Aquisição do sistema ortográfico: desempenho na expressão escrita e classificação dos erros ortográficos

Correlation between receptive vocabulary skill, syntactic awareness, and word writing

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the correlation between receptive vocabulary, syntactic awareness, and single-word orthographic writing tests. Methods: a total of 42 third graders from elementary public schools, of both genders, aged 8 to 9 years, participated in this study. To obtain the data, the vocabulary test through images, syntactic awareness test, word dictation test, and writing under dictation test were used. For normality distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used; in the relationship between the variables, the Spearman correlation test and the R2 value test were used (p-value ≤ 0.05). Results: there was a statistically significant difference, with a moderate positive correlation between receptive vocabulary, syntactic awareness, and word dictation (values near 0.40 to 0.50); moderate-to-high, between grammatical judgment, word dictation, and writing under dictation (values near 0.50 to 0.75); low-to-moderate, between word dictation and grammatical correction, grammatical and ungrammatical correction, and word categorization (values near 0.25 to 0.50); and moderate-to-high, between word dictation and writing under dictation (values near 0.50 to 0.75). Conclusion: a positive correlation was identified, ranging from low to high, pointing to the direct and favorable relationship between receptive vocabulary skills, syntactic awareness, and single-word writing.

Spelling performance of public and private school students: A comparative study

Abstract To characterize and compare the spelling performance of private and public students. Three hundred 1st-5th graders from public and private schools in the city of Marília, São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated, totalizing 30 students from each grade, respectively. Collective and individual versions of the Pró-Ortografia test (a renowned Brazilian spelling test) were administered. There were significant inter-group differences indicating that private school students achieved higher performance. The mean values of correct answers of higher grade level students were statistically greater than those of the lower grade level students. The results indicated that the mean values of correct answers of all versions of the spelling test administered increased across grades for both private and public school students. However, the data evaluated showed that private school students attained higher spelling performance than public school students from the 2nd grade onwards.

Characteristics of the acquisition of sonorant consonants orthography in Brazilian children from a São Paulo municipality

PURPOSE

To describe the spelling performance of children with regard to the record of sonorant consonants in Brazilian Portuguese language, to verify if the errors in their records were influenced by the accent in the word, and to categorize the kinds of errors found.

METHODS

For this current survey, 801 text productions were selected as a result of the development of 14 different thematic proposals, prepared by 76 children from the first grade of primary school, in 2001, coming from two schools of a city from São Paulo, Brazil. Of these productions, all words with sonorant consonants in a syllabic position of simple onset were selected. They were then organized as they appeared as pre-tonic, tonic, and post-tonic syllables, unstressed and tonic monosyllables.

RESULTS

The following was observed: the number of hits was extremely higher than that of errors; higher occurrence of errors in non-accented syllables; higher occurrence of phonological substitutions followed by omissions and, at last, orthographic substitutions; and higher number of substitutions that involved graphemes referring to the sonorant class.

CONCLUSION

Considering the distribution of orthographic data between hits and errors, as well as their relationship with phonetic-phonological aspects, may contribute to the comprehension of school difficulties, which are usually found in the first years of literacy instruction.

Comparison of students from private and public schools on the spelling performance

OBJECTIVE

To compare the spelling ability of schoolchildren from the fourth to sixth grades of the elementary schools in the private and public schools of Bauru, São Paulo, and to verify whether errors are overcome as studies progress and the hierarchy of errors as to how often they occur.

METHODS

A dictation was applied to 384 schoolchildren: 206 from the private schools: 74 were at the fourth grade, 65 at the fifth grade, and 67 at the sixth grade; and 178 from the public schools; 56 at the fourth grade, 63 at the fifth grade, and 59 at the sixth grade of elementary school. Student's t test was used.

RESULTS

In comparison of total spelling errors score, difference was found among the fourth and sixth grades of the private and public schools. Spelling errors decreased as education progressed, and those related to language irregularities were more common.

CONCLUSION

Spelling ability and performance of students from the private and public schools are not similar in the fourth and sixth grades, but it is in the fifth grade. Spelling errors are gradually overcome as education progresses; however, this overcome rate was considerable between the fourth and fifth grades in the public schools. Decrease in the types of spelling errors follows a hierarchy of categories: phoneme/grapheme conversion, simple contextual rules, complex contextual rules, and language irregularities. Finally, the most common type of spelling error found was that related to language irregularities.

Relações entre aspectos ortográficos e fonético-fonológicos de fonemas oclusivos

OBJETIVOS: descrever o desempenho ortográfico de crianças - quanto ao registro de consoantes oclusivas do Português Brasileiro; verificar se a acento influencia a ocorrência de erros no interior das palavras; e classificar o padrão da distribuição dos erros. MÉTODOS: foram analisadas 210 produções textuais referentes a 14 propostas temáticas, coletadas durante o ano de 2001, quando os sujeitos cursavam a 1ª série do Ensino Fundamental. Para descrever o desempenho das crianças, para o primeiro objetivo, os dados foram divididos em Acertos e Erros; para segundo objetivo, os erros foram classificados em sílabas acentuadas e não-acentuadas, e, por fim, para o terceiro objetivo, os erros foram subclassificados em omissões, erros ortográficos e erros fonológicos. Os erros fonológicos foram subdivididos, ainda, conforme ocorressem dentro e fora da classe. RESULTADOS: para o primeiro objetivo, encontraram-se 5.746 possibilidades de ocorrência de consoantes oclusivas na posição de ataque silábico simples, com maior quantidade de acertos; para o segundo objetivo, observou-se maior ocorrência de erros em sílabas não-acentuadas; e por fim, para o terceiro objetivo, foi possível observar predomínio de erros fonológicos, seguidos pelas omissões e pelos erros ortográficos, tanto no interior das sílabas não-acentuadas quanto das acentuadas. Ainda conforme o terceiro objetivo, nos erros fonológicos, observou-se sua maior ocorrência dentro da classe; e novamente, não-influência do acento. CONCLUSÃO: conclui-se, então, a importância da análise dos aspectos fonéticos-fonológicos na aquisição da ortografia infantil, bem como a relevância da distribuição dos acertos tanto como dos erros.