Percepção das mães sobre o cuidado do bebê de baixo peso antes e após implantação do Método Mãe-Canguru em hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

[Impact of the kangaroo method of breastfeeding of preterm newborn infants in Brazil: an integrative review]

The scope of this integrative review of the literature was to assess if the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method as implemented in Brazil, from the first stage to outpatient follow-up, has an influence on breastfeeding. Brazilian research published in national and international journals in Portuguese, English or Spanish in the leading research databases between the years 2000 to 2017 was included, with full articles available and theme related to the scope of this study. A total of 1328 articles were located and articles not conducted in Brazil, literature review articles and themes not related to the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method were excluded, with 21 studies eventually being selected. The research results indicated a positive influence of the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method on breastfeeding and establishing a mother-child bond. However, the third stage or outpatient follow-up proved not to be effective in maintaining breastfeeding. Greater participation of primary care in home care provided to preterm newborns is necessary, with a view to promoting exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age and extended up to two years of age.

Barriers and enablers of kangaroo mother care implementation from a health systems perspective: a systematic review

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an evidence-based intervention that reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, adoption among health systems has varied. Understanding the interaction between health system functions—leadership, financing, healthcare workers (HCWs), technologies, information and research, and service delivery—and KMC is essential to understanding KMC adoption. We present a systematic review of the barriers and enablers of KMC implementation from the perspective of health systems, with a focus on HCWs and health facilities. Using the search terms ‘kangaroo mother care’, ‘skin to skin (STS) care’ and ‘kangaroo care’, we searched Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and World Health Organization Regional Databases. Reports and hand searched references from publications were also included. Screening and data abstraction were conducted by two independent reviewers using standardized forms. A conceptual model to assess KMC adoption themes was developed using NVivo software. Our search strategy yielded 2875 studies. We included 86 studies with qualitative data on KMC implementation from the perspective of HCWs and/or facilities. Six themes emerged on barriers and enablers to KMC adoption: buy-in and bonding; social support; time; medical concerns; training; and cultural norms. Analysis of interactions between HCWs and facilities yielded further barriers and enablers in the areas of training, communication, and support. HCWs and health facilities serve as two important adopters of Kangaroo Mother Care within a health system. The complex components of KMC lead to multifaceted barriers and enablers to integration, which inform facility, regional, and country-level recommendations for increasing adoption. Further research of methods to promote context-specific adoption of KMC at the health systems level is needed.

Barriers and enablers of health system adoption of kangaroo mother care: a systematic review of caregiver perspectives

Background

Despite improvements in child survival in the past four decades, an estimated 6.3 million children under the age of five die each year, and more than 40% of these deaths occur in the neonatal period. Interventions to reduce neonatal mortality are needed. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is one such life-saving intervention; however it has not yet been fully integrated into health systems around the world. Utilizing a conceptual framework for integration of targeted health interventions into health systems, we hypothesize that caregivers play a critical role in the adoption, diffusion, and assimilation of KMC. The objective of this research was to identify barriers and enablers of implementation and scale up of KMC from caregivers’ perspective.

Methods

We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and WHO regional databases using search terms ‘kangaroo mother care’ or ‘kangaroo care’ or ‘skin to skin care’. Studies published between January 1, 1960 and August 19, 2015 were included. To be eligible, published work had to be based on primary data collection regarding barriers or enablers of KMC implementation from the family perspective. Abstracted data were linked to the conceptual framework using a deductive approach, and themes were identified within each of the five framework areas using Nvivo software.

Results

We identified a total of 2875 abstracts. After removing duplicates and ineligible studies, 98 were included in the analysis. The majority of publications were published within the past 5 years, had a sample size less than 50, and recruited participants from health facilities. Approximately one-third of the studies were conducted in the Americas, and 26.5% were conducted in Africa.

We identified four themes surrounding the interaction between families and the KMC intervention: buy in and bonding (i.e. benefits of KMC to mothers and infants and perceptions of bonding between mother and infant), social support (i.e. assistance from other people to perform KMC), sufficient time to perform KMC, and medical concerns about mother or newborn health. Furthermore, we identified barriers and enablers of KMC adoption by caregivers within the context of the health system regarding financing and service delivery. Embedded within the broad social context, barriers to KMC adoption by caregivers included adherence to traditional newborn practices, stigma surrounding having a preterm infant, and gender roles regarding childcare.

