Alterações no padrão alimentar de adolescentes com adequação pôndero-estatural e elevado percentual de gordura corporal

Mudanças na frequência do consumo de refeições em adolescentes residentes em área de vulnerabilidade social da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as mudanças na frequência do consumo de refeições de adolescentes residentes na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em período de 5 anos. Utilizaram-se dados de dois estudos transversais, de base populacional, que foram realizados por meio de visitas domiciliares. Em 2005, a amostra final foi de 1089 domicílios com 511 adolescentes (de 12 a 18 anos), e em 2010 de 1121 domicílios com 314 adolescentes. A frequência do consumo de refeições foi obtida por meio de questionário autopreenchido e a avaliação da adequação de peso dos adolescentes foi realizada com base nos pontos de corte do IMC por sexo e faixa etária. Houve aumento da substituição diária do almoço tradicional por lanche (3,7% para 13,7%) e no consumo do jantar tradicional (62,9% para 72,0%). Os adolescentes com sobrepeso consumiram o desjejum com menor frequência do que aqueles sem sobrepeso (2005: 68,3% vs 79,3% p=0,02, 2010: 59,5% vs 77,4% p=0,03). Conclui-se que houve aumento da substituição diária do almoço tradicional por lanche e no consumo do jantar tradicional no período de 5 anos. Ademais, a prática do desjejum diário se associou com a classificação de IMC nos dois momentos do estudo, de modo que aqueles com sobrepeso consomem o desjejum com menor frequência.

Vitamin B2 and Folate Concentrations are Associated with ARA, EPA and DHA Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells of Brazilian Children and Adolescents

Vitamins B2, B6, B12, and folate are essential for methylation reactions and possibly influence the transport of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and red blood cells (RBC). Associations between B-vitamin biomarkers and fatty acid (FA) profile were analyzed in Brazilian children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 249 children and adolescents, aged 9–13 years old. Dietary intake was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire and the healthy eating index (HEI). Biomarkers for vitamins B2, B6, B12, and folate were measured in plasma. The FA profile and the metabolites of one-carbon metabolism were measured in RBC. Associations were tested with multiple linear regression models. An increase of 1 nmol/L in vitamin B2 was associated with an increase of 0.19 mg/dL of EPA, 0.20 mg/dL of ARA, and 0.25 mg/dL of DHA in RBC. An increase of 1 ng/mL in plasma folate was associated with an increase of 0.14 mg/dL of EPA, 0.22 mg/dL of ARA, and 0.21 mg/dL of DHA in RBC. These findings highlight the importance of an adequate intake of vitamin B2 and folate in childhood, since they may improve the FA profile in RBCs and may help prevent cardiovascular disease.

Nutritional Quality of Breakfast Consumed by the Low-Income Population in Brazil: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

Objective: This study aimed to characterize the nutritional quality of breakfast consumed by the low-income Brazilian population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1547 low-income individuals attending 36 Community Restaurants (CRs) in Brazil. Food consumption was analyzed by the frequency of food groups presented in the 24 h recall for three days. The nutritional consumption consisted of the analysis of the total energetic value (TEV) and the macronutrients, fibers, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, calcium, and sodium. The nutrients were evaluated considering the percentage of contribution concerning the daily recommendation of consumption. Results: Among the 4641 breakfasts expected to be consumed and reported, 17.2% (n = 797) of the consumers did not consume breakfast. Therefore, we analyzed the 3844 breakfasts. The analysis of food groups showed a high consumption of dairy and cereals, and low consumption of fruits, roots/tubers, and meat/eggs. The percentages of energy contribution of the macronutrients in the TEV were adequate for a balanced diet. The mean intake of monounsaturated fatty acids was low, and the contribution percentages of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids were within the recommendations. The mean fiber intake of the breakfast was low, agreeing with the result of low fruit consumption. Calcium intake covered 73.49% of that expected for this meal, and sodium intake was adequate in breakfast. Conclusion: The individuals studied consumed a nutritionally balanced breakfast. Although dairy was one of the most consumed groups, calcium consumption was low, indicating the need to consume higher portions of food sources of this nutrient.

Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes e fatores associados

Analisar a qualidade da dieta de adolescentes pelo Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R) e os fatores associados. Foi realizado estudo transversal com 1.326 adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas. O consumo alimentar foi obtido utilizando-se questionário de frequência alimentar. Utilizou-se razão de prevalência para avaliar a associação entre o IQD-R elevado (≥ percentil 75) e as variáveis independentes. Variáveis com valor de p <0,20 foram incluídas na regressão de Poisson. A média do IQD-R foi de 75,1 pontos (IC95%: 74,8-75,5). Tempo ≤ 2 horas diárias gasto em atividades sedentárias como assistir televisão, usar computador ou games; tempo ≥ 300 minutos por semana de atividade física e excesso de peso dos adolescentes foram associados a maiores pontuações do IQD-R. Estilo de vida saudável foi associado à dieta de melhor qualidade. Destaca-se a importância do incentivo à prática de atividade física, redução do número de horas diárias em atividades sedentárias e intervenção na prática alimentar dos adolescentes.

Alimentação e saúde: sentidos atribuídos por adolescentes

OBJETIVOS: identificar o saber de adolescentes sobre uma alimentação saudável, analisar os alimentos que compõem suas refeições, discutir este consumo à luz de uma alimentação saudável e programar ações de educação em saúde sobre o tema. MÉTODO: Pesquisa convergente-assistencial, com entrevista individual e aplicação de um roteiro com questões fechadas e abertas. Participaram 14 adolescentes, entre 14 e 17 anos, de um colégio público. RESULTADOS: apesar de os adolescentes saberem sobre os hábitos saudáveis de alimentação, a maioria declarou não os seguir. A cultura de alimentação com comidas de preparação rápida marca seus hábitos, podendo trazer consequências à sua saúde. CONCLUSÃO: intervenções são necessárias para a melhoria dos hábitos alimentares dos adolescentes, para que eles perdurem na fase adulta. Como parte da pesquisa convergente-assistencial, a educação em saúde, baseada no diálogo, investiu no esclarecimento dos adolescentes sobre o tema.

[Food intake and meal patterns of adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil]

OBJECTIVE

To assess food intake and meal patterns in adolescents, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 228 adolescents from a public school, SP, Brazil.

METHODS

Total energy, macronutrients, calcium, iron, and vitamin A intakes were evaluated. The food pattern was compared with the eating patterns established by the Food Pyramid for adolescents. Meal frequency was assessed to identify meal skipping. Descriptive statistics and Chi Square were used.

RESULTS

Mean energy intake was lower than estimated for 66% adolescents, carbohydrate intake was lower than estimated for 50% adolescents, fat intake was higher than estimated for 50% of adolescents, and protein intake was above the recommendation for 40% of adolescents. Among adolescents studied, 21% skipped breakfast and one third of them had snacks instead of lunch or dinner.

CONCLUSION

The diet of adolescents had insufficient energy intake and deficient intake of fruits and vegetables. Meal patterns were satisfactory, but breakfast should be encouraged.

Meal consumption patterns and anthropometric measurements in adolescents from a low socioeconomic neighborhood in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

We investigated the association between meal consumption and anthropometric measurements in a probabilistic sample of 528 12-18-year-old adolescents assessed in a population-based cross-sectional study developed in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, Brazil. A score ranging from zero to nine according to the frequency of meal consumption (breakfast, lunch and dinner) assessed meal patterns which were defined as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Nutritional status was defined by the sex- and age-specific body mass index cut-offs. Underweight was observed in 5.7% of the adolescents (8.6% boys, 2.5% girls) and overweight in 20.9%. The omission of breakfast was observed in 4.5% of the boys and 12.4% of the girls. Unsatisfactory meal consumption pattern was more frequent among girls (38.7% vs. 29.2%), and among teenagers over 15 years of age (40.0% vs. 25.4%). Boys with unsatisfactory patterns of meal consumption presented higher means of BMI and of waist and hip circumferences than the ones with satisfactory patterns. The higher values of anthropometric measurement observed among adolescents with an unsatisfactory meal pattern indicate that they may be at risk for overweight or obesity.