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Zribi I, Ghorbel M, Jrad O, Masmoudi K, Brini F. The wheat pathogenesis-related protein (TdPR1.2) enhanced tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:1035-1049. [PMID: 38687397 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In plants, the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins have been identified as important regulators of biotic and abiotic stresses. PR proteins branch out into 19 different classes (PR1-PR19). Basically, all PR proteins display a well-established method of action, with the notable exception of PR1, which is a member of a large superfamily of proteins with a common CAP domain. We have previously isolated and characterized the first PR1 from durum wheat, called TdPR-1.2. In the current research work, TdPR1.2 gene was used to highlight its functional activities under various abiotic (sodium chloride (100 mM NaCl) and oxidative stresses (3 mM H2O2), hormonal salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), and abiotic stresses (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani). Enhancement survival index was detected in Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing TdPR1.2 gene. Moreover, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated induction of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). It equally revealed a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in transgenic Arabidopsis plants compared to control lines, confirming the role of TdPR1.2 in terms of alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Eventually, RT-qPCR results showed a higher expression of biotic stress-related genes (PR1 and PDF1.2) in addition to a downregulation of the wound-related gene (LOX3 and VSP2) in transgenic lines treated with jasmonic acid (JA). Notably, these findings provide evidence for the outstanding functions of PR1.2 from durum wheat which can be further invested to boost tolerance in crop plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Zribi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ghorbel
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, 81451, Ha'il City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfa Jrad
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- College of Food and Agriculture, Arid Land Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Han X, Xu W, Wang L, Zhang R, Ye J, Zhang J, Xu J, Wu Y. Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Toxins in Citrus-Based Products Collected from China in 2021. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050325. [PMID: 37235359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 181 citrus-based products, including dried fruits, canned fruits, and fruit juices, collected from China and from abroad in 2021 were analyzed for the four Alternaria toxins (ALTs): alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Although the concentrations of the four ALTs varied by product and geographically, TeA was the predominant toxin followed by AOH, AME, and TEN. Products made in China showed higher levels of ALTs than those made abroad. Maximum levels of TeA, AOH, and AME in analyzed domestic samples were 4.9-fold, 1.3-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, higher than those in imported products. Furthermore, 83.4% (151/181) of the analyzed citrus-based products were contaminated with at least two or more ALTs. There were significant positive correlations between AOH and AME, AME and TeA, and TeA and TEN in all analyzed samples. More importantly, the solid and the condensed liquid products had higher concentrations of ALTs than the semi-solid product samples, as well as tangerines, pummelos, and grapefruits compared to the other kinds of citrus-based products. In conclusion, co-contamination with ALTs in commercially available Chinese citrus-based products was universal. Extensive and systematic surveillance of ALTs in citrus-based products, both domestic and imported, is required to obtain more scientific data for the determination of the maximum allowable concentrations of ALTs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Luxinyi Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
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Distinction of Alternaria Sect. Pseudoalternaria Strains among Other Alternaria Fungi from Cereals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050423. [PMID: 35628679 PMCID: PMC9142887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous and frequently isolated from various plants, including crops. There are two phylogenetically and morphologically close Alternaria sections: the relatively well-known Infectoriae and the rarely mentioned Pseudoalternaria. Currently, the latter includes at least seven species that are less studied and sometimes misidentified. To perform precise identification, two primers (APsF and APsR) were designed and a sect. Pseudoalternaria-specific PCR method was developed. Thirty-five Russian A. infectoria-like strains were then examined. Five strains were found to be the members of the sect. Pseudoalternaria. Additionally, specificity of the previously developed primer set (Ain3F and Ain4R) was checked. It was found to be highly specific for sect. Infectoriae and did not amplify sect. Pseudoalternaria DNA. Identification of strains of the sect. Pseudoalternaria was supported and refined by phylogenetic reconstruction based on analysis of two loci, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd), and the plasma membrane ATPase gene (ATP). These fungi belonged to Alternaria kordkuyana and A. rosae, which were the first detection of those taxa for the Eastern Europe. Alternaria kordkuyana was isolated from cereal seeds and eleuthero leaves. Alternaria rosae was obtained from oat seed. All strains of sect. Pseudoalternaria were not able to produce alternariol mycotoxin, as well as the majority of A. sect. Infectoriae strains.
