Determinantes do baixo peso ao nascer a partir do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos em Itaúna, Minas Gerais

The intergenerational relationship between conditional cash transfers and newborn health

Background

Lack of nutrition, inadequate housing, low education and limited access to quality care can negatively affect children’s health over their lifetime. Implemented in 2003, the Bolsa Familia (“Family Stipend”) Program (PBF) is a conditional cash transfer program targeting poor households in Brazil. This study investigates the long-term benefits of cash transfers through intergenerational transmission of health and poverty by assessing the early life exposure of the mother to the PBF.

Methods

We used data from the 100M SINASC-SIM cohort compiled and managed by the Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), containing information about participation in the PBF and socioeconomic and health indicators. We analyzed five measures of newborn health: low (less than 2,500 g) and very low (less than 1,500 g) birth weight, premature (less than 37 weeks of gestation) and very premature (less than 28 weeks of gestation) birth, and the presence of some type of malformation (according to ICD-10 codes). Furthermore, we measured the early life exposure to the PBF of the mother as PBF coverage in the previous decade in the city where the mother was born. We applied multilevel logistic regression models to assess the associations between birth outcomes and PBF exposures.

Results

Results showed that children born in a household where the mother received BF were less likely to have low birth weight (OR 0.93, CI; 0.92-0.94), very low birth weight (0.87, CI; 0.84-0.89), as well as to be born after 37 weeks of gestation (OR 0.98, CI; 0.97-0.99) or 28 weeks of gestation (OR 0.93, CI; 0.88-0.97). There were no significant associations between households where the mother received BF and congenital malformation.

On average, the higher the early life exposure to the PBF of the mother, the lower was the prevalence of low birth weight, very low birth weight and congenital malformation of the newborn. No trend was noted for preterm birth.

Conclusion

The PBF might have indirect intergenerational effects on children’s health. These results provide important implications for policymakers who have to decide how to effectively allocate resources to improve child health.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12565-7.

Association between Prenatal Care Adequacy Indexes and Low Birth Weight Outcome

OBJECTIVE

 To investigate the association between prenatal care (PNC) adequacy indexes and the low birth weigth (LBW) outcome.

METHODS

 A total of 368,093 live term singleton births in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) from 2015 to 2016 were investigated using data from the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, SINASC, in Portuguese). Seven PNC adequacy indexes were evaluated: four developed by Brazilian authors (Ciari Jr. et al., Coutinho et al., Takeda, and an index developed and used by the Brazilian Ministry of Health - MS) and three by authors from other countries (Kessner et al., the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization index - APNCU, and the Graduated Prenatal Care Utilization Index - GINDEX). Adjusted odds ratios were estimated for the PNC adequacy indexes by means of multivariate logistic regression models using maternal, gestational and newborn characteristics as covariates.

RESULTS

 When the PNC is classified as "inadequate", the adjusted odds ratios to the LBW outcome increase between 42% and 132%, depending on which adequacy index is evaluated. Younger (15 to 17 years old) and older (35 to 45 years old) mothers, those not married, of black or brown ethnicity, with low schooling (who did not finish Elementary School), primiparous, with preterm births, as well as female newborns had increasing odds for LBW. The models presented areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve between 80.4% and 81.0%, and sensitivity and specificity that varied, respectively, between 57.7% and 58.6% and 94.3% and 94.5%.

CONCLUSION

 Considering all PNC adequacy indexes evaluated, the APNCU had the best discriminatory power and the best ability to predict the LBW outcome.

Air pollution and low birth weight in an industrialized city in Southeastern Brazil, 2003-2006

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Birth weight is an important indicator of several conditions that manifest earlier (as fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth and cognitive development) and later in life such as chronic diseases. Air pollution has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: Retrospective cohort study investigated the association between low birth weight (LBW) and maternal exposure to air pollutants in Volta Redonda city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2003 to 2006. Methods: Birth data was obtained from Brazilian Information System. Exposure information (O3, PM10, temperature and humidity) was provided by Governmental Air Quality Monitoring System. Linear and Logistic models, adjusted for sex, type of pregnancy, prenatal care, place of birth, maternal age, parity, education, congenital anomalies and weather variables were employed. Results: Low birth weight (LBW) represented 9.1% of all newborns (13,660). For an interquartile range increase in PM10 it was found OR2 ndTrimester = 1.06 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.10), OR3 rdTrimester = 1.06 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.10) and, in O3 it was found OR2 ndTrimester = 1.03 (95%CI 1.01 - 1.04), OR3 rdTrimester = 1.03 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.04). The dose-response relationship and a reduction in birth weight of 31.11 g (95%CI -56.64 - -5.58) was observed in the third trimester of pregnancy due to an interquartile increase of O3. Conclusion: This study suggests that exposures to PM10 and O3, even being below the Brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight.

