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Masigol H, Woodhouse JN, van West P, Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R, Rojas-Jimenez K, Goldhammer T, Khodaparast SA, Grossart HP. Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity of Saprolegniales and Fungi Isolated from Temperate Lakes in Northeast Germany. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110968. [PMID: 34829255 PMCID: PMC8622742 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of fungi to the degradation of plant litter and transformation of dissolved organic matter (humic substances, in particular) in freshwater ecosystems has received increasing attention recently. However, the role of Saprolegniales as one of the most common eukaryotic organisms is rarely studied. In this study, we isolated and phylogenetically placed 51 fungal and 62 Saprolegniales strains from 12 German lakes. We studied the cellulo-, lignino-, and chitinolytic activity of the strains using plate assays. Furthermore, we determined the capacity of 10 selected strains to utilize 95 different labile compounds, using Biolog FF MicroPlates™. Finally, the ability of three selected strains to utilize maltose and degrade/produce humic substances was measured. Cladosporium and Penicillium were amongst the most prevalent fungal strains, while Saprolegnia, Achlya, and Leptolegnia were the most frequent Saprolegniales strains. Although the isolated strains assigned to genera were phylogenetically similar, their enzymatic activity and physiological profiling were quite diverse. Our results indicate that Saprolegniales, in contrast to fungi, lack ligninolytic activity and are not involved in the production/transformation of humic substances. We hypothesize that Saprolegniales and fungi might have complementary roles in interacting with dissolved organic matter, which has ecological implications for carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Masigol
- Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Neuglobsow, Germany; (H.M.); (J.N.W.)
| | - Jason Nicholas Woodhouse
- Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Neuglobsow, Germany; (H.M.); (J.N.W.)
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | | | | | - Tobias Goldhammer
- Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Seyed Akbar Khodaparast
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 41996-13776, Iran;
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Neuglobsow, Germany; (H.M.); (J.N.W.)
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)33082-699-91
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Ma S, Liu N, Jia H, Dai D, Zang J, Cao Z, Dong J. Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:68-75. [PMID: 29112275 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper oxidases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) that catalyze the oxidation of many phenolic compounds. In this study, a novel laccase, Stlac4, from Setosphaeria turcica was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by insertion into the pET-30a expression plasmid. The recombinant laccase was purified and visualized on SDS-PAGE as a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 71.5 KDa, and confirmed by Western blot. The maximum activity of the purified laccase was 127.78 U · mg-1 , the optimum temperature and pH value were 60 °C and 4.0 respectively, measured by oxidation of 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS). Purified laccase activity under different metal ions and an inhibitor were tested, revealing that laccase activity increased by approximately 434.8% with Fe3+ , and 217.4% with Cu2+ at 10 mmol · L-1 concentrations, Mn2+ increased the laccase activity only at 5 mmol · L-1 , while Na+ increased activity at 1 mmol · L-1 but inhibited activity at 5 and 10 mmol · L-1 . SDS increased laccase activity at 1 mmol · L-1 , and inhibited activity at 5 and 10 mmol · L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongqing Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
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The StLAC2 gene is required for cell wall integrity, DHN-melanin synthesis and the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:589-601. [PMID: 28606354 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases, play important roles in various biological processes. These processes include fungal dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis and pathogenicity, cellular growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation. This study investigated functions of the laccase gene StLAC2 in Setosphaeria turcica. The Δlac2 mutant colony color was distinct from that of the S. turcica wild-type (WT) isolate, and the mutants exhibited defective conidial formation. In contrast to the WT, the mutants exhibited a lighter color on the 2, 2-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzo-thia-zolin-sulphonate] (ABTS) plates, and the intracellular laccase activity was lower. Notably, StLAC2 gene loss correlated with decreased DHN-melanin biosynthesis and affected the integrity of the cell wall, where the StLAC2 gene mutants showed thinner, more transparent walls with a higher number of mitochondria than the WT. The Δlac2 mutants also lost their pathogenicity in maize. The results indicated that the StLAC2 gene involved in cell wall integrity, melanin biosynthesis and appressorial and conidial formation.
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Abstract
Laccases are multi-copper oxidoreductases which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates during the simultaneous reduction of oxygen to water. These enzymes, originally found in fungi, plants, and other natural sources, have many industrial and biotechnological applications. They are used in the food, textile, pulp, and paper industries, as well as for bioremediation purposes. Although natural hosts can provide relatively high levels of active laccases after production optimization, heterologous expression can bring, moreover, engineered enzymes with desired properties, such as different substrate specificity or improved stability. Hence, diverse hosts suitable for laccase production are reviewed here, while the greatest emphasis is placed on yeasts which are commonly used for industrial production of various proteins. Different approaches to optimize the laccase expression and activity are also discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Antošová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Liu P, Gong J, Ding X, Jiang Y, Chen G, Li B, Weng Q, Chen Q. The L-type Ca(2+) Channel Blocker Nifedipine Inhibits Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, and Virulence of Phytophthora capsici. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1236. [PMID: 27540377 PMCID: PMC4972815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oomycete vegetable pathogen Phytophthora capsici causes significant losses of important vegetable crops worldwide. Calcium and other plant nutrients have been used in disease management of oomycete pathogens. Calcium homeostasis and signaling is essential for numerous biological processes, and Ca(2+) channel blockers prevent excessive Ca(2+) influx into the fungal cell. However, it is not known whether voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blockers improve control over oomycete pathogens. In the present study, we compared the inhibitory effects of CaCl2 and the extracellular Ca(2+) chelator EDTA on mycelial growth and found that calcium assimilation plays a key role in P. capsici mycelial growth. Next, we involved the voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blockers verapamil (VP) and nifedipine (NFD) to analyze the effect of Ca(2+) channel blockers on mycelial growth and sporulation; the results suggested that NFD, but not VP, caused significant inhibition. Ion rescue in an NFD-induced inhibition assay suggested that NFD-induced inhibition is calcium-dependent. In addition, NFD increased P. capsici sensitivity to H2O2 in a calcium-dependent manner, and extracellular calcium rescued it. Furthermore, NFD inhibited the virulence and gene expression related to its pathogenicity. These results suggest that NFD inhibits mycelial growth, sporulation, and virulence of P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiyong Weng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhou, China
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