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Havrlentová M, Šliková S, Gregusová V, Kovácsová B, Lančaričová A, Nemeček P, Hendrichová J, Hozlár P. The Influence of Artificial Fusarium Infection on Oat Grain Quality. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2108. [PMID: 34683429 PMCID: PMC8538375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions, such as various biotic and abiotic stresses, are the primary reason for decreased crop productivity. Oat, as one of the world's major crops, is an important cereal in human nutrition. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of inoculation with two species of the genus Fusarium on the selected qualitative parameters of oat grain intended for the food industry. Artificial inoculation caused a statistically significant decrease in the content of starch, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids in oat grains compared to the control. Moreover, artificial inoculation had no statistically significant effect on the content of β-D-glucans, total dietary fiber, total lipids, palmitic, stearic, and cis-vaccenic acids. An increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in oat grains was observed after inoculation. The most important indicator of Fusarium infection was the presence of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in the grain. The content of β-D-glucans, as a possible protective barrier in the cell wall, did not have a statistically significant effect on the inoculation manifestation in the grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Havrlentová
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (V.G.); (B.K.)
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Svetlana Šliková
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Veronika Gregusová
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (V.G.); (B.K.)
| | - Bernadett Kovácsová
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (V.G.); (B.K.)
| | - Andrea Lančaričová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Peter Nemeček
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Hendrichová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Peter Hozlár
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, Research and Breeding Station at Vígľaš-Pstruša, 962 12 Pstruša, Slovakia;
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Masiello M, Somma S, Susca A, Ghionna V, Logrieco AF, Franzoni M, Ravaglia S, Meca G, Moretti A. Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040275. [PMID: 32340279 PMCID: PMC7232423 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Black point is a fungal disease of wheat, mainly associated with mycotoxigenic Alternaria species. Affected wheat kernels are characterized by dark brown discolouration of the embryo region and reduction of grain quality. Potential risk is the possible accumulation of Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TA), and altenuene (ALT), provided by haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. One hundred and twenty durum wheat samples belonging to 30 different genotypes grown in Bologna and Modena areas, in Italy, showing black point symptoms, were analyzed for Alternaria species and their mycotoxin contamination. Alternariol was selected as an indicator of the capability of the Alternaria species to produce mycotoxin in vivo in field conditions. The data showed that Alternaria species occurred in 118 out of 120 wheat kernels samples, with the incidence of infected kernels ranging between 1% and 26%. Moreover, AOH was detected by using a HPLC with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) in 98 out of 120 samples with values ranging between 24 and 262 µg Kg−1. Ninety-two Alternaria representative strains, previously identified morphologically, were identified at species/section level using gene sequencing, and therefore were analyzed for their mycotoxin profiles. Eighty-four strains, phylogenetically grouped in the Alternaria section, produced AOH, AME, and TA with values up to 8064, 14,341, and 3683 µg g−1, respectively, analyzed by using a LC-DAD. On the other hand, eight Alternaria strains, included in Infectoriae Section, showed a very low or no capability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Masiello
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Stefania Somma
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Veronica Ghionna
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonio Francesco Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Matteo Franzoni
- S.I.S. Società Italiana Sementi S.p.A, Via Mirandola 1, 40068 San Lazzaro di Savena (BO), Italy; (M.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefano Ravaglia
- S.I.S. Società Italiana Sementi S.p.A, Via Mirandola 1, 40068 San Lazzaro di Savena (BO), Italy; (M.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Food Science Area, University of Valencia (Spain), Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.)