[Evaluation of data on live birth certificates from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) in Campinas, São Paulo, 2009]

Objective:

To assess the completeness and reliability of the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc) data.

Methods:

A cross-sectional analysis of the reliability and completeness of Sinasc's data was performed using a sample of Live Birth Certificate (LBC) from 2009, related to births from Campinas, Southeast Brazil. For data analysis, hospitals were grouped according to category of service (Unified National Health System, private or both), 600 LBCs were randomly selected and the data were collected in LBC-copies through mothers and newborns' hospital records and by telephone interviews. The completeness of LBCs was evaluated, calculating the percentage of blank fields, and the LBCs agreement comparing the originals with the copies was evaluated by Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results:

The percentage of completeness of LBCs ranged from 99.8%-100%. For the most items, the agreement was excellent. However, the agreement was acceptable for marital status, maternal education and newborn infants' race/color, low for prenatal visits and presence of birth defects, and very low for the number of deceased children.

Conclusion:

The results showed that the municipality Sinasc is reliable for most of the studied variables. Investments in training of the professionals are suggested in an attempt to improve system capacity to support planning and implementation of health activities for the benefit of maternal and child population.

Early childhood caries and its relationship with perinatal, socioeconomic and nutritional risks: a cross-sectional study

Background

Socioeconomic, perinatal and other life cycle events can be important determinants of the health status of the individual and populations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), perinatal factors (gestational age, teenage pregnancy and birth weight), family income and nutritional risk in children.

Methods

A cross-sectional study in which 320 children were examined according to the criteria established by the World Health Organization. A previously validated questionnaire was used to obtain information from parents and guardians about family income, gestational age and birth weight. To check the nutritional risk, we used the criteria provided by the CDC (Center for Disease Control). For Statistics, Pearson’s, chi-square and the multivariate Poisson analyses were used to determine the association among variables.

Results

Approximately 20% of children had ECC, and the Poisson multivariate analyses indicated that family income (p = 0.009), birth weight (p < 0.001) and infant obesity (p < 0.001) were related to the increase of ECC, and gestational age was not significantly associated with ECC (p = 0.149). Pregnancy in adolescence was not included in the regression analyses model because it was not statistically significant in the chi-square test (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The prevalence of ECC was related to low family income, premature birth and infant obesity.

Nonbiological maternal risk factor for low birth weight on Latin America: a systematic review of literature with meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To identify non-biological maternal risk factors to low birth weight in Latin America.

METHODS

Systematic review of literature through meta-analysis. The tool for methodological evaluation was the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement. Studies in non-pathological maternal risk factors to low-birth weight and those evaluated by a Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement method under C grade were excluded.

RESULTS

From seven studies, five pointed out the influence of maternal age under 20. In four studies maternal age above 35 years old was relevant to low birth weight. Other factors were present in only one or two studies.

CONCLUSION

According to this study the maternal age under 20 and above 35 years old is a relevant factor to low birth weight. There are few studies with universal and solid methodology, which difficult a systematic review of literature though meta-analysis.

Associação entre abuso de álcool durante a gestação e o peso ao nascer

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre abuso de álcool durante a gestação e baixo peso ao nascer. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional aninhado a uma coorte de 957 gestantes que realizaram acompanhamento pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde da cidade de Pelotas, RS, e deram à luz entre setembro de 2007 e setembro de 2008. As mães foram entrevistadas em dois momentos distintos: no período de pré-parto e após o parto. Para verificar o abuso do álcool foi utilizada a escala Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas e regressão logística múltipla, ajustada pelas variáveis prematuridade e abuso de álcool. O nível de significância adotado foi de 95%. RESULTADOS: Das mulheres que participaram do estudo, 2,1% abusaram de álcool na gestação e, entre essas, 26,3% tiveram filhos com baixo peso. Houve associação entre o abuso de álcool e baixo peso ao nascer (p < 0,038). CONCLUSÕES: Os achados indicam que o abuso de álcool durante a gestação está associado ao baixo peso ao nascer.

