A review of the new minimally invasive brain stimulation techniques in psychiatry

Study of intracranial pressure in human brain during transcranial magnetic stimulation

This paper presents the results of cranial force in human brain due to electromagnetic pulse during transcranial magnetic stimulation. To model the force in a realistic brain, we used three dimensional magnetic resonance image of the 26 years old female subject. Simulation results show that during TMS procedure, there is a small force generated within the cranial tissue layers along with a torque value in different layers of brain tissues. The force depends on the magnitude of the magnetic field generated by the TMS coil.

Estimulação magnética transcraniana na neuropsicologia: novos horizontes em pesquisa sobre o cérebro

Esta revisão discute o uso da estimulação magnética transcraniana como ferramenta de pesquisa das funções neuropsicológicas. A estimulação magnética transcraniana é uma técnica não-invasiva e praticamente indolor em seres humanos conscientes, baseada em um campo magnético variável. Tal técnica possibilita a geração, em pessoas saudáveis, de lesões temporárias virtuais ou, também, de aumento da atividade das áreas estimuladas, permitindo o estudo do comportamento e da cognição de maneira mais estruturada e precisa. Nesta revisão são apresentados trabalhos com estimulação magnética transcraniana nos quais foram estudados aspectos da linguagem, memória e baterias neuropsicológicas em protocolos de pesquisa clínica. Conclui-se que estudos com estimulação magnética transcraniana abrem novas perspectivas e possibilidades no campo da Neuropsicologia na medida em que fornecem elementos para o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre as correlações entre cognição e córtex.

How to treat OCD in patients with Tourette syndrome

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) constitutes an etiologically heterogeneous set of conditions, including a subtype that seems etiologically related to Tourette syndrome (TS). In order to treat OCD patients optimally, the clinician needs to integrate educational, psychological and pharmacological approaches. The most effective psychological intervention is cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). Drug treatment includes clomipramine and all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A subgroup of OCD patients, however, shows no significant improvement. Few studies suggest that the presence of tics is associated to a worse treatment response to SSRIs and that such patients benefit from combined therapy of serotonin-reuptake inhibitors plus neuroleptics. Independently of the presence of tics, there are several different augmentation strategies for resistant cases with drugs that interfere in the dopamine, serotonin, opioid and gonadal hormone systems. In addition, new therapies are now being tested against presumed postinfectious autoimmune processes. Finally, new developments are promising in neural circuit-based therapies, including neurosurgery for refractory patients.