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A new 2H-benzindazole compound from Alternaria alternata Shm-1, an endophytic fungus isolated from the fresh wild fruit of Phellinus igniarius. J Nat Med 2019; 73:620-626. [PMID: 30868543 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been shown in recent years to produce a series of bioactive secondary metabolites. Several endophytic fungi were isolated from the fresh wild body of Phellinus igniarius, and initially evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Among which, Shm-1 extract showed moderate inhibitory activity against Clavibacter michiganense and the fungus was identified to be Alternaria alternata Shm-1 through the comparison of morphological characteristics and the sequence of the rDNA ITS with those of other Alternaria species. A new 2H-benzindazole derivative, alterindazolin A (1), has been isolated from cultures of the endophyte Alternaria alternata Shm-1. Its structure was characterized as 1-benzyl-5-p-hydroxy-phenyloxygen-benz[e]indazole by spectroscopic data analysis including 1D NMR, 2D NMR and MS spectrum.
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Abstract
The availability of complete fungal genomes is expanding rapidly and is offering an extensive and accurate view of this "kingdom." The scientific milestone of free access to more than 1000 fungal genomes of different species was reached, and new and stimulating projects have meanwhile been released. The "1000 Fungal Genomes Project" represents one of the largest sequencing initiative regarding fungal organisms trying to fill some gaps on fungal genomics. Presently, there are 329 fungal families with at least one representative genome sequenced, but there is still a large number of fungal families without a single sequenced genome. In addition, additional sequencing projects helped to understand the genetic diversity within some fungal species. The availability of multiple genomes per species allows to support taxonomic organization, brings new insights for fungal evolution in short-time scales, clarifies geographical and dispersion patterns, elucidates outbreaks and transmission routes, among other objectives. Genotyping methodologies analyze only a small fraction of an individual's genome but facilitate the comparison of hundreds or thousands of isolates in a small fraction of the time and at low cost. The integration of whole genome strategies and improved genotyping panels targeting specific and relevant SNPs and/or repeated regions can represent fast and practical strategies for studying local, regional, and global epidemiology of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Araujo
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Abstract
Among numerous molecular methodologies developed for highly specific identification of filamentous fungi isolates, here we describe restriction digestion analysis of the ITS products as an easy method to identify isolates of filamentous fungi. This technique is a rapid and reliable method appropriate for routine identification of filamentous fungi. This can be used to screen large numbers of isolates from various environments in a short time. The use of different endonucleases allowed generating individual restriction profiles. The individual profiles obtained were combined into composite restriction patterns characteristic of a species. Eleven different genera can be differentiated and among them 41 different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rousseaux
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin « Jules Guyot », Université de Bourgogne, BP 27877, 2 Rue Claude Ladrey, Dijon Cedex, 21078, France.
| | - Michèle Guilloux-Bénatier
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin « Jules Guyot », Université de Bourgogne, BP 27877, 2 Rue Claude Ladrey, Dijon Cedex, 21078, France
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da Silva Aquino I, Porto JCS, da Silva JL, Morais KFC, Coelho FA, de Sousa Lopes T, Ribeiro IP, Noleto IS, do Amparo Salmito M, Mobin M. Evaluation of disinfectants for elimination of fungal contamination of patient beds in a reference hospital in Piauí, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:644. [PMID: 27796829 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This quantitative and qualitative study aimed to identify fungi isolated from patient beds at a reference hospital in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, and evaluate the efficacy of 70 % ethanol and 1 % hypochlorite for removing the contamination. Thirty-eight beds were chosen at random and the collection was carried out in three situations: before and after disinfection with 70 % alcohol or hypochlorite 1 %. Each sample was inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol and incubated at room temperature to allow fungal growth. We identified 13 species belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Candida. All of these species are pathogenic and can worsen the clinical condition of patients. The 1 % hypochlorite solution proved to be an efficient disinfectant against the fungi, but the same was not observed using 70 % ethanol. Based on these findings, we recommended that the use of 1 % hypochlorite during bed disinfection be added to the hospital biosafety protocol to reduce cross contamination and contribute to patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael da Silva Aquino
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Jhonatas Cley Santos Porto
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Jacksony Lima da Silva
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Khaiohana Fontinele Costa Morais
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Frâncio Alencar Coelho
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Thiago de Sousa Lopes
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Ivonizete Pires Ribeiro
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Iraci Salmito Noleto
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Maria do Amparo Salmito
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Mitra Mobin
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil.