Características neuromotoras e biopsicossocias de lactentes com histórico de risco biológico

INTRODUÇÃO: Os avanços tecnológicos têm permitido maior sobrevivência de recém-nascidos de risco. No entanto, os fatores de risco biológico aos quais essas crianças foram expostas fazem com que tenham maior chance de apresentar atrasos no desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as características neuromotoras e biopsicossociais de lactentes com histórico de risco biológico. METODOLOGIA: A amostra foi constituída de 25 lactentes com idade desde o nascimento a dois meses de vida, com registro de nascimento na cidade de Fraiburgo, SC. Os fatores de risco biológicos presentes foram: prematuridade, baixo peso, incompatibilidade sanguínea, necessidade de reanimação, intubação, permanência em O2, hipertensão pulmonar leve, icterícia, desconforto respiratório, infecção neonatal, anemia neonatal, tabagismo materno, trauma durante o parto, cardiopatia e má-formação de traqueia. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: cartão de saúde da criança, formulário biopsicossocial e Neonatal Behavioral Assesment Scale. RESULTADOS: Foi possível constatar, em relação às condições biopsicossociais, prevalência de mães casadas, primigestas, com ensino superior completo, exercendo atividade extra-lar e com idade média de 28 anos na ocasião do parto. Verificou-se casos de exposição do feto ao tabagismo materno, mães acometidas por anemia, hipertensão e hipotensão durante o período gestacional. Em relação ao desenvolvimento neuromotor, os lactentes apresentaram desempenho esperado para crianças de risco em relação à habituação, regulação e reflexos. Em relação à socialização, organização e sistema autônomo, constatou-se desempenho inferior ao de demais crianças de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados deste estudo demonstram que crianças com histórico de risco biológico podem apresentar comprometimento em relação a aspectos do desenvolvimento neuromotor.

Avaliação do impacto do Programa Saúde da Família no perfil epidemiológico da população rural de Airões, município de Paula Cândido (MG), 1992-2003

O Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), como estratégia de reorientação do modelo de atenção à saúde no país, tem promovido a substituição do modelo assistencialista e centrado na cura pela prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde de indivíduos, famílias e comunidades, colocando a atenção básica como a porta de entrada no sistema de saúde. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto do PSF na comunidade rural de Airões, município de Paula Cândido, Minas Gerais, analisando sua contribuição para a evolução dos indicadores de saúde, a partir da comparação dos dados sanitários antes e depois da implantação do programa, no período de 1992 e 2003. Os dados foram coletados por meio de inquérito domiciliar, aplicados a 127 famílias selecionadas aleatoriamente na comunidade, que representavam 55,2% e 41,6% do total de famílias em 1992 e 2003, respectivamente. Após a implantação do PSF, houve um aumento de 40,4% no diagnóstico de doenças e o número de internações reduziu de 42,7% para 27,2%. A cobertura da assistência pré-natal aumentou de 30,6% para 90% e os partos domiciliares reduziram de 48,9% para 1%. Desta forma, a evolução dos dados sanitários da comunidade reforça a caracterização do PSF como uma estratégia eficiente de implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Ansiedade na gestação, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

O objetivo desta revisão é examinar publicações que investigaram o efeito da ansiedade no maior risco de prematuridade e/ou baixo peso ao nascer. Os bancos de dados MEDLINE versão PubMed, BVS, CINAHL e HEALTHSTAR, referentes aos anos de 1966 a 2006, foram rastreados usando-se a combinação dos seguintes descritores: anxiety, pregnancy, low birth weight e prematurity. Foram localizados 13 estudos: 11 coortes, 1 transversal e 1 caso-controle. A maioria (7/13) dos estudos foi realizado nos Estados Unidos. Quatro estudos foram considerados de excelente qualidade, pois excluíram adolescentes e/ou mulheres acima de 34 anos, aferiram a ansiedade a partir do primeiro e/ou segundo trimestre de gestação, utilizaram escalas validadas para medir ansiedade, apresentaram perdas de seguimento inferiores a 30% e controlaram os mais importantes fatores de confusão. A ansiedade na gestação foi associada à prematuridade e/ou ao baixo peso ao nascer em oito estudos. Os valores de razão de chance e risco relativo variaram de 1,08 a 2,31. São necessários estudos cuidadosamente desenhados para esclarecer a relação entre ansiedade na gestação, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer, já que as evidências observadas ainda são contraditórias.