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Möhlhenrich SC, Chhatwani S, Schmidt P, Kniha K, Postberg J, Schulte AG, Jackowski J, Zimmer S, Danesh G. Orthodontic findings and treatment need in patients with amelogenesis imperfecta: a descriptive analysis. Head Face Med 2024; 20:36. [PMID: 38877506 PMCID: PMC11179351 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-024-00436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a genetically determined, non-syndromic enamel dysplasia that may manifest as hypoplasia, hypomaturation, or hypocalcification and can commonly be classified into four primary groups. In this retrospective analysis, specific orofacial characteristics are described and associated with each of the AI types based on a patient cohort from Witten/Herdecke University, Germany. METHODS Data from 19 patients (ten male and nine female, mean age 12.27 ± 4.06 years) with AI who presented at the Department of Orthodontics between July 2011 and December 2023 were analyzed. Baseline skeletal and dental conditions were assessed, including the presence of hypodontia, displacements, and taurodontism. AI was classified into classes I-IV based on phenotype. Treatment needs were evaluated according to the main findings following the German KIG classification, while the radiological enamel situation was determined using panoramic radiographs. RESULTS An approximately equal distribution between classes II and III was found and a slight inclination toward a dolichofacial configuration (ΔML-NSL: 5.07 ± 9.23°, ΔML-NL: 4.24 ± 8.04°). Regarding orthodontic findings, disturbance in tooth eruption as well as open bite were the most prevalent issues (both 36.8%, n = 7). The most common AI classes were type I and II, which show an almost even distribution about the skeletal classes in sagittal dimension, while dolichofacial configuration was found most frequently in vertical dimension. CONCLUSION Both clinical and radiological orthodontic findings in context with AI are subject to extensive distribution. It seems that no specific orofacial findings can be confirmed in association with AI with regard to the common simple classes I-IV. It may be more appropriate to differentiate the many subtypes according to their genetic aspects to identify possible associated orthodontic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachin Chhatwani
- Department of Orthodontics, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen Str. 45, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen Str. 45, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Kristian Kniha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen Str. 50, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Andreas G Schulte
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen Str. 45, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Jochen Jackowski
- Department of Oral Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen Str. 45, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmer
- Faculty of Health, Department of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448, Witten, Germany
| | - Gholamreza Danesh
- Department of Orthodontics, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen Str. 45, 58455, Witten, Germany
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Thampan N, Ramya R, Swarnalakshmi R, Rajkumar K, Savithri S, Divyalakshmi G. Analysis of ENAM gene single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3796704 with caries susceptibility in young adult Tamil population. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:226-231. [PMID: 34703114 PMCID: PMC8491349 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.325119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dental caries is as primeval as humanity, but still, investigations are undergoing regarding the etiopathogenesis behind this multifactorial disease. Genetics is known to play a vital role in the etiology behind dental caries in addition to environmental and socioeconomic factors. Genetic variations like single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extensively studied in the past decade to portray the etiopathogenesis contributing to dental caries. Aim: This investigation was undertaken to analyze the ENAM gene SNP rs3796704 with caries susceptibility in ethnic young adult Tamil population of India. Materials and Methods: Out of 370 patients included, 215 patients belonged to the high caries group (Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth [DMFT] ≥2) and 155 patients belonged to the low caries group (DMFT ≤ 1). DNA was extracted from the blood of all the individuals. SNP genotyping was performed utilizing tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Results: The genotyping results showed that there were no differences in allelic (P = 0.114) and genotypic frequencies (P = 0.159) between the high caries and low caries groups. Conclusion: Future studies can be conducted in larger samples and different ethnicities around the globe to analyze the role played by SNPs of enamel formation genes in cariogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveditha Thampan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Ramya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Swarnalakshmi
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K Rajkumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Savithri