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Xu W, Han X, Li F, Zhang L. Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Toxins in the 2015 Wheat from Anhui Province, China. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E308. [PMID: 27792182 PMCID: PMC5127105 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to Alternaria toxins from grain and grain-based products has been reported to be related to human esophageal cancer in China. In this study, a total of 370 freshly harvested wheat kernel samples collected from Anhui province of China in 2015 were analyzed for the four Alternaria toxins tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (HPLC-MS/MS). TeA was the predominant toxin detected followed by TEN, AOH and AME. The concentrations of the four Alternaria toxins varied geographically. The samples from Fuyang district showed higher TEN concentration levels than the other regions studied (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 95% (352/370) of the wheat samples were positive for more than one type of Alternaria toxins. Positive correlation was observed between concentration levels of TeA and TEN, AOH and AME, TeA and AOH, and the total dibenzopyrone derivatives (AOH + AME) and TeA. Results indicate that there is a need to set the tolerance limit for Alternaria toxins in China, and more data on the contamination of these toxins in agro-products is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China College of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaomin Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China College of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Zhao L, Xu Y, Lai XH, Shan C, Deng Z, Ji Y. Screening and characterization of endophytic Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains from medicinal plant Lonicera japonica for use as potential plant growth promoters. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 46:977-89. [PMID: 26691455 PMCID: PMC4704640 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 48 endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized tissues of
the medicinal plant Lonicera japonica, which is grown in eastern
China; six strains were selected for further study based on their potential ability
to promote plant growth in vitro (siderophore and indoleacetic acid production). The
bacteria were characterized by phylogenetically analyzing their 16S rRNA gene
similarity, by examining their effect on the mycelial development of pathogenic
fungi, by testing their potential plant growth-promoting characteristics, and by
measuring wheat growth parameters after inoculation. Results showed that the number
of endophytic bacteria in L. japonica varied among different
tissues, but it remained relatively stable in the same tissues from four different
plantation locations. Among the three endophytic strains, strains 122 and 124 both
had high siderophore production, with the latter showing the highest phosphate
solubilization activity (45.6 mg/L) and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase
activity (47.3 nmol/mg/h). Strain 170 had the highest indoleacetic acid (IAA)
production (49.2 mg/L) and cellulase and pectinase activities. After inoculation,
most of the six selected isolates showed a strong capacity to promote wheat growth.
