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Chicken Feather Waste Hydrolysate as a Superior Biofertilizer in Agroindustry. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2212-2230. [PMID: 33903939 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Billions of tons of keratinous waste in the form of feathers, antlers, bristles, claws, hair, hoofs, horns, and wool are generated by different industries and their demolition causes environmental deterioration. Chicken feathers have 92% keratin that can be a good source of peptides, amino acids, and minerals. Traditional methods of feather hydrolysis require large energy inputs, and also reduce the content of amino acids and net protein utilization values. Biological treatment of feathers with keratinolytic microbes is a feasible and environmental favorable preference for the formulation of hydrolysate that can be used as bioactive peptides, protein supplement, livestock feed, biofertilizer, etc. The presence of amino acids, soluble proteins, and peptides in hydrolysate facilitates the growth of microbes in rhizosphere that promotes the uptake and utilization of nutrients from soil. Application of hydrolysate enhances water holding capacity, C/N ratio, and mineral content of soil. The plant growth promoting activities of hydrolysate potentiates its possible use in organic farming, and improves soil ecosystem and microbiota. This paper reviews the current scenario on the methods available for management of keratinous waste, nutritional quality of hydrolysate generated using keratinolytic microbes, and its possible application as plant growth promoter in agroindustry.
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Davidson I. Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind: Aspects of the Avian Oncogenic Herpesvirus, Marek's Disease Virus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1319. [PMID: 32751762 PMCID: PMC7459476 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus is an economically important avian herpesvirus that causes tumors and immunosuppression in chickens and turkeys. The virus, disease, and vaccines have been known for more than 50 years, but as knowledge gaps still exists, intensive research is still ongoing. The understanding of MDV complexity can provide scientific insight in topics that cannot be experimented in humans, providing a unique model that is dually useful for the benefit of the poultry industry and for studying general herpesvirology. The present review presents the following topics: the MDV biology, the vaccine's and virulent virus' peculiar presence in feathers, protection by vaccination. In addition, two relatively behind the scenes topics are reviewed; first, the meq MDV oncogene and its recent implication in molecular epidemiology and in the MDV virulence determination, and second, the functionality of conformational epitopes of the MDV immunodominant protein, glycoprotein B. Our studies were particular, as they were the only ones describing three-dimensional MDV gB oligomers. MDV gB (glycoprotein B) continuous and discontinuous epitopes were shown to possess distinctive neutralization activities. In contrast, the significance of oligomerization of the viral membrane proteins for the creation of discontinuous epitopes in other herpesviruses was explored extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Yehia N, El-Sayed HS, Omar SE, Amer F. Genetic variability of the Avian leukosis virus subgroup J gp85 gene in layer flocks in Lower Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1065-1072. [PMID: 32801556 PMCID: PMC7396352 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1065-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to determine the prevalence of layer flock tumor disease in Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019 and to undertake molecular characterization and determine the genetic diversity of all identified viruses. Materials and Methods Forty samples were collected from layer chicken located in six governorates of Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019. Samples were taken from tumors in different organs. Tumor tissues were identified by histopathological sectioning and then further confirmed by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Finally, genetic evolution of Avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) gp85 gene was studied. Results All the study samples were negative for Marek's disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, ALV (A,B,C and D) and 20 samples were positive for ALV-J in backyard in six governrates. Sequencing of ALV-J gp85 gene was performed for six representative samples (one from each governorate), and they were found to be genetically related to prototype virus HPRS-1003 (identity percentage: 91.2-91.8%), but they were from a different group that was similar to the AF88-USA strain (first detected in 2000) with specific mutations, and they differed from a strain that was previously isolated in Egypt in 2005, forming two different subgroups (I and II) that had mutations in the hr1domain (V128F, R136A) and hr2 domain (S197G, E202K). Conclusion The ALV-J virus was the main cause of neoplastic disease in layer chickens from Lower Egypt in the period of 2018-2019. We found that the genetic evolution of ALV-J gp85 gene was related to prototype virus HPRS-1003 but in a different group with a specific mutation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the antigenicity and pathogenicity of recently detected ALV-J strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hemat S El-Sayed
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Benha Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sabry E Omar
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Benha Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Fatma Amer
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
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Abstract