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Divyalakshmi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Schneider PM, Silva M. Endemic Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: a Pandemic Problem That Requires Monitoring by the Entire Health Care Community. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:283-288. [PMID: 29728996 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review brings a major, previously under-recognized dental and general health problem to the attention of the medical and scientific community. The goals are to help clinicians make early diagnoses, thereby improving treatment outcomes, and to stimulate increasing research efforts to understand the etiology and ultimately prevention. RECENT FINDINGS There are two recent systematic reviews of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). One reveals the global burden of the condition; mean global prevalence is 13% with 878 million people affected, with 4.8 million cases per year requiring treatment. The review into etiology found a lack of definitive knowledge, but that it is likely to be multifactorial, with childhood illness including fever possibly implicated. The review presents details of MIH sufficient to enable clinicians to recognize it and understand its impact on affected children, its management, and the importance of early intervention. Much further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Schneider
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Margarita Silva
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Brookes SJ, Barron MJ, Smith CEL, Poulter JA, Mighell AJ, Inglehearn CF, Brown CJ, Rodd H, Kirkham J, Dixon MJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta caused by N-terminal enamelin point mutations in mice and men is driven by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1863-1876. [PMID: 28334996 PMCID: PMC5411757 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Amelogenesis imperfecta’ (AI) describes a group of inherited diseases of dental enamel that have major clinical impact. Here, we identify the aetiology driving AI in mice carrying a p.S55I mutation in enamelin; one of the most commonly mutated proteins underlying AI in humans. Our data indicate that the mutation inhibits the ameloblast secretory pathway leading to ER stress and an activated unfolded protein response (UPR). Initially, with the support of the UPR acting in pro-survival mode, Enamp.S55I heterozygous mice secreted structurally normal enamel. However, enamel secreted thereafter was structurally abnormal; presumably due to the UPR modulating ameloblast behaviour and function in an attempt to relieve ER stress. Homozygous mutant mice failed to produce enamel. We also identified a novel heterozygous ENAMp.L31R mutation causing AI in humans. We hypothesize that ER stress is the aetiological factor in this case of human AI as it shared the characteristic phenotype described above for the Enamp.S55I mouse. We previously demonstrated that AI in mice carrying the Amelxp.Y64H mutation is a proteinopathy. The current data indicate that AI in Enamp.S55I mice is also a proteinopathy, and based on comparative phenotypic analysis, we suggest that human AI resulting from the ENAMp.L31R mutation is another proteinopathic disease. Identifying a common aetiology for AI resulting from mutations in two different genes opens the way for developing pharmaceutical interventions designed to relieve ER stress or modulate the UPR during enamel development to ameliorate the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brookes
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building University Of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Martin J Barron
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Claire E L Smith
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Catriona J Brown
- Birmingham Dental Hospital and School of Dentistry, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Helen Rodd
- Unit of Oral Health and Development, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building University Of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Jeremias F, Koruyucu M, Küchler EC, Bayram M, Tuna EB, Deeley K, Pierri RA, Souza JF, Fragelli CMB, Paschoal MAB, Gencay K, Seymen F, Caminaga RMS, dos Santos-Pinto L, Vieira AR. Genes expressed in dental enamel development are associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1434-42. [PMID: 23790503 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disturbances during dental development influence variation of number and shape of the dentition. In this study, we tested if genetic variation in enamel formation genes is associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), also taking into consideration caries experience. DNA samples from 163 cases with MIH and 82 unaffected controls from Turkey, and 71 cases with MIH and 89 unaffected controls from Brazil were studied. Eleven markers in five genes [ameloblastin (AMBN), amelogenin (AMELX), enamelin (ENAM), tuftelin (TUFT1), and tuftelin-interacting protein 11 (TFIP11)] were genotyped by the TaqMan method. Chi-square was used to compare allele and genotype frequencies between cases with MIH and controls. In the Brazilian data, distinct caries experience within the MIH group was also tested for association with genetic variation in enamel formation genes. The ENAM rs3796704 marker was associated with MIH in both populations (Brazil: p=0.03; OR=0.28; 95% C.I.=0.06-1.0; Turkey: p=1.22e-012; OR=17.36; 95% C.I.=5.98-56.78). Associations between TFIP11 (p=0.02), ENAM (p=0.00001), and AMELX (p=0.01) could be seen with caries independent of having MIH or genomic DNA copies of Streptococcus mutans detected by real time PCR in the Brazilian sample. Several genes involved in enamel formation appear to contribute to MIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Jeremias
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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