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Polymorphisms in the Renin-Angiotensin System and eNOS Glu298Asp Genes Are Associated with Increased Risk for Essential Hypertension in a Mexican Population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:4944238. [PMID: 36845669 PMCID: PMC9957645 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4944238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Essential hypertension is the result of modifiable and genetic factors, and it is associated with increased risk for atherothrombosis. Some polymorphisms are associated with hypertensive disease. The objective was to analyze the association between eNOS Glu298Asp, MTHR C677T, AGT M235T, AGT T174M, and A1166C and ACE I/D polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the Mexican population. Materials and Methods In the present study, 224 patients with essential hypertension and 208 subjects without hypertension were included. The Glu298Asp, C677T, M235T, T174M, A1166C, and I/D polymorphisms were determined by the PCR-RFLP technique. Results We found statistical differences in age, gender, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol between control and cases. However, we found no significant differences in HbA1c and triglycerides between both groups. We observed statistical significant differences in the genotype distribution of Glu298Asp (P = 0.001), I/D (P = 0.02), and M235T (P = 0.004) polymorphisms between both groups. In contrast, there were no differences related to distribution of genotypes of MTHFR C677T (P = 0.12), M174T (P = 0.46), and A1166C (P = 0.85) between cases and control groups. Conclusions We identified that Glu298Asp, I/D, and M234T polymorphisms represented an increased risk for essential hypertension and those genetic variants could contribute to the presence of endothelial dysfunction and vasopressor effect, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells, which had an impact for hypertension. In contrast, we found no association between C677C, M174T, and A1166C polymorphisms and hypertensive disease. We suggested that those genetic variants could be identified in individuals with high risk to avoid hypertension and thrombotic disease.
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Habeeb E, Aldosari S, Saghir SA, Cheema M, Momenah T, Husain K, Omidi Y, Rizvi SA, Akram M, Ansari RA. Role of Environmental Toxicants in the Development of Hypertensive and Cardiovascular Diseases. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:521-533. [PMID: 35371924 PMCID: PMC8971584 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hypertension with diabetes mellitus (DM) as a co-morbid condition is on the rise worldwide. In 2000, an estimated 972 million adults had hypertension, which is predicted to grow to 1.56 billion by 2025. Hypertension often leads to diabetes mellitus that strongly puts the patients at an increased risk of cardiovascular, kidney, and/or atherosclerotic diseases. Hypertension has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of diabetes; patients with hypertension are at two-to-three-fold higher risk of developing diabetes than patients with normal blood pressure (BP). Causes for the increase in hypertension and diabetes are not well understood, environmental factors (e.g., exposure to environmental toxicants like heavy metals, organic solvents, pesticides, alcohol, and urban lifestyle) have been postulated as one of the reasons contributing to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The mechanism of action(s) of these toxicants in developing hypertension and CVDs is not well defined. Research studies have linked hypertension with the chronic consumption of alcohol and exposure to metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic have also been linked to hypertension and CVD. Workers chronically exposed to styrene have a higher incidence of CVD. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to particulate matter (PM) in diesel exhaust and urban air contributes to increased CVD and mortality. In this review, we have imparted the role of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, PM, alcohol, and some drugs in hypertension and CVD along with possible mechanisms and limitations in extrapolating animal data to humans. Rising incidence of hypertension may be linked to chronic exposure with environmental toxicants. Urban lifestyle and alcohol intake may be responsible for increased incidence of hypertension among urbanites. Exposure with organic solvent, heavy metals and pesticides could also be contributing to the rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Habeeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Saad Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Shakil A. Saghir
- The Scotts Company LLC, Marysville, OH 43041, USA
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Cheema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Tahani Momenah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Kazim Husain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology (FOB-2), Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Syed A.A. Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, VA 23668, USA