Conclusion

Efforts to scale up and integrate KMC into health systems must reduce barriers in order to promote the uptake of the intervention by caregivers.

Kangaroo Mother Care and Neonatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis

CONTEXT

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an intervention aimed at improving outcomes among preterm and low birth weight newborns.

OBJECTIVE

Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the association between KMC and neonatal outcomes.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, African Index Medicus (AIM), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information System (LILACS), Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR), Index Medicus for the South-East Asian Region (IMSEAR), and Western Pacific Region Index Medicus (WPRIM).

STUDY SELECTION

We included randomized trials and observational studies through April 2014 examining the relationship between KMC and neonatal outcomes among infants of any birth weight or gestational age. Studies with <10 participants, lack of a comparison group without KMC, and those not reporting a quantitative association were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two reviewers extracted data on study design, risk of bias, KMC intervention, neonatal outcomes, relative risk (RR) or mean difference measures.

RESULTS

1035 studies were screened; 124 met inclusion criteria. Among LBW newborns, KMC compared to conventional care was associated with 36% lower mortality(RR 0.64; 95% [CI] 0.46, 0.89). KMC decreased risk of neonatal sepsis (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34, 0.83), hypothermia (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.12, 0.41), hypoglycemia (RR 0.12; 95% CI 0.05, 0.32), and hospital readmission (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.23, 0.76) and increased exclusive breastfeeding (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.26, 1.78). Newborns receiving KMC had lower mean respiratory rate and pain measures, and higher oxygen saturation, temperature, and head circumference growth.

LIMITATIONS

Lack of data on KMC limited the ability to assess dose-response.

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions to scale up KMC implementation are warranted.

Kangaroo mother care: a systematic review of barriers and enablers

OBJECTIVE

To investigate factors influencing the adoption of kangaroo mother care in different contexts.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the World Health Organization's regional databases, for studies on "kangaroo mother care" or "kangaroo care" or "skin-to-skin care" from 1 January 1960 to 19 August 2015, without language restrictions. We included programmatic reports and hand-searched references of published reviews and articles. Two independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data on carers, health system characteristics and contextual factors. We developed a conceptual model to analyse the integration of kangaroo mother care in health systems.

FINDINGS

We screened 2875 studies and included 112 studies that contained qualitative data on implementation. Kangaroo mother care was applied in different ways in different contexts. The studies show that there are several barriers to implementing kangaroo mother care, including the need for time, social support, medical care and family acceptance. Barriers within health systems included organization, financing and service delivery. In the broad context, cultural norms influenced perceptions and the success of adoption.

CONCLUSION

Kangaroo mother care is a complex intervention that is behaviour driven and includes multiple elements. Success of implementation requires high user engagement and stakeholder involvement. Future research includes designing and testing models of specific interventions to improve uptake.

Parental experiences of providing skin-to-skin care to their newborn infant--part 2: a qualitative meta-synthesis

AIM

To synthesize and interpret qualitative research findings focusing on parental experiences of skin-to-skin care (SSC) for newborn infants.

BACKGROUND

SSC induces many benefits for newborn infants and their parents. Three meta-analyses have been conducted on physiological outcomes, but no previous qualitative meta-synthesis on parental experiences of SSC has been identified.

DESIGN

The present meta-synthesis was guided by the methodology described by Paterson and co-workers.

DATA SOURCES

Four databases were searched, without year or language limitations, up until December 2013. Manual searches were also performed. The searches and subsequent quality appraisal resulted in the inclusion of 29 original qualitative papers from 9 countries, reporting experiences from 401 mothers and 94 fathers.

REVIEW METHODS

The meta-synthesis entails a meta-data analysis, analysis of meta-method, and meta-theory in the included primary studies. Based on the three analyses, the meta-synthesis represents a new interpretation of a phenomenon. The results of the meta-data analysis have been presented as a qualitative systematic review in a separate paper.

RESULTS

When synthesizing and interpreting the findings from the included analyses, a theoretical model of Becoming a parent under unfamiliar circumstances emerged. Providing SSC seems to be a restorative as well as an energy-draining experience. A supportive environment has been described as facilitating the restorative experience, whereas obstacles in the environment seem to make the provision of SSC energy-draining for parents. When the process is experienced as positive, it facilitates the growth of parental self-esteem and makes the parents ready to assume full responsibility for their child.