Compared with the controls, the increase in the shoot length, root length, fresh
weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content was most remarkable in wheat seedlings
inoculated with strain 130. The positive correlation between enzyme (cellulose and
pectinase) activity and inhibition rate on Fusarium oxysporum, the
IAA production, and the root length of wheat seedlings inoculated with each tested
endophytic strain was significant in regression analysis. Deformity of pathogenic
fungal mycelia was observed under a microscope after the interaction with the
endophytic isolates. Such deformity may be directly related to the production of
hydrolytic bacterial enzymes (cellulose and pectinase). The six endophytic bacterial
strains were identified to be Paenibacillus and
Bacillus strains based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing
analysis and their physiological and biochemical characteristics. Results indicate
the promising application of endophytic bacteria to the biological control of
pathogenic fungi and the improvement of wheat crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions of Henan, Shangqiu Normal University, PR China
| | - Yajun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions of Henan, Shangqiu Normal University, PR China
| | - Xin-He Lai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Changjuan Shan
- School of Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Zhenshan Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, PR China
| | - Yuliang Ji
- Biological and Medical Engineering Department, Shangluo University, PR China
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Tymon LS, Peever TL, Johnson DA. Identification and Enumeration of Small-Spored Alternaria Species Associated with Potato in the U.S. Northwest. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:465-472. [PMID: 30694153 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-15-0263-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of Alternaria spp. have been isolated from potato worldwide but only Alternaria solani and A. alternata have been described as pathogenic to this host in the United States. These taxa are easily differentiated based on conidial morphology but species delimitation among the small-spored Alternaria spp. associated with potato are much more challenging. Accurate identification methods for small-spored Alternaria spp. are necessary so that a more thorough understanding of Alternaria epidemiology can be obtained. Isolations of Alternaria fungi from lesions on potato leaves collected in the U.S. Northwest were made between 2008 and 2011. Large-spored taxa (putatively A. solani), were isolated less frequently than small-spored taxa (putatively A. alternata sensu lato), except in 2010. Colletotrichum coccodes was isolated from necrotic lesions in 2008 to 2010 but not in 2011. Frequency of isolation ranged from 0.05 (5%) to 0.11 (11%) during the 3 years the fungus was detected. Anonymous genomic region OPA1-3, previously used for Alternaria systematics, allowed for the discrimination of phylogenetic lineages among 210 small-spored isolates. When OPA1-3 was restricted using enzyme ApaI, 65 isolates (31%) displayed a restriction banding pattern consistent with previously characterized morphospecies A. alternata and A. tenuissima and 145 (69%) displayed a restriction banding pattern consistent with the previously characterized morphospecies A. arborescens. Morphological characterization of a subsample of 59 small-spored Alternaria isolates randomly selected with each restriction pattern was compared with phylogenetic lineage. In all, 54 (92%) isolates were consistently assigned to the same group by both methods. Three isolates exhibited conidial morphologies that were inconsistent with any described morphospecies. A small number of isolates were identified as A. arbusti (infectoria group) via sequencing of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase locus and BLAST searches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia S Tymon
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman 99164
| | - Tobin L Peever
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman 99164
| | - Dennis A Johnson
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman 99164
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Nagrale DT, Sharma L, Kumar S, Gawande SP. Recent Diagnostics and Detection Tools: Implications for Plant Pathogenic Alternaria and Their Disease Management. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mycobiota and toxicogenic Alternaria spp. strains in Malbec wine grapes from DOC San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee HB, Patriarca A, Magan N. Alternaria in Food: Ecophysiology, Mycotoxin Production and Toxicology. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:93-106. [PMID: 26190916 PMCID: PMC4505009 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria species are common saprophytes or pathogens of a wide range of plants pre- and post-harvest. This review considers the relative importance of Alternaria species, their ecology, competitiveness, production of mycotoxins and the prevalence of the predominant mycotoxins in different food products. The available toxicity data on these toxins and the potential future impacts of Alternaria species and their toxicity in food products pre- and post-harvest are discussed. The growth of Alternaria species is influenced by interacting abiotic factors, especially water activity (aw), temperature and pH. The boundary conditions which allow growth and toxin production have been identified in relation to different matrices including cereal grain, sorghum, cottonseed, tomato, and soya beans. The competitiveness of Alternaria species is related to their water stress tolerance, hydrolytic enzyme production and ability to produce mycotoxins. The relationship between A. tenuissima and other phyllosphere fungi has been examined and the relative competitiveness determined using both an Index of Dominance (ID) and the Niche Overlap Index (NOI) based on carbon-utilisation patterns. The toxicology of some of the Alternaria mycotoxins have been studied; however, some data are still lacking. The isolation of Alternaria toxins in different food products including processed products is reviewed. The future implications of Alternaria colonization/infection and the role of their mycotoxins in food production chains pre- and post-harvest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Burm Lee
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° Piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
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