Circular single-stranded DNA viruses infect archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms. The relatively recent emergence of single-stranded DNA viruses, such as chicken anemia virus (CAV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as serious pathogens of eukaryotes is due more to growing awareness than to the appearance of new pathogens or alteration of existing pathogens. In the case of the ubiquitous human circular single-stranded DNA virus family Anelloviridae, there is still no convincing direct causal relation to any specific disease. However, infections may play a role in autoimmunity by changing the homeostatic balance of proinflammatory cytokines and the human immune system, indirectly affecting the severity of diseases caused by other pathogens. Infections with CAV (family Anelloviridae, genus Gyrovirus) and PCV2 (family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus) are presented here because they are immunosuppressive and affect health in domesticated animals. CAV shares genomic organization, genomic orientation, and common features of major proteins with human anelloviruses, and PCV2 DNA may be present in human food and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Shulman
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; .,Laboratory of Environmental Virology, Central Virology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - I Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;
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Cortez V, Verdú JR, Ortiz AJ, Halffter G. Identification and evaluation of semiochemicals for the biological control of the beetle Omorgus suberosus (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogidae), a facultative predator of eggs of the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172015. [PMID: 28192472 PMCID: PMC5305104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The beetle Omorgus suberosus (F.) is a facultative predator of eggs of the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). Laboratory and field investigations were conducted in order to characterize volatile attractants of O. suberosus and to explore the potential for application of these volatiles in a selective mass trapping method. Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) coupled to thermo-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) analysis of the volatile constituents from beetles or turtle nests revealed 24 potential compounds. However, electroantennographic (EAG) measurements revealed antennal sensitivity only to indole, linoleic acid, trimethylamine, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide and ammonia. Behavioural tests showed that these compounds are highly attractive to O. suberosus. Field trapping experiments revealed that indole and ammonia were more attractive than the other volatile compounds and showed similar attractiveness to that produced by conventional baits (chicken feathers). The use of a combined bait of indole and NH3 would therefore be the most effective trap design. The data presented are the first to demonstrate effective massive capture of O. suberosus using an attractant-based trapping method. These findings have potential for the development of an efficient mass trapping method for control of this beetle as part of efforts towards conservation of L. olivacea at La Escobilla in Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieyle Cortez
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - José R. Verdú
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio J. Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química Orgánica, EPS Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Halffter
- Instituto de Ecología, A C, Red de Ecoetología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Nuradji H, Bingham J, Lowther S, Wibawa H, Colling A, Long NT, Meers J. A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:704-15. [PMID: 26462759 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715611443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs have been widely used for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI virus) in birds. Previous studies have shown that the feather calamus is a site of H5N1 virus replication and therefore has potential for diagnosis of avian influenza. However, studies characterizing the value of feathers for this purpose are not available, to our knowledge; herein we present a study investigating feathers for detection of H5N1 virus. Ducks and chickens were experimentally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to 1 of 3 clades (Indonesian clades 2.1.1 and 2.1.3, Vietnamese clade 1). Different types of feathers and oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were compared by virus isolation. In chickens, virus was detected from all sample types: oral and cloacal swabs, and immature pectorosternal, flight, and tail feathers. During clinical disease, the viral titers were higher in feathers than swabs. In ducks, the proportion of virus-positive samples was variable depending on viral strain and time from challenge; cloacal swabs and mature pectorosternal feathers were clearly inferior to oral swabs and immature pectorosternal, tail, and flight feathers. In ducks infected with Indonesian strains, in which most birds did not develop clinical signs, all sampling methods gave intermittent positive results; 3-23% of immature pectorosternal feathers were positive during the acute infection period; oropharyngeal swabs had slightly higher positivity during early infection, while feathers performed better during late infection. Our results indicate that immature feathers are an alternative sample for the diagnosis of HPAI in chickens and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harimurti Nuradji
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Sue Lowther
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Axel Colling
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Ngo Thanh Long
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Joanne Meers
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
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