts of transgenics showed higher antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and protection against free radical-induced DNA damage. Among the transgenic plants, those harboring rol B were slightly more active than the rol C-transformants. CONCLUSION As well as demonstrating the effectiveness of rol genes in inducing plant secondary metabolism, this study provides insight into the molecular dynamics of the flavonoid accumulation pattern, which correlated with the expression of biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Dilshad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan-Ul- Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rosa Maria Cusido
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Lo Piero AR. The State of the Art in Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins and Its Regulation in Pigmented Sweet Oranges [(Citrus sinensis) L. Osbeck]. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4031-4041. [PMID: 25871434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid compound family involved in nature in several aspects of plant development and defense. By bestowing much of the color and flavor on fruits and vegetables, they are components of the human diet and, thanks to their radical-scavenging properties, are not considered exclusively as food products but also as therapeutic agents. Several cultivars of red (or blood) oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], such as Tarocco, Moro, and Sanguinello, are characterized by the presence of anthocyanins in both the rind and fruit juice vesicles. The amount and composition of anthocyanins in the pigmented orange cultivar vary greatly depending on variety, maturity, region of cultivation, and many other environmental conditions. Most of the blood orange varieties require a wide day-night thermal range to maximize color formation. Therefore, the production of red oranges characterized by high anthocyanin levels is limited to a few regions and in particular to the Sicilian area around Mount Etna in Italy, where the characteristic climate conditions yield fruits of unique color intensity and quality. In this review, both the basic information and the most recent advances in red orange anthocyanins are reported, with intense attention given to their biosynthesis and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Roberta Lo Piero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Abstract
Ripening of fleshy fruit is a differentiation process involving biochemical and biophysical changes that lead to the accumulation of sugars and subsequent changes in tissue texture. Also affected are phenolic compounds, which confer color, flavor/aroma, and resistance to pathogen invasion and adverse environmental conditions. These phenolic compounds, which are the products of branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway, appear to be closely linked to fruit ripening processes. Three key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, namely phenylalanine ammonia lyase, O-methyltransferase, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) have been reported to modulate various end products including lignin and protect plants against adverse conditions. In addition, peroxidase, the enzyme following CAD in the phenylpropanoid pathway, has also been associated with injury, wound repair, and disease resistance. However, the role of these enzymes in fruit ripening is a matter of only recent investigation and information is lacking on the relationships between phenylpropanoid metabolism and fruit ripening processes. Understanding the role of these enzymes in fruit ripening and their manipulation may possibly be valuable for delineating the regulatory network that controls the expression of ripening genes in fruit. This review elucidates the functional characterization of these key phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes/genes during fruit ripening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Singh
- Authors Singh and Dwivedi are with Dept. of Biochemistry, Lucknow Univ., Lucknow 226007, India. Author Rastogi is with Dept. of Biotechnology, Integral Univ., Lucknow 226026, India. Direct inquiries to author Dwivedi (E-mail: )
| | - Smita Rastogi
- Authors Singh and Dwivedi are with Dept. of Biochemistry, Lucknow Univ., Lucknow 226007, India. Author Rastogi is with Dept. of Biotechnology, Integral Univ., Lucknow 226026, India. Direct inquiries to author Dwivedi (E-mail: )
| | - Upendra N Dwivedi
- Authors Singh and Dwivedi are with Dept. of Biochemistry, Lucknow Univ., Lucknow 226007, India. Author Rastogi is with Dept. of Biotechnology, Integral Univ., Lucknow 226026, India. Direct inquiries to author Dwivedi (E-mail: )
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