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rais A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Xu Y, Rong J, Zhang Z. The emerging role of angiotensinogen in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:68-78. [PMID: 32572956 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of all angiotensin peptides. Many of the basic understandings of AGT in cardiovascular diseases have come from research efforts to define its effects on blood pressure regulation. The development of novel techniques targeting AGT manipulation such as genetic animal models, adeno-associated viral approaches, and antisense oligonucleotides made it possible to deeply investigate the relationship between AGT and cardiovascular diseases. In this brief review, we provide contemporary insights into the emerging role of AGT in cardiovascular diseases. In light of the recent progress, we emphasize some newly recognized features and mechanisms of AGT in heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Fajar JK, Pikir BS, Sidarta EP, Saka PNB, Akbar RR, Tamara F, Mayasari ED, Gunawan A, Heriansyah T. The genes polymorphism of angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and AGT T174M in patients with essential hypertension: A meta-analysis. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Manosroi W, Williams GH. Genetics of Human Primary Hypertension: Focus on Hormonal Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:825-856. [PMID: 30590482 PMCID: PMC6936319 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, primary hypertension is being considered a syndrome and not a disease, with the individual causes (diseases) having a common sign-an elevated blood pressure. To determine these causes, genetic tools are increasingly employed. This review identified 62 proposed genes. However, only 21 of them met our inclusion criteria: (i) primary hypertension, (ii) two or more supporting cohorts from different publications or within a single publication or one supporting cohort with a confirmatory genetically modified animal study, and (iii) 600 or more subjects in the primary cohort; when including our exclusion criteria: (i) meta-analyses or reviews, (ii) secondary and monogenic hypertension, (iii) only hypertensive complications, (iv) genes related to blood pressure but not hypertension per se, (v) nonsupporting studies more common than supporting ones, and (vi) studies that did not perform a Bonferroni or similar multiassessment correction. These 21 genes were organized in a four-tiered structure: distant phenotype (hypertension); intermediate phenotype [salt-sensitive (18) or salt-resistant (0)]; subintermediate phenotypes under salt-sensitive hypertension [normal renin (4), low renin (8), and unclassified renin (6)]; and proximate phenotypes (specific genetically driven hypertensive subgroup). Many proximate hypertensive phenotypes had a substantial endocrine component. In conclusion, primary hypertension is a syndrome; many proposed genes are likely to be false positives; and deep phenotyping will be required to determine the utility of genetics in the treatment of hypertension. However, to date, the positive genes are associated with nearly 50% of primary hypertensives, suggesting that in the near term precise, mechanistically driven treatment and prevention strategies for the specific primary hypertension subgroups are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapaka Manosroi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Li Q, Sun L, Du J, Ran P, Gao T, Yuan Y, Xiao C. Risk given by AGT polymorphisms in inducing susceptibility to essential hypertension among isolated populations from a remote region of China: A case-control study among the isolated populations. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16:1202-17. [PMID: 26391364 DOI: 10.1177/1470320315606315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a serious risk factor affecting up to 30% of the world's population with a heritability of more than 30-50%. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the polymorphisms localized in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, a main component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, in inducing the susceptibility to essential hypertension (EH) among isolated populations (Yi and Hani minorities) with low prevalence rate from the remote region of Yunnan in China. METHODS A case-control association study was performed, and all subjects were genotyped for the seven single nucleotide polymorphisms localized in the AGT region by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Three polymorphisms, i.e. rs5046, rs5049, and rs2478544, were significantly associated with EH among the Hani minority. The associations, found in the Yi minority, did not reach a conclusive level of statistical significance. The polymorphisms of rs2478544 and rs5046 caused the transformations of exonic splicing enhancer sites and transcription factor binding sites, respectively, in the bioinformatic analyses. The haplotype-rs5046T, rs5049A, rs11568020G, rs3789679C, rs2478544C was susceptible for EH among the Hani minority. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the AGT polymorphisms have played a vital role in determining an individual's susceptibility to EH among the isolated population, which would be helpful for EH management in the remote mountainous region of Yunnan in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Du
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengzhan Ran
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Tangxin Gao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuncang Yuan
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunjie Xiao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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