Polimorfismos genéticos determinantes da performance física em atletas de elite

The Role of AGT, AMPD1, HIF1α, IL-6 Gene Polymorphisms in the Athletes' Power Status: A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis was designed to investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms (AGT rs699, AMPD1 rs17602729, HIF1α rs11549465, IL-6 rs1800795) and power athletes' status. Only case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed to identify relevant studies and 23 studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The data from the included studies were pooled and analyzed using a random effects or fix effects model. The effect size was calculated as the odds ratio or a risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed that certain genetic polymorphisms, AGT rs699 Thr allele, HIF1A rs11549465 Ser allele and AMPD1 rs17602729 C allele, were significantly more prevalent in power athletes (p < 0.05). When examining the genotype frequency distribution of AGT rs699 and AMPD1 rs17602729, significant differences were found in both the dominant and recessive models (p < 0.05). The results indicate that these gene polymorphisms play a role in power athlete status, however, new and more comprehensive studies are needed to confirm these results.

The influence of erythropoietin (EPO T → G) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): a before-after study

BACKGROUND/AIMS

As diet can affect an individual's genes and these can affect response to supplementation, we aimed to investigate the influence of erythropoietin (EPO T→G) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on plasma lipid peroxidation, hemogram and biochemical dosages of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and C-reactive protein (including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) of runners (n = 123) before and after 14 days of 400 mg pequi oil supplementation, a natural carotenoid-rich oil, after races under closely comparable conditions.

METHODS/RESULTS

Blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform the tests. Before pequi oil supplementation, EPO polymorphism influenced erythrogram and plateletgram results, suggesting an aerobic advantage for the TG genotype and a disadvantage for the GG genotype as regards possible microvascular complications, while no association was found for ACTN3 polymorphism with endurance performance. Both polymorphisms influenced the runners' response to pequi oil: significant responses were observed for the EPO TT genotype in erythrocyte, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values, and for the TT and TG genotypes in red blood cell distribution width values. Significant differences were also observed in the plateletgram for the TT and TG genotypes. ACTN3 mainly influenced aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values: heterozygotes had a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase values and homozygous individuals (XX) in creatine kinase values after pequi oil supplementation.

CONCLUSION

These results emphasize the importance of studying nutrigenomic effects on athletes' performance.

Genetic polymorphisms influence runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): a before-after study

Genes have been implicated in the levels of oxidative stress, lipids, CVD risk, immune reactivity, and performance. Pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense) has shown anti-inflammatory and hypotensive effects, besides reducing exercise-induced DNA, tissue damages, and anisocytosis. Given that diet can interact with the human genome to influence health and disease, and because genetic variability can influence response to diet, we aim to investigate the influence of 12 gene polymorphisms on inflammatory markers, postprandial lipids, arterial pressure, and plasma lipid peroxidation of runners (N = 125), before and after 14 days of 400 mg pequi-oil supplementation, after races under closely comparable conditions. Arterial pressure was checked before races; blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform leukogram and plateletgram, Tbars assay, lipid, and CRP dosages and genotyping. CAT, GST-M1/T1, CRP-G1059C, and MTHFR-C677T polymorphisms influenced post-pequi-oil responses in leukogram; Hp and MTHFR-C677T, in plateletgram; Hp, ACE, GSTT1, and MTHFR-A1298C, in lipid profile; MTHFR-A1298C, in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels; and Hp and MnSOD, in Tbars assay. Differences between ACE genotypes in leukogram and total cholesterol disappeared after pequi, and the same occurred for Hp and MnSOD in Tbars assay and for MTHFR-A1298C with CRP levels. Because genetic inheritance is one of the factors that drive atherosclerosis-related lipid abnormalities, results can contribute to a greater understanding of the influence of genetic polymorphisms in situations that push up free radicals. Knowledge is also expanded on how antioxidant supplementation affects an individual's genes and how athletic genetic makeup can affect the way a person responds to antioxidant supplements.

Genética, performance física humana e doping genético: o senso comum versus a realidade científica

Atletas de elite são reconhecidos como fenômenos esportivos e o potencial para atingir níveis superiores de performance no esporte está parcialmente sob o controle de genes. A excelência atlética é essencialmente multifatorial e determinada por complexas interações entre fatores ambientais e genéticos. Existem aproximadamente 10 milhões de variantes genéticas dispersas por todo o genoma humano e uma parcela destas variantes têm demonstrado influenciar a responsividade ao treinamento físico. Os fenótipos de performance física humana parecem ser altamente poligênicos e alguns estudos têm comprovado a existência de raras combinações genotípicas em atletas. No entanto, os mecanismos pelos quais genes se interagem para amplificar a performance física são desconhecidos. O conhecimento sobre os genes que influenciam a treinabilidade somado ao potencial uso indevido dos avanços da terapia gênica, como a possível introdução de genes em células de atletas, fez surgir o termo doping genético, um novo e censurado método de amplificação da performance física, além dos limites fisiológicos. Aumentos na hipertrofia muscular esquelética e nos níveis de hematócrito estão sendo conseguidos através da manipulação da expressão de genes específicos, mas a grande parte das impressionáveis alterações foi obtida em experimentação com animais de laboratório. A compreensão dos resultados científicos envolvendo genética, performance física humana e doping genético é uma difícil tarefa. Com o propósito de evitar a contínua má interpretação e propagação de conceitos errôneos, esta revisão, intencionalmente, vem discutir as evidências científicas produzidas até o momento sobre o tema, permitindo a compreensão do atual "estado da arte"