CONCLUSION

The results show that SSC can be interpreted not only as a family-including and important health care intervention but also in terms of actually becoming a parent. The process of becoming a parent in this specific situation is influenced by external factors in three different levels; family and friends, community, and society at large. The descriptions of providing SSC are similar to what has previously been described as the natural process of becoming a mother or a father.

Parental experiences of providing skin-to-skin care to their newborn infant--part 1: a qualitative systematic review

AIM

To describe parental experiences of providing skin-to-skin care (SSC) to their newborn infants.

BACKGROUND

SSC care for newborn infants has been reported to have positive physiological and psychological benefits to the infants and their parents. No systematic review regarding parental experiences has been identified.

DESIGN

In this first part of a meta-study, the findings of a systematic literature review on parental experience of SSC care are presented.

DATA SOURCES

Four databases were searched, without year or language limitations, up until December 2013. Manual searches were performed in reference lists and in a bibliography of the topic.

REVIEW METHODS

After a quality-appraisal process, data from the original articles were extracted and analysed using qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

The systematic and manual searches led to the inclusion of 29 original qualitative papers from nine countries, reporting experiences from 401 mothers and 94 fathers. Two themes that characterized the provision of SSC emerged: a restoring experience and an energy-draining experience.

CONCLUSION

This review has added scientific and systematic knowledge about parental experiences of providing SSC. Further research about fathers' experiences is recommended.

The Kangaroo Program at a Brazilian maternity hospital: the preterm/low-weight babies' health-care under examination

The Kangaroo Program, originally developed in Colombia, was adopted as a public policy by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in 2000, in an effort to improve maternal and infant health in the country. This article aims to examine the Kangaroo Program as it is practiced and carried out at a maternity hospital in the northeastern Brazilian region. Through an institutional ethnographic approach, research demonstrates that the Kangaroo Program has been effective in saving lives and improving some of the infants' health outcomes. However, research also demonstrates that: (i) the socioeconomic profile of mothers in the Kangaroo Program, (ii) conflicting relationships between healthcare workers and users, and (iii) lack of socioeconomic and emotional support are impairing the adequate implementation of the program. Due to the low literacy level of most of these mothers, institutional power is used as a form of social control to keep mothers uninformed about the possibility of leaving the maternity wards. In a two-tier health system, this controlling behavior is part of existing social inequities, as the Kangaroo Program is a choice in the private health system but tends to be mandatory at SUS maternity hospitals across Brazil.

O cotidiano institucional do Método Mãe Canguru na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde

O Método Mãe Canguru apresenta-se como uma política de humanização hospitalar. Este estudo analisou a dinâmica institucional que permeia o funcionamento do Método Mãe Canguru na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde, a partir da perspectiva da Etnografia Institucional. A pesquisa mostrou que embora alguns profissionais se diferenciem no tratamento com as usuárias, a maioria deles desconsidera o papel ativo da mãe nesse método de intervenção, utilizando o poder institucional como forma de controle social para manter as mães desinformadas sobre a possibilidade de deixar a maternidade. Ressalta-se, assim, que a implantação desse programa requer não só o treinamento da equipe, devendo ser levado em consideração a complexidade social, econômica e emocional dos profissionais e as limitações estruturais do sistema de saúde pública.

A maternidade na política de humanização dos cuidados ao bebê prematuro e/ou de baixo peso: Programa Canguru

O objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver uma reflexão acerca dos modelos de maternidade e família implícitos no documento oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre o Programa Canguru. Também explora a forma como o Programa é aplicado numa maternidade do Nordeste, apresentado como assistência humanizada para o atendimento ao bebê prematuro e/ou de baixo peso. A perspectiva adotada para este estudo documental é a análise foucaultiana do discurso, que focaliza o papel da linguagem na conformação da vida social e psicológica dos atores sociais envolvidos. A análise mostra que existe um discurso prescritivo, universalista, de caráter impositivo, que posiciona as mulheres como objetos passivos de intervenção, através da idealização da maternidade saudável e da família nuclear típica